The Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Data and Modeling for Environmental Credit
Trading
A Conservation Effects
Assessment Bibliography
Special Reference Briefs
Series no. SRB 2004-03
Compiled by
Ted J. Sherman
Stuart R. Gagnon
Joseph R. Makuch
Water Quality Information
Center
National Agricultural
Library
Agricultural Research
Service
U.S. Department of
Agriculture
105 citations
National Agricultural Library Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 August 2004
National
Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Sherman, Ted
J.
Data and modeling for
environmental credit trading : a conservation effects assessment
bibliography.
(Special reference
briefs ; NAL-SRB. 2004-03)
1. Environmental
economics--United States--Bibliography.
2. Environmental
auditing--United States--Bibliography.
3. Environmental impact
charges--United States--Bibliography. I. Gagnon, Stuart
R.
II. Makuch, Joseph R.
III. Water Quality Information Center (U.S.) IV. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.
2004-03
Abstract
Data and Modeling for Environmental Credit
Trading, Special Reference
Brief 2004-03. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National
Agricultural Library.
This bibliography is one in a
multi-volume set developed by the Water Quality Information Center
at the National Agricultural Library in support of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project
(CEAP). The bibliography is a guide to literature on the data and
modeling requirements for environmental credit trading. It provides
people interested in environmental credit trading and agriculture with information
about the current state of data acquisition and use of simulation
models in this emerging field.
Keywords: watershed management,
pollution control, nonpoint source pollution, models, data
collection, policy tools, environmental credit trading
Mention of trade names or
commercial products in this report is solely for the purpose of
providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or
endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
To ensure timely distribution,
this report has been reproduced essentially as supplied by the
authors. It has received minimal publication editing and
design. The authors' views are their own and do not
necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
The
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August 2004
This is one in a series of bibliographies
developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the National
Agricultural Library in support of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP).
The purpose of CEAP is to study the environmental effects of
conservation practices implemented through various U.S. Department
of Agriculture conservation programs. CEAP will evaluate
conservation practices and management systems related to nutrient,
manure, and pest management; buffer systems; tillage; irrigation
and drainage practices; wetland protection and restoration; and
wildlife habitat establishment. More information about CEAP is
available at www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/.
The current titles in this series are
Each of the documents, as well as bibliographies on similar topics, is accessible online from the Water Quality Information Center at www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/.
The center gratefully acknowledges the following organizations who granted permission to use their citations and/or abstracts in these bibliographies.
In
addition, support from the Natural Resources Conservation Service
for the development of these bibliographies is greatly appreciated.
Joseph R. Makuch, Ph.D.
Coordinator
Water Quality Information
Center
About This
Bibliography
This bibliography is a guide to
literature on the data and modeling requirements for environmental
credit trading. Environmental credit trading is an approach to
environmental protection that uses market-based mechanisms to
efficiently allocate emission or pollutant reductions among sources
with different marginal control costs. The purpose of this
bibliography is to help people with an interest in environmental
credit trading and agriculture become better informed about the
current state of data acquisition and use of simulation models in
this emerging field.
This bibliography has two
sections. The first section contains citations to the limited
literature currently available on this topic, including data and
modeling related to wetland mitigation banking. Also included are
citations where the subject is not agriculture, but the information
in the document may have applicability to agriculture.
There are 40 citations with
abstracts (when available) in the first section. Citations were
found through literature searches of the AGRICOLA database,
produced by the National Agricultural Library, and several
commercial bibliographic databases. In addition, Water Quality
Information Center staff created citations for documents that were
located by various other means. Documents cited were
published from 1993 through 2003.
The second section contains 65
citations with abstracts (when available) on the general topic of
environmental credit trading and related economic incentives. All
these citations are from the AGRICOLA database and cover documents
published from 1981 through 2003. Water is the primary
environmental focus of these citations.
URLs are provided for online
documents that are freely available. The inclusion or omission of a
particular citation does not imply endorsement or
disapproval.
To locate information on a
specific topic, use the subject index beginning on page 39.
An author index is also available beginning on page
49.
To obtain a specific document,
please contact your local library. Information on how to obtain
documents from the National Agricultural Library can be found
at www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/.
Data and Modeling for
Environmental Credit Trading
1. Acid rain and environmental degradation:
The economics of emission trading.
Klaassen, G.
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
Publishing; 336 p. (1996)
ISBN: 1-85898-489-0
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
2. An Analysis of Economic Incentives in
Wetlands Policies Addressing Biodiversity.
Fernandez, L.
Science of the Total
Environment (1-3): 107-122.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697.
Notes: Special issue: Managing for biodiversity for
the protection of nature;
DOI:
10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00311-3
Descriptors:
Wetlands / biodiversity/ Policies/
Restoration/ Environmental protection/ Economic analysis/
Environmental economics/ Legislation/ Biological diversity/
Habitat/ Nature conservation/ Environmental restoration/
Simulation/ Economics/
United States, California/
Environmental Policy/ Conservation/ Resources Management/ Habitats/
Policy Making/ Costs/ Economic Aspects/ United States, California/
Protective measures and control/ Environmental action/ Evaluation
process
Abstract: This paper offers an economic analysis of
economic incentives within the Habitat Conservation Plan and
Wetlands Mitigation Bank policies. Both policies are relatively new
policies for protection and restoration of ecosystems such as
wetlands that support biodiversity. The components of the policies
such as the measures of success, conversion of biological units
into economic units, and timing of the actions by policymakers and
landowners influence the incentives to carry out protection and
restoration. A stochastic optimal control model is developed which
incorporates ecological uncertainty of wetlands restoration. The
model helps in examining the decisions of how much to invest in a
wetlands mitigation bank or habitat conservation plan. The model is
calibrated with data from California bioeconomic parameters.
Numerical simulation of the model provides a sensitivity analysis
of how model parameters of restoration costs, stochastic biological
growth, discount rate, and the market value of credits affect the
trajectory of investment and the optimal stopping state of wetlands
quality when the investment ends. The analysis reveals that more
restoration will occur when there is a reduction in restoration
costs, an increase in biological uncertainty or an increase in the
value of wetlands credits. Continued restoration is harder to
justify at a higher discount rate and cost.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
3. Applying the Watershed Protection Approach
to Estuaries and Wetlands.
Mlay, M.
In: Changes in Fluxes in
Estuaries: Implications From Science to Management/
Dyer, K. R. and Orth, R.
J.
Fredensborg, Denmark: Olsen and
Olsen, 1994; pp. 407-410.
Notes: ISBN: 87-85215-22-8; Conference: ECSA22/ERF
Symposium, Plymouth (UK), 13-18 Sep 1992
Descriptors:
USA/ wetlands/ estuaries/ resources
management/ decision making/ environmental protection/ watershed
management/ ecosystems/ interagency cooperation/ U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)/ Estuaries/ Evaluation process/
Conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ Coastal Zone
Resources and Management/ Brackish water
Abstract: In view of increasing environmental
pressures on estuaries and wetlands, and with improved scientific
understanding, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
working to broaden its traditional approach to the regulation of
these complex ecosystems. Specifically, the Agency is changing its
perspective on single-purpose regulatory approaches to include
multi-agency, multi-media approaches, in recognition of the roles
that air, land, and water play in the transport and fate of certain
pollutants. The Agency is also promoting the use of natural, rather
than political, boundaries, such as watersheds, as the management
framework. This change in perspective is accompanied by the use of
cooperative efforts and leveraging approaches, such as
point-nonpoint source trading, in addition to 'command and control'
regulatory approaches to achieve desired environmental effects.
This paper provides several examples of this programmatic shift in
EPA and discusses the role of science in applying environmental
management approaches. The paper concludes by exploring the
delicate relationship between science and regulatory
decision-making. The author challenges researchers and
decision-makers to work more closely together to communicate and
understand the context of management decisions for which scientific
data and information is needed and to translate this technical
knowledge into information that can be applied in coastal
management.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
4. The bioeconomics of regulating nitrates in
groundwater from agricultural production through taxes, quantity
restrictions, and pollution permits.
Thomas, A. C. and Boisvert, R.
N.
In: Research-Bulletin, No. 95-06;
Ithaca, NY: Department of Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial
Economics, Cornell University, 1995. 97 p.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
5. Cap-and-trade policy challenges: A tale of
three markets.
Colby BG
Land Economics 76 (4): 638-658. (2000)
NAL Call #:
282.8-J82.
Notes: 59 ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
6. Capturing benefits from water entitlement
trade in salinity affected areas: A role for trading
houses.
Bell, R.
Australian Journal of
Agricultural and Resource Economics 46 (3): 347-366.
(Sept. 2002)
NAL Call #:
HD1401.A89; ISSN: 1364-985X
Descriptors:
water resources/ water supply/
access/ salinity/ water use / externalities/ trade/ water
allocation/ profits/ cost benefit analysis/ mathematical
models
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
7. Carbon Trading With Imperfectly Observable
Emissions.
Godal, O.; Ermoliev, Y.; Klaassen,
G.; and Obersteiner, M.
Environmental and Resource
Economics 25 (2): 151-169.
(2003); ISSN:
0924-6460.
Notes: Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publ
Descriptors:
Carbon/ Emissions Trading/
Monitoring/ Simulation/
Uncertainty/ Permits
Abstract: The Kyoto Protocol foresees emission
trading but does not yet specify verification of (uncertain)
emissions. This paper analyses a setting in which parties can meet
their emission targets by reducing emissions, by investing in
monitoring (reducing uncertainty of emissions) or by (bilaterally)
trading permits. We derive the optimality conditions and carry out
various numerical simulations. Our applications suggest that
including uncertainty could increase compliance costs for the USA,
Japan and the European Union. Central Europe and the Former Soviet
Union might be able to gain from trading due to higher permit
prices. Emissions trading could also lower aggregate uncertainty on
emissions.
© Thomson ISI
8. Compensating for wetland losses under the
Clean Water Act.
National Research Council (U.S.).
Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press; xxiii, 322 p.: ill. (2001)
NAL Call #: KF5624-.C66-2001; ISBN: 0309074320
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309074320/html/87.html
Descriptors:
Wetlands ---Law and
legislation---United States/ Wetland conservation---Government
policy---United States/ Wetland mitigation banking---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
9. Cost minimization of nutrient reduction in
watershed management using linear programming.
Schleich, J. and White,
D.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 33 (1): 135-142. (Feb. 1997)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X [JWRAF5]
Descriptors:
watershed management/ water
quality/ nutrients/ pollutants / phosphorus/ linear programming/
cost effectiveness analysis/ cost control/ Wisconsin/ suspended
solids
Abstract: Linear programming is applied to identify
the least cost strategy for reaching politically specified
phosphorus and total suspended solids reduction targets for the
Fox-Wolf river basin in Northeast Wisconsin. The programming model
uses data collected on annualized unit reduction costs associated
with five categories of sources of phosphorus and total suspended
solids discharge in each of the 41 subwatersheds in the basin to
determine the least cost management strategy. Results indicate
that: (1) cost-effective nutrient reduction requires careful
selection of geographic areas and source categories to address
throughout the watershed; (2) agricultural sources are the most
cost-effective to address in the basin; and (3) care should be
exercised in setting nutrient reduction targets, given that there
are likely to be significantly increasing marginal costs of
nutrient reduction; the model predicts that lowering the most
restrictive target by 33 percent would cut reduction expenditures
by about 75 percent. Policy implications of the model include
support for the investigation and potential development of
institutional arrangements that enable cost-effective nutrient
reduction activities to occur, such as the creation of an agency
with authority over a given watershed, coordinated watershed
management activities, or nutrient trading programs.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
10. Documenting No-Till and Conventional Till
Practices Using Landsat ETM+ Imagery and Logistic
Regression.
Bricklemyer, R. S.; Lawrence, R.
L.; and Miller, P. R.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (5):
267-271. (2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
Cultivated Lands/ Agricultural
Practices/ Tillage/ Data Acquisition/ Remote Sensing/ Satellite
Technology/ Performance Evaluation/ Cost Analysis/ Carbon/ Global
Warming/ Data acquisition
Abstract: The ability of agricultural lands to
sequester carbon from the atmosphere and help mitigate global
warming has the potential to add value to farmland through the
development of carbon-credit trading. Crucial to the creation of a
market-based carbon credit trading system is the monitoring and
verification of agricultural practices that promote carbon storage.
Using remotely sensed images for this purpose could prove more
efficient and cost-effective than traditional land-based methods.
Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery and logistic
regression had >95% accuracy in verifying no-till fallow fields.
Further research is needed to investigate the potential for this
low-cost technology to assist in the monitoring and verification of
practices that sequester carbon. Development of an accurate,
low-cost, efficient means of monitoring and verifying carbon
sequestering practices will further the development of cropland
carbon credits, thus helping to mitigate global warming, and will
add value to U.S. farmland.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
11. Economic and environmental modelling for
pollution control in an estuary.
Hanley, N.; Faichney, R.; Munro,
A.; and Shortle, J. S.
Journal of Environmental
Management 52 (3): 211-225.
(Mar. 1998)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6 ; ISSN: 0301-4797 [JEVMAW]
Descriptors:
estuaries/ water pollution/
pollution control/ water quality/ permits/ oxygen requirement/ case
studies/ uncertainty/ probabilistic models/ tradable pollution
permits/ forth estuary/ Scotland/ emissions/ emissions permit
system/ ambient permits system
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
12. The feasibility of tradeable permits for
water abstraction in England
and Wales.
Morris, J; Weatherhead, EK;
Dunderdale, JAL; Green, C; and Tunstall, S.
In: Water: Economics, management
and demand; International Commission on Irrigation & Drainage;
Proceedings 18th European Regional Conference:
Water -- An economic good.
(Held September 1997 at
Oxford, UK.) Kay, M.;
Franks, T.; and Smith, L. (eds.);
pp. 328-338; 1997.
Notes: 5 ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
13. Global CO2 emissions trading: Early
lessons from the U.S. acid rain program.
Solomon BD
Climatic Change
30 (1): 75-96.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
QC980 .C55.
Notes: 71 ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
14. Greenhouse Gas Economics and Computable
General Equilibrium.
Gottinger, HW
Journal of Policy
Modeling 20 (5): 537-580.
(Oct. 1998); ISSN: 0161-8938.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science Inc
Descriptors:
Computable General Equilibrium/
Global Pollution/ Greenhouse Gases/ Environmental Policy
Abstract: This paper employs a new class of
computable general-equilibrium (CGE) models, developed in the
context of energy-economy-environmental models to simulate the
impacts of the EU economy of internal and multilateral instruments
for regulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. Climate change
due to emissions gases of greenhouse gases is a long-term global
environmental problem. While specific impacts on different regions
as well as their timing are yet uncertain, it is reasonable to
suppose that unilateral voluntary action by individual countries to
reduce their net emissions of GHGs is unlikely. This is because
significant reduction of net GHGs emissions by a single major net
emitter, say, for example the EU, is unlikely to substantially slow
down the rate of increase in concentration in the atmosphere
because the emissions of GHGs worldwide is increasing rapidly with
spreading industrialization. On the other hand, unilateral changes
in energy use patterns are widely perceived to have: adverse
effects on a country's economic growth, consumer welfare and trade
competitiveness. This perception is shared by both developing (DCs)
and industrialized countries (INCs). Some major policy instruments
have been assessed on the basis of experiments with the CGE model.
The use of each of the policy instrument for direct GHGs regulation
is promising. The results of the above experiments seem to show,
that first, emission standards accomplish significant decreases in
net GHGs emissions with negligible relative GDP and Welfare index
changes and without major distributional impacts in the sense of
relative changes in factor rewards. They seem to work through major
reduction in coal and natural gas use and slight overall reduction
in the use of petroleum. Second, auctioned tradeable permits also
accomplish large decreases in net GHGs emissions, with, however a
perceptible increase in the Welfare Index and significant
distributional impacts in higher rewards to land owners and labor
relative to capital owners. They appear to work primarily by
expansion to the forest sector and associated increases offsets
generation. Third, the use of a GHGs tax on positive net emissions
of GHGs by industries accomplishes large reductions in net GHGs
emissions with significant increase in GDP and the Welfare Index.
The relative changes in factor rewards are also important and favor
land owners over labor and capital owners. This instrument too
appears to work primarily through considerable expansion of the
forest sector and consequent increases offsets generation. Each of
these instruments show sufficient promise as effective policy tools
for GHGs reduction, that it would be advisable to conduct further
research in each case. The choice between standards on the one
hand. and market-based domestic regulatory instruments on the
other, is not straightforward. These results need verification
through further analysis. (C) 1998 Society for Policy Modeling.
Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
© Thomson ISI
15. Hydrodynamic modeling of wetlands for
flood detention.
Tsihrintzis, V. A.; John, D. L.;
and Tremblay, P. J.
Water Resources
Management 12 (4): 251-269.
(Aug. 1998)
NAL Call #:
TC401.W27; ISSN: 0920-4741 [WRMAEJ]
Descriptors:
wetlands / flood control/
hydrodynamics/ drainage/ hydraulic structures/ simulation models/
mathematical models / structural design/ water flow/ Florida/
detention basins/ SWMM EXTRAN model
Abstract: The application of a link-node model in
modeling hydrodynamics of wetland areas related to flood detention
design is presented through the description of modeling and design
efforts of an actual project, the first privately-owned wetland
mitigation bank in Florida. The 142-ha project is located in the
Chapel Trail Preserve of the City of Pembroke Pines, South Florida,
where a degraded site is transformed into a healthy,
self-sustaining wetland ecosystem. Creation of the wetlands,
located adjacent to an existing development, required careful
evaluation of drainage conditions. To properly design the wetland
site, a hydrodynamic model was developed which allowed sizing of
hydraulic structures and computation of maximum water surface
elevations. The paper presents model description and calibration
using field data, parameter sensitivity, general application in the
project and use as a design tool. The model was found to be a
valuable tool that can be applied in similar projects.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
16. Hydrologic Model for Design and
Constructed Wetlands.
Arnold, J. G.; Allen, P. M.; and
Morgan, D. S.
Wetlands 21 (2): 167-178. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:
Flow Discharge/ Model Studies/
Hydrology/ Watersheds/ Topography/ Soil water plant Relationships/
Climatic Changes/ Land Use/ Artificial Wetlands/ Wetlands/
Mathematical models/ Water budget/ Stream flow/ Design/ Soils/
Topographic features/ Texas/ Trinity River/ United
States
Abstract: The Trinity River Mitigation Bank was
proposed to develop and use a mature, contiguous, diverse riparian
corridor along the West Fork of the Trinity River near Dallas,
Texas, USA. In the proposed wetland design, water would be diverted
from Walker Creek as necessary to maintain wetland function.
Therefore, assessment of the magnitude and continuity of the flow
from Walker Creek was paramount to successful wetland operation.
The Soil and Water Assessment (SWAT) model was used to assess
whether the sustained flow (storm flow and base flow) from the
Walker Creek Basin could maintain the proposed bottomland wetland
ecosystem. For this study, SWAT was modified to allow ponded water
within the prescribed wetland to interact with the soil profile and
the shallow aquifer. The water budget was prepared for the wetland
based on a three-step process. First, data required to run the
model on Walker Creek, including soils, topographic, land-use, and
daily weather data were assembled. Next, data required to validate
the model were obtained. Since stream flow was not available at the
proposed site, flow from a nearby watershed with similar soils,
land use and topography were used. In the final step, the model was
run for 14 years and compared to the measured water balance at the
nearby watershed. The model results indicate that the wetland
should be at or above 85 percent capacity over 60 percent of the
time. The wetland did not dry up during the entire simulated time
period (14 years) and reached 40 percent capacity less than one
percent of the time during the simulation period. The advantages of
the continuous simulation approach used in this study include (1)
validation of wetland function (hydroperiod, soil water storage,
plant water uptake) over a range of climatic conditions and (2) the
ability to assess the long-term impact of land-use and management
changes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
17. Integrated economic-hydrologic water
modeling at the basin scale: The Maipo River basin.
Rosegrant, M. W.; Ringler, C.;
McKinney, D. C.; Cai, X.; Keller, A.; and Donoso, G.
Agricultural
Economics 24 (1): 33-46.
(Dec. 2000)
NAL Call #:
HD1401.A47; ISSN: 0169-5150 [AGECE6].
Notes: Special issue: Management of water resource for
agriculture / edited by
U. Chakravorty and D. Zilberman;
Includes references
Descriptors:
water allocation/ farm inputs/
decision making/ productivity/ irrigation/ demand/ water use
efficiency/ resource utilization/ models/ water policy/ cost
benefit analysis/ equations/ Chile
Abstract: Increasing competition for water across
sectors increases the importance of the river basin as the
appropriate unit of analysis to address the challenges facing water
resources management; and modeling at this scale can provide
essential information for policymakers in their resource allocation
decisions. This paper introduces an integrated economic-hydrologic
modeling framework that accounts for the interactions between water
allocation, farmer input choice, agricultural productivity,
non-agricultural water demand, and resource degradation in order to
estimate the social and economic gains from improvement in the
allocation and efficiency of water use. The model is applied to the
Maipo river basin in Chile. Economic benefits to water use are
evaluated for different demand management instruments, including
markets in tradable water rights, based on production and benefit
functions with respect to water for the agricultural and
urban-industrial sectors.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
18. Market Incentives to Reduce Nonpoint
Source Agricultural Nutrient Pollution: A Theoretical and
Implementational Discussion.
Norman, M. E. and Keenan, J.
D.
Journal of Environmental
Systems 24 (2): 151-157.
(1995); ISSN:
0047-2433
Descriptors:
nonpoint pollution/ agricultural
pollution/ nutrients/ animal wastes/ taxation/ compost/ permits/
government programs/ research programs/ water pollution control/
nonpoint pollution sources/ agricultural runoff/ composting/
Environmental action/ Sources and fate of pollution
Abstract:
This article provides a theoretical
and implementational discussion of several potential market-based
mechanisms to reduce nonpoint source agricultural nutrient
pollution, including an excess nutrient tax; off-site animal waste
disposal subsidy; animal waste transport subsidy; compost subsidy;
and nutrient permit trading system. Market incentives have
theoretical appeal in that, if set at the proper level, they compel
polluters to reduce pollution generation to the socially efficient
level automatically. However, each market-based mechanism has
associated implementational factors which must be overcome. The
implementation discussion highlights the basic information,
monitoring, enforcement, and political requirements concerning each
of the policies. In addition, market inefficiencies may reduce the
practical effectiveness of market-based incentives. In cases where
informational and other inefficiencies are high, alternative
approaches (such as market surveys and nutrient management
education) aimed at reducing those inefficiencies may be
required.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
19. A Method to Improve the International
Comparability of Emission Data From Industrial
Installations.
Saarinen, K.
Environmental Science and
Policy 6 (4): 355-366.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
GE170.E58; ISSN: 1462-9011.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Sci Ltd
Descriptors:
Industrial Emissions/
Comparability/ Monitoring/ Data Production Chain
Abstract: Emissions from industrial installations
are regulated under several international conventions and
directives to prevent harmful impacts on environment and human
health. Stricter limitations often exist in national legislations,
or due to regional and local conditions, than in the international
conventions. The international comparability of emission data from
industrial installations is currently poor. Comparability is an
essential element when the environmental performance of different
installations or techniques is studied, as well as in reviewing
data presented in emission registers. The availability of reliable
and comparable data is an important requirement for the emissions
trading market. Comparable emission data ought to be used when
reviewing compliance with the national emission reduction targets
established under international conventions, as well as in
reviewing the compliance of industrial installations with the
requirements set in the environmental permit conditions. There are
currently no internationally agreed principles or a comprehensive
strategy for production of emission data at the level of an
industrial installation. The data production chain principle
presented in this paper provides a tool for identifying elements
that are essential in comparing emission data correctly and that
need to be taken into consideration to ensure emission data
reliability. The method was originally developed and applied in
Finland for emission and impact monitoring of wastewaters from
industrial installations and fisheries. Due to the implementation
of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) directive
the methodology was reconstructed for integrated emissions
monitoring purposes. The data production principle was
introduced for European use when
preparing the BREF document on monitoring of emissions. It will
also be relevant when the industrial installations report their
emissions data to the Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers
(PRTRs). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson ISI
20. Modeling for Point-Non-Point Source
Effluent Trading: Perspective of Non-Point Sources Regulation in
China.
Zhang, W. and Wang, X.
J.
Science of the Total
Environment 292 (3):
167-176. (2002)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science Bv
Descriptors:
Non Point Source Pollution/ Point
Non Point Effluent Trading/ Watershed/ Uncertainty/ Pollution
Abatement/ Water Quality/ Nonpoint/ Wetlands/ Cost
Abstract: In the past decades, little abatement
efforts have been implemented on China's non-point source water
pollution, and studies aiming at non-point sources regulation were
also rare; Watershed abatement trading between point and non-point
sources may serve as a cost-effective way to deal with the problem.
The inherent uncertainty of non-point emissions, however, could
affect the feasibility and outcome of point-non-point effluent
trading. The purpose of this paper is to model the watershed
point-non-point abatement trading incorporating the uncertainty of
non-point source emissions, and to examine its impacts on trading
equilibrium and trading ratio. The uncertainties of non-point
emissions were taken into consideration by setting an acceptable
probability by which the watershed emission constraints were
achieved. Using the watershed optimization model, the optimal
abatement allocation and trading ratio were explicitly illustrated.
It was found that they were affected significantly by the variances
of non-point emissions, the reliability requirement assigned to the
non-point abatement, and the marginal abatement costs of point and
non-point sources. Since the variances of non-point emissions may
increase or decrease at the abatement level, the impacts of these
factors were discussed in different circumstances. Based on the
illumination of the trading model, future directions and
implications of point-non-point trading in China were discussed.
(C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson ISI
21. Phosphorus Credit Trading in the Fox-Wolf
Basin: Exploring Legal, Economic, and Technical Issues.
Baumgart, P; Johnson, B. N.; and
Pinkham, J. R.
Alexandria, VA: Water Environment
Research Foundation; 97-IRM-5D, 2000. 110 p.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ phosphorus/
Wisconsin/ water quality/ monitoring/ models/ total maximum daily
load
Abstract: The report details the work of a
nonprofit organization to implement a watershed based trading
program for the Fox-Wolf basin in Wisconsin. It examines the
history of water quality problems and mitigation efforts in the
area, as well as the current legal and economic environment for
starting such a program. Modeling and monitoring activities the
group is taking to support a trading program is also
described.
22. Phosphorus Credit Trading in the Kalamazoo
River Basin: Forging Nontraditional Partnerships.
Kieser, M.
Alexandria, VA: Water Environment
Research Foundation; 97-IRM-5C, 2000. 282 p.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ phosphorus/
Michigan/ water quality/ monitoring/ environmental models/ nonpoint
source pollution
Abstract: A voluntary water quality trading
demonstration program intended to reduce phosphorus and sediment
loading in parts of the Kalamazoo River in Michigan is described.
The program achieves better water quality using trades between
point and nonpoint sources than those achieved by point source
controls alone. The environmental and economic benefits of the
program are analyzed and technical issues such as setting baselines
through calculations, monitoring and modeling are
discussed.
23. PM10 Conformity Determinations: The
Equivalent Emissions Method.
Foresman, E. L.; Kleeman, M. J.;
Kear, T. P.; and Niemeier, D. A.
Transportation Research:
Part D, Transport and Environment 8 (2): 97-112. (2003); ISSN: 1361-9209.
Notes: Publisher: Pergamon-Elsevier Science
Ltd
Descriptors:
Particulate Air Pollution/
Atmospheric Particles/ Southern California/ Infant Mortality/
Aerosol / Association/ Emergency/ Children/ Asthma/
Visits
Abstract: The US Clean Air Act Amendments require
PM10 transportation conformity and attainment demonstrations. This
study examines the policy implications and validity of a proposed
PM10 transportation conformity method called equivalent emissions
(EE) that uses a linear, non-chemical model to incorporate
emissions trading into PM10 transportation conformity
determinations. We evaluate the new method by comparing predictions
from EE to predictions from a mechanistic air quality model that
uses non-linear chemical mechanisms to calculate the formation of
secondary PM10. Results indicate that the EE method over estimates
reductions of secondary PM10 formation allowing the primary
fraction to rise while secondary PM10 is not actually declining in
the atmosphere. Thus, conformity could be established between air
quality and transportation plans using EE, resulting in projects
being funded that might prolong public exposure to unhealthy levels
of PM10 depending on the specifics of the non-attainment area. (C)
2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
© Thomson ISI
24. Point/Nonpoint source trading of pollution
abatement: Choosing the right trading ratio.
Malik, A. S.; Letson, D.; and
Crutchfield, S. R.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 75 (4): 959-967. (Nov. 1993)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA]
Descriptors:
pollution control/ law enforcement/
costs/ water quality/ trading/ uncertainty/ mathematical
models/ ratios/ United States/ abatement costs
Abstract: In programs for trading pollution
abatement between point and nonpoint sources, the trading ratio
specifies the rate at which nonpoint source abatement can be
substituted for point source abatement. The appropriate value of
this ratio is unclear because of qualitative differences between
the two classes of sources. To identify the optimal trading ratio,
we develop and analyze a model of point/nonpoint trading. We find
the optimal trading ratio depends on the relative costs of
enforcing point versus nonpoint reductions and on the uncertainty
associated with nonpoint loadings. The uncertainty does not imply a
lower bound for the optimal trading ratio.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
25. Predicted change in soil carbon following
afforestation or reforestation, and analysis of controlling factors
by linking a C accounting model (CAMFor) to models of forest growth
(3PG), litter decomposition (GENDEC) and soil C turnover
(RothC).
Paul, K. I.; Polglase, P. J.; and
Richards, G. P.
Forest Ecology and
Management 177 (1-3):
485-501. (2003)
NAL Call #:
SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science
Descriptors:
Soil/ Carbon cycle/ Models/
Afforestation/ Reforestation/ Decomposition/ Pinus radiata/
Australia/ Monterey pine/ Soil
Abstract: A complete carbon (C) accounting model
for forest systems, GRC3, links a C tracking model (CAMFor) with
independently verified models of forest growth (3PG), litter
decomposition (GENDEC) and soil C turnover (RothC). GRC3 was tested
in seven regional case studies of eucalypt or Pinus radiata
plantations in Australia to predict rates of change in soil C after
afforestation and to determine controlling factors. The model was
calibrated as far as possible to above-ground growth of
plantations, litterfall, accumulation of litter and in some cases
root biomass, and was then run to determine expected change in soil
C. Between 0 and 10 years soil C was predicted to decrease by an
average of 1.7% per year (0.79tCha super(-1) per year) and between
10 and 40 years it was predicted to increase by 0.82% per year
(0.46tCha super(-1) per year). The mean rate of change after 40
years was 0.09% per year (0.06tCha super(-1) per year). These
values and pattern of change were consistent with a recent review
of the global literature of change in soil C after afforestation
[For. Ecol. Manage. (2002a)]. Modelling analyses suggests the main
reasons for this pattern are: (i) initially, there are limited
inputs of C to soil as plantation net primary production (NPP) is
small and goes to building biomass. Residues from the previous crop
decompose leading to net loss of C unless a groundcover (intercrop
or weeds) is maintained in the inter-rows, (ii) much of the
plantation NPP is allocated to long-lived woody components (stems,
branches, and coarse roots), which are temporarily or permanently
(by harvesting) removed from the soil C cycle, and (iii) as the
stand develops, inputs from the more lignified, resistant material
increases. The amount of input may be less under plantation than
pasture but the quality of residues is the over-riding factor and
in the long-term soil C accumulates. Actual trends in soil C may
vary according to site and management conditions, but the main
controlling factors will be different between pasture and
plantation in the amount and allocation of NPP, and the quantity
and quality of residue inputs to soil. Sensitivity (Monte Carlo)
analyses showed that model parameters and processes for which it
will be important to have good estimates include the amount of NPP
and its allocation to various plant components, rate constants for
decomposition of litter and root residues, the proportion of C lost
to respiration during decomposition of litter and soil C, and rate
constants for humification (the proportion of decomposing
above-ground litter that is transferred to soil). Changes in soil C
were small compared with other forest pools and fluxes-after 40
years of afforestation less than 3% of the cumulative NPP was
predicted to accumulate in soil. It is debatable whether it will be
feasible or cost-effective to directly measure change in soil C
over short-time frames (such as 5 years) for the purpose of
claiming C credits under an emissions trading scheme. Modelling
provides a useful alternative and at the very least can be used to
identify sites and time frames where investment in soil C
measurement may be warranted.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
26. Restoring Wetlands Through Wetlands
Mitigation Banks.
Fernandez, L. and Karp,
L.
Environmental and Resource
Economics 12 (3): 323-344.
(1998); ISSN:
0924-6460
Descriptors:
Environmental economics/
Environmental restoration / Wetlands/ Development projects/
Mathematical models/ Government regulations/ Economic Aspects/
Rehabilitation/ Stochastic Process/ Model Studies/
Optimization/ Simulation / Sensitivity Analysis/
Calibrations/ Banks / Investment/ Habitat improvement (physical)/
Environmental protection/ Environmental legislation/ Policies/
wetlands mitigation banks/ Environmental action/ Evaluation
process/ Protective measures and control/ Freshwater
Abstract: This paper offers the first economic
analysis of wetlands mitigation banks. The banks are a new
alternative for restoration of wetlands by developers before
receiving regulatory approval for future development of wetlands in
the same watershed. A stochastic optimal control model is developed
which incorporates ecological uncertainty of wetlands restoration.
The model helps in examining the decisions of how much to invest in
a wetlands mitigation bank. The model is calibrated with data from
California bioeconomic parameters. Numerical simulation of the
model provides a sensitivity analysis of how model parameters of
restoration costs, stochastic biological growth, interest rate, and
the market value of credits affect the trajectory of investment and
the optimal stopping state of wetlands quality when the investment
ends. The analysis reveals that restoration of the whole site will
occur when there is a reduction in restoration costs, an increase
in biological uncertainty or an increase in the value of wetlands
credits. Continued restoration is harder to justify with a
higher
interest rate.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
27. Sensitivity analysis of predicted change
in soil carbon following afforestation.
Paul, K. I.; Polglase, P. J.; and
Richards, G. P.
Ecological Modelling
164 (2-3): 137-152.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800
Descriptors:
Models/ Soil/ Carbon cycle/
Afforestation/ Plantations/ Australia/ Modeling/ mathematics/
computer applications/ Soil
Abstract: A credible and cost-effective methodology
is needed to support the use of new tree plantations to offset
greenhouse gas emissions, and ultimately to form part of an
emissions trading scheme. A number of validated models of forest
growth are available. However, there has been relatively little
validation of models to predict changes in pools of C in litter and
soil, and thus suitable for C accounting. A modelling approach is
needed to track changes in soil C because direct measurements are
currently cost-prohibitive. Modelling approaches also allow for
scenario analyses that can be useful for planning purposes. We used
a complete C accounting model for forests, GRC3, to simulate
patterns of change in soil C following afforestation under four
test cases representing typical conditions in Australia. Soil C was
predicted to initially decrease (usually during the first 10 years)
before a gradual recovery and accumulation of soil C occurred.
Sensitivity analyses were used to determine which parameters and
inputs potentially cause the greatest uncertainty in calculated
change in soil C using GRC3. Taking into account the uncertainties
in the values of parameters and inputs, initial (0-10 years)
decrease in soil C was predicted to be 0.96-2.35% per year (or
4.16-14.8 t C ha super(-1)) with a standard deviation between 0.10
and 0.43% per year among case studies, whereas the predicted
increase in soil C (10-40 years) was predicted to be between 0.49
and 1.80% per year (or 7.57-24.4 t C ha super(-1)) with a standard
deviation between 0.18 and 0.69% per year. Results indicated that
uncertainty could be greatly reduced by calibration of the fraction
of above-ground litter transferred to soil C (i.e. humification),
fraction of C lost by respiration during decomposition of litter,
dead roots and soil C, and decomposition rates of the soil C pools.
It was also important to obtain accurate input data for initial
soil C content (including inert soil C), climatic conditions and
allocation of net primary production to various tree
components.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
28. The Structure and Practice of Water
Quality Trading Markets.
Woodward, R. T.; Kaiser, R. A.;
and Wicks, A. M. B.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 38 (4): 967-979. (2002)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X.
Notes: Publisher: Amer Water Resources
Assoc
Descriptors:
Transferable Discharge Permits/
Nonpoint Source Pollution/ Water Policy/ Regulation/ Decision
Making/ Water Quality/ Pollution Control/ Permits/ Externality/
Costs
Abstract: The use of transferable discharge permits
in water pollution, what we will call water quality trading (WQT),
is rapidly growing in the U.S. This paper reviews the current
status of WQT nationally and discusses the structures of the
markets that have been formed. Four main structures are observed in
such markets: exchanges, bilateral negotiations, clearinghouses,
and sole source offsets. The goals of a WQT program are
environmental quality and cost effectiveness. In designing a WQT
market, policy makers are constrained by legal restrictions and the
physical characteristics of the pollution problem. The choices that
must be made include how trading will be authorized, monitored and
enforced. How these questions are answered will help determine both
the extent to which these goals are achieved, and the market
structures that can arise. After discussing the characteristics of
different market structures, we evaluate how this framework applies
in the case of California's Grassland Drainage Area Tradable Loads
Program.
© Thomson ISI
29. Team Approaches in Reducing Nonpoint
Source Pollution.
Romstad, E.
Ecological Economics
47 (1): 71-78. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009.
Notes: Publisher: Elsevier Science Bv
Descriptors:
Nonpoint Source Pollution/ Game
Theory/ Environmental Economics/ Incentives/ Enforcement and
Monitoring
Abstract: It is technically difficult and costly to
monitor nonpoint source pollution. Consequently, most economic
instruments directed towards reducing this type of pollution have
focused on circumventing the monitoring problem by focusing on
readily observable factors. Such instruments include taxes or
tradable pen-nits on inputs or other incentives to induce changes
in fanning practices. One difficulty with such approaches is that
the incentives may not be consistent with the primary objectives of
the policies-to reduce nutrient runoffs. This paper seeks to
identify under what conditions it would be beneficial to apply more
direct incentives for reduced nutrient runoffs. Monitoring and
enforcement are core issues in this connection. It is still
difficult to monitor individual farm field runoffs. Hence, the
incentive problems associated with multiple agents emitting to the
same recipient need to be resolved. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All
rights reserved.
© Thomson ISI
30. Three-Dimensional Eutrophication Model for
Lake Biwa and Its Application to the Framework Design of
Transferable Discharge Permits.
Yamashiki, Y.; Matsumoto, M.;
Tezuka, T.; Matsui, S.; and Kumagai, M.
Hydrological
Processes 17 (14):
2957-2973. (2003)
NAL Call #:
GB651.H93 ; ISSN: 0885-6087.
Notes: Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Descriptors:
VLES/ very large eddy simulation/
Eutrophication/ Lake Biwa/ Transferable Discharge Permits/
Equations/ Solver
Abstract: The main goal of this study is to
evaluate the eutrophication status under different management
approaches in a basin, by combining the Biwa3D model
(three-dimensional eutrophication analysis model) with several
nutrient-reduction cases to calculate their effects on the water
quality in Lake Biwa, Japan, and by applying the model to evaluate
the cost-effectiveness between different scenarios designed to
control eutrophication. A non-hydrostatic hydrodynamic model
featuring very large eddy simulation (VLES) concepts, combined with
ecological components that consider three types of phytoplankton
species, one zooplankton, and nutrient cycling in each grid, is
developed as the basic component of the research. Nitrogen and
phosphorus loads from I I I sub-basins that supply Lake Biwa are
set as the boundary condition for the numerical simulation. The
chlorophyll a concentration calculated near the water intake,
weighted in proportion to the intake discharge, is set as the water
quality index. Transferable discharge permits are introduced for
estimating the total reduction cost for achieving the objective
water quality. Two types of scenario are tested: one considers the
difference in location of nutrient reduction in the north and south
basins, and the other ignores this difference. Initially, the
effect of nutrient loads on the water quality of Lake Biwa was
calculated using the Biwa3D model, using estimated nitrogen and
phosphorus loads from the basin as the boundary condition.
Transferable discharge permits were then designed according to the
impact factor on each basin calculated by the model in order to
compare the cost-effectiveness of the reduction scenarios. It is
concluded that consideration of the characteristics of each basin
and the distribution of effluent in designing transferable
discharge permits reduces the total costs by around 4-25% of that
required for achieving the target concentration of chlorophyll a.
Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
© Thomson ISI
31. The time path and implementation of carbon
sequestration.
Feng HL; Zhao JH; and Kling
CL
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 84 (1): 134-149. (2002)
NAL Call #:
280.8 J822.
Notes: 24 ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
32. Tradable Discharge Permit System for Water
Pollution: Case of the Upper Nanpan River of China.
Tao, W.; Zhou, B.; Barron, W. F.;
and Yang, W.
Environmental and Resource
Economics 15 (1): 27-38.
(2000); ISSN:
0924-6460
Descriptors:
Wastewater discharges/ Chemical
oxygen demand/ Water pollution control/ Environmental economics/
Permits/ Wastewater Disposal/ Water Pollution Sources/
Economic Aspects/ Receiving Waters/ Economics/ Costs/ Waste
disposal/ Pollution control/ Waste water/ Yunnan Province/ China,
People's Republic/ Nanpan River/ tradable permits/ Environmental
action/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Prevention and control/
Water & Wastewater Treatment/ Freshwater
Abstract: A discharge permit system for water
pollution of the upper Nanpan River has been tested since 1992.
This paper proposed the shift of the current non-tradable permits
to tradable permits to attain the same pollution reduction targets
at a lower cost. It was found that this river appeared good for
trading. A pilot trading program for point sources was then
recommended to a smaller trading zone. There would be ten potential
trades for chemical oxygen demand discharge, gaining an annual
cost-saving of Chinese Yuan 2.4 million, or saving 18.4% of the
total annual cost to attain the reduction target without trading.
The marginal pollution reduction cost was estimated at Chinese Yuan
959 for one kilogram chemical oxygen demand per day. Meanwhile,
'without trading' and 'with trading' scenarios would bring about
900.9 kg/day and 51.5 kg/day of redundant reduction respectively.
The net annual benefit arising from trading, about Chinese Yuan 1.6
million, would still be significant. At last, the study recommended
that compliance monitoring and executing institution requirements
be kept in mind while designing the program. An information system
needs to be established to provide potential participants relevant
information. The method of permit allocation and lifespan of
permits should also be addressed later.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
33. Trading poultry litter at the watershed
level: A goal focusing application.
Jones K and D' Souza G
Agricultural and Resource
Economics Review 30
(1): 56-65. (2001)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A2N6.
Notes: 25 ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
34. Transaction Costs and Sequential
Bargaining in Transferable Discharge Permit Markets.
Netusil, N. R. and Braden, J.
B.
Journal of Environmental
Management 61 (3): 253-262.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797.
Notes: Publisher: Academic Press Ltd
Descriptors:
Marketable Permits/ Non Point
Source Pollution/ Transaction Costs/ Source Pollution Abatement/
Nonpoint Pollution/ Efficiency/ Incentives/ River
Abstract: Market-type mechanisms have been
introduced and are being explored for various environmental
programs. Several existing programs, however, have not attained the
cost savings that were initially projected. Modeling that
acknowledges the role of transactions costs and the discrete,
bilateral, and sequential manner in which trades are executed
should provide a more realistic basis for calculating potential
cost savings. This paper presents empirical evidence on potential
cost savings by examining a market for the abatement of sediment
from farmland. Empirical results based on a market simulation model
find no statistically significant change in mean abatement costs
under several transaction cost levels when contracts are randomly
executed. An alternative method of contract execution, gain-ranked,
yields similar results. At the highest transaction cost level
studied, trading reduces the total cost of compliance relative to a
uniform standard that reflects current regulations. (C) 2001
Academic Press.
© Thomson ISI
35. Use of multispectral Ikonos imagery for
discriminating between conventional and conservation agricultural
tillage practices.
Vina A; Peters AJ; and Ji
L
PE and RS: Photogrammetric
Engineering and Remote Sensing 69 (5): 537-544. (2003)
NAL Call #:
325.28 P56.
Notes: 12 ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
36. Water markets and water
quality.
Weinberg, M.; Kling, C. L.; and
Wilen, J. E.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 75 (2): 278-291. (May 1993)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092
Descriptors:
water quality/ irrigation water/
markets/ water use efficiency/ water allocation/ farm management/
decision making/ drainage/ simulation models/ water policy/ United
States
Abstract: In addition to improving the allocative
efficiency of water use, water markets may reduce
irrigation-related water quality problems. This potential benefit
is examined with a nonlinear programming model developed to
simulate agricultural decision-making in a drainage problem area in
California's San Joaquin Valley. Results indicate that a 30%
drainage goal is achievable through improvements in irrigation
practices and changes in cropping patterns induced by a water
market. Although water markets will not generally achieve a
least-cost solution, they may be a practical alternative to
economically efficient, but informationally intensive,
environmental policies such as Pigouvian taxes.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
37. Watershed management and wetland
mitigation: A framework for determining compensation
ratios.
King, Dennis M.; Bohlen, Curtis
C.; and Adler, Kenneth J.
Solomons, Md.: Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory; 17 p. : ill. (1993)
Notes: Cover title. "Review copy." "July 19, 1993."
"University of Maryland System draft report #: UMCEES-CBL-93-098."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 17).
NAL Call #: QH76.K562--1993
Descriptors:
Wetland conservation---Mathematical
models/ Wetland conservation---Government policy/ Watershed
management/ Environmental policy---Mathematical models
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
38. Watershed nutrient trading under
asymmetric information.
Johansson RC
Agricultural and Resource
Economics Review 31
(2): 221-232. (2002)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A2N6.
Notes: 45 ref
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
39. Watershed Risk Analysis Model for TVA's
Holston River Basin.
Chen, C. W.; Herr, J.; Goldstein,
R. A.; Sagona, F. J.; Rylant, K. E.; and Hauser, G. E.
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 90 (1-2): 65-70.
(July 1996)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36 ; ISSN: 0049-6979.
Notes: Conference: Int. Clean Water Conf.: Clean
Water: Factors That Influence Its Availability, Quality and Its
Use, La Jolla, CA (USA), 28-30 Nov 1995
Descriptors:
Water authorities/ water resources/
waste water/ hydrology/ pollution control/ water quality/
watersheds/ River basins/ Hydroelectric power plants/ Holston
Basin/ risk/ water pollution control/ decision making/ United
States/ Holston River/ modelling/ risks/ General papers on
resources/ Prevention and control/ General/ Sources and fate of
pollution/ Freshwater pollution/ Environment
Abstract: The Electric Power Research Institute has
launched a research project to develop a conceptual risk analysis
framework for watershed management of point and nonpoint source
pollution. The research leads to the design of an engineering model
to 1) process and translate water quality data (coliform, BOD, DO,
suspended solids, temperature, sediment, etc.) into decision
variables (suitability for water contact sports and swimming, fish
spawning, fish survival, human consumption of fish, and freedom
from algal nuisance, etc.) and 2) predict water quality
improvements from proposed management alternatives. Actual
development of the model is being carried out with the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA) for the Holston River watershed. The effort
includes model construction by importation of GIS map files,
stringing together existing watershed and reservoir models,
calibration of the model, and selection of decision variables and
water quality check points. The model calculates hydrology, waste
load, water quality and suitability of fish habitats at headwaters.
The base case results and improvements after best management
alternatives will be compared to the data
observed by TVA's River Action
Team. The final product will be a user friendly tool that
stakeholders can use to find a cost effective method of improving
water quality, including market-based pollution trading.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
40. Wetlands mitigation banks: A developer's
investment problem.
Fernandez, L. and Karp, L.;
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Berkeley,
Department of Agric. Resour. Econ (Series: Working Paper
Series 713), 1994. 35 p.
Notes: ISSN: 1068-7483; Co-published by: California
Agricultural Experiment Station and Giannini Foundation of
Agricultural Economics
NAL Call #: S1.W6
Descriptors:
wetlands / land development/
investment/ reclamation/ federal programs/ land policy/ stochastic
models/ restoration
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
Water Quality Trading and Related Issues
41. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution and
economic incentive policies: Issues in the reauthorization of the
Clean Water Act --- Water quality.
Malik, Arun S.; Larson, Bruce A.;
Ribaudo, Marc. ; and United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic
Research Service. Resources and Technology Division.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Resources and Technology
Division; iv, 14 p. (1992)
Notes: Cover title. "November 1992"--P. iii.
Includes bibliographical references
(p. 12-14).
NAL Call #: aTD428.A37M34-1992
Descriptors:
Agricultural pollution---Government
policy---United States/ Water Pollution---Government
policy---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
42. Albemarle-Pamlico: Case study in pollutant
trading -- Most of the nutrients came from nonpoint
sources.
Hall, J. and Howett, C.
EPA Journal 20 (1/2): 27-29. (1994)
NAL Call #:
TD171.U5; ISSN: 0145-1189
Descriptors:
estuaries/ water quality/
pollutants/ nutrients/ nitrogen/ point sources/ nutrient
sources/ environmental degradation/ watershed management/ pollution
control/ North Carolina/ nonpoint sources
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
43. At the Crossroads of Control.
Willey, Z.
Agricultural
Engineering 72 (3): 12-15.
(1991).
Notes: 2 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors:
Agricultural management/ Economic
analysis/ Nonpoint pollution sources/ Water pollution/ Water
quality/ Environmental fate
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
44. Building markets for tradable pollution
rights: Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORANSCO),
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
Maloney, M. T. and Yandle,
B.
In: Water rights: Scarce resource
allocation, bureaucracy, and the environment/ Anderson, T. L.; San
Francisco, Calif.: Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research,
1983. pp. 283-320.
Notes: ISBN: 0884103897
NAL Call #: KF5569.A2W37
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
45. Can a watershed be managed?
Johnson, C. R.; Kaunelis, V. P.;
and Cave, K. A.
Water Environment and
Technology 12 (6): 31-33.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
TD419.W37; ISSN: 1044-9493
Descriptors:
Catchment hydrology/ Nonpoint
source pollution/ Watersheds/ Michigan
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
46. Charting a new course: Pollutant trading
can play a key role in improving water quality.
Podar, Mahesh and Kashmanian,
Richard M.
Forum for Applied Research
and Public Policy 13: 40-44.
(Fall 1998); ISSN: 0887-8218
Descriptors:
Environmental policy/ Economics/
Water pollution/ Pollution control/ Water quality/ United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
47. Chesapeake nutrient trading needs CWA
funding.
Water Environment and
Technology 7 (5): 30-34.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
TD419.W37; ISSN: 1044-9493
Descriptors:
Environmental programs/ Clean Water
Act/ Chesapeake Bay/ Water quality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
48. A classroom experiment about tradable
permits.
Kilkenny, M.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 22 (2): 586-606.
(Fall 2000-Winter 2000)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195.
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
rural communities/ permits/
experiments/ teaching methods/ externalities/ costs/
college students/ markets
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
49. Controlled trading of pollution
permits.
Russell, C. S.
Environmental Science and
Technology 15 (1): 24-28.
(1981)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1E5; ISSN: 0013-936X
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
50. Cost-effective point-nonpoint trading: An
application to the Susquehanna River Basin.
Horan, R. D.; Abler, D. G.;
Shortle, J. S.; and Carmichael, J.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 38 (2): 467. (2002)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X
Descriptors:
Nonpoint source pollution/ Water
quality/ Environmental programs/ Cost benefit analysis/ Watersheds/
Pennsylvania
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
51. Design and Legality of an Innovative
Approach to Nonpoint Source Control.
Dudek, D. and Wendel,
H.
In: Contributed papers and
abstracts for the conference on water, laws and management.
(Held 17 Sep 1989-22 Sep 1989 at
Tampa, Florida.)
Middleburg, Va.: American Water
Resources Association; 1989.
Notes: AWRA special publication No.89-4.
NAL Call #: TD223.A1C66
Descriptors:
Nonpoint source pollution/ Water
pollution/ Water quality/ Environmental programs/
Colorado
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
52. Differences in social and public risk
perceptions and conflicting impacts on point/nonpoint trading
ratios.
Horan, R. D.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 83 (4): 934-941. (Nov. 2001)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water quality/ pollution control/
risk/ social costs/ ratios/ stochastic processes/ federal programs/
equations/ United States
Abstract: If stochastic nonpoint pollution loads
create socially costly risk, then an economically optimal
point/nonpoint trading ratio-the rate point source controls trade
for nonpoint controls-is adjusted downward (a risk reward for
nonpoint controls), encouraging more nonpoint controls. However, in
actual trading programs, ratios are adjusted upward in response to
nonpoint uncertainties (a risk premium for nonpoint controls). This
contradiction is explained using a public choice model in which
regulators focus on encouraging abatement instead of reducing
damages. The result is a divergence of public and social risk
perceptions, and a trading market that encourages economically
suboptimal nonpoint controls.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
53. Draft framework for watershed-based
trading.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. (1996)
Notes: EPA/800-R-96-001.
http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/framwork.pdf
Descriptors:
Watersheds/ Water quality/
Environmental programs/ Clean Water Act
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
54. Economic incentives for agricultural
nonpoint source pollution control.
Malik, A. S.; Larson, B. A.; and
Ribaudo, M.
Water Resources
Bulletin 30 (3): 471-480.
(May 1994-June 1994)
NAL Call #:
292.9-Am34; ISSN: 0043-1370 [WARBAQ].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ pollution control/
environmental legislation/ incentives/ economic policy/ Clean Water
Act
Abstract: The limited success of
command-and-control policies for reducing nonpoint source (NPS)
water pollution mandated under the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act (FWPCA) has prompted increased interest in economic incentive
policies as an alternative control mechanism. A variety of measures
have been proposed ranging from fairly minor modifications of
existing policies to substantial revisions including watershed-wide
polices that rely on economic incentives. While greater use of
economic incentive policies, such as environmental bonds and
point/nonpoint source trading is being advocated in the
reauthorization of the CWA, the expected effects of individual
proposals will be modest. The characteristics of NPS pollution,
namely uncertainty and asymmetrical information, underscores that
there is no single, ideal policy instrument for controlling the
many types of agricultural NPS water pollution. Some of the usual
incentive-based policies, such as effluent taxes, are not well
suited to the task. Individual incentive policies proposed for the
reauthorized CWA, such as pollution trading or deposit/refund
systems, are not broadly applicable for heterogeneous pollution
situations. Economic incentive policies may be appropriate in some
cases, and command-and-control policies will be preferable in
others and may in fact complement incentive policies.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
55. Efficiency of U.S. conservation-compliance
program.
Govindasamy, R. and Huffman,
W.
Agricultural
Economics 8 (2): 173-185.
(Feb. 1993)
NAL Call #:
HD1401.A47; ISSN: 0169-5150 [AGECE6].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
erosion/ control/ erosion control/
soil conservation/ federal programs/ opportunity costs/ losses from
soil/ equations/ production costs/ profits/ soil types/
mathematical models/ efficiency/ United States/ Iowa/ cost
functions
Abstract: Under the conservation-compliance
program, most of the individual producers are forced to cut their
soil erosion to 7 t per acre annually irrespective of the marginal
cost of controlling soil erosion. In a system where coupons to a
ton of soil loss were issued to producers and traded, the marginal
cost of controlling soil loss within each soil type and across
different soil types would be equalized. An instrumental variable
procedure was used to determine the effect of soil erosion on net
profits. The results for Iowa show that there is considerable
difference in the marginal opportunity cost of controlling soil
erosion between soil types. By assigning one ton of erosion to Iowa
soil type Downs (5-10% slope) instead of Clarion (2-5% slope),
there is a savings of $5.00 per acre for the society as a whole.
The tradable coupon system is not only efficient, but will also
bring in more land under soil conservation.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
56. Estuarine Management from a Global
Economic Perspective.
Bundy, M. M.
Water Science and
Technology 26 (12):
2735-2739. (1992)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7
Descriptors:
Estuaries/ Water quality/
Environmental programs/ Watersheds/ Chesapeake Bay
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
57. Feasibility of point-nonpoint source
trading for managing agricultural pollutant loadings to coastal
waters.
Crutchfield, S. R.; Letson, D.;
and Malik, A. S.
Water Resources
Research 30 (10): 2825-2836.
(Oct. 1994)
NAL Call #:
292.8-W295; ISSN: 0043-1397 [WRERAQ].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
pollutants/ agriculture/ water
pollution/ point sources/ pollution control/ water quality/
watersheds/ coastal areas/ feasibility/ United States/ nonpoint
source pollution / point source pollution
Abstract: A recent focus of water quality policy
discussions has been the trading of pollution abatement between
point and nonpoint sources. Point-nonpoint trading would allow
point sources to sponsor nonpoint source controls rather than
install further controls of their own. If nonpoint source loadings
are significant and the marginal costs of their control are lower
than for additional point source controls, water quality goals
could be met at lower cost with trading. We isolate difficulties
particular to incentive policies such as point-nonpoint trading and
then screen coastal watersheds for those satisfying conditions that
play a major role in determining whether trading can improve water
quality. We follow the recent Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization
Amendments in emphasizing agriculture, the single largest cause of
nonpoint source pollution. Our screening analysis provides an
initial, empirical assessment of the feasibility of trading for
managing agricultural land use to protect coastal water quality. We
also illustrate the additional analysis required to quantify the
potential for successful trading in those watersheds which meet our
screening criteria.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
58. Fertile ground: Nutrient trading's
potential to cost-effectively improve water quality.
Faeth, Paul.
Washington, DC: World Resources
Institute; viii, 50 p.: ill., map. (2000)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
47-50).
NAL Call #: TD427.N87-F33-2000; ISBN: 1569731977
http://water.wri.org/pubs_description.cfm?PubID=2690
Descriptors:
Nutrient pollution of
water---United States/ Water quality management---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
59. Furthering 'beyond-compliance'
programs.
Linett, B.; Hartig, J. H.; Wise,
P. L.; Mehan, G. T.; Tosine, H. M.; and Gulezian, G.
Water Environment and
Technology 10 (11):
63-68. (1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.W37; ISSN: 1044-9493
Descriptors:
Environmental programs/ Water
quality/ Water pollution/ Pollution prevention/ Great
Lakes
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
60. Green evolution: Are economic incentives
the next step in nonpoint source pollution control?
Young, T. F. and Karkoski,
J.
Water Policy 2 (3): 151-173. (2000); ISSN: 1366-7017
Descriptors:
Agricultural pollution/ Government
policies/ Water pollution control/ Economics/ Environmental
incentives/ United States, California/ Water Quality Control/
Nonpoint Pollution Sources/ Agricultural Runoff/ Best Management
Practices/ Pricing/ Costs/ Pollution control / Environmental
protection/ Selenium/ Pollution legislation/ Pollution (Nonpoint
sources)/ Runoff (Agricultural)/ Charges/ Costs/ United States,
California/ incentives/ Environmental action/ Water quality
control/ Protective measures and control/ Water Quality
Abstract: Pollution from agriculture remains one of
the United States' most vexing water pollution problems.
Conventional wisdom asserts that agricultural pollution control is
best accomplished using voluntary 'Best Management Practices', and
that quantitative discharge limits and economic incentives are
impractical. Recent experience in California demonstrates
otherwise. Here, quantitative limits on selenium discharges have
been imposed on a regional consortium of farm districts. The
consortium has developed a relatively streamlined institutional
system that uses tradable discharge permits to enforce the limits.
Individual districts use tiered water pricing and other mechanisms
to control discharges. Agricultural pollution from the region has
decreased.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
61. Green payments for nonpoint pollution
control.
Horan, R. D.; Shortle, J. S.; and
Abler, D. G.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 81 (5): 1210-1215. (1999)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA].
Notes: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
American Agricultural Economics Association, August 8-11, 1999,
Nashville, Tennessee. Includes references.
Descriptors:
pollution control/ incentives/
federal programs/ support measures/ environmental protection/ water
quality/ United States/ Clean Water Action Plan
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
62. Has the time come to regulate farmers: We
already do, but how do we decide what is enough, how clean is
clean.
Allee, D. J. and Dworsky, L.
B.
Water Resources
Update (88): 21-22.
(1992)
NAL Call #:
TD201.U61.
Notes: Special issue on the Clean Water
Act.
Descriptors:
Agricultural management/
Environmental Policy/ Clean Water Act/ Pollution control/ Nonpoint
source pollution/ Water quality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
63. Implementing domestic tradable permits for
environmental protection.
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development.
Paris, France : Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development.
252 p. : col. ill.
(1999)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references.;
ISBN: 9264170227
Descriptors:
Emissions trading/ Environmental
policy/ Economic aspects/ OECD countries/ Environmental
Protection
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
64. Incentive based conservation policy and
the changing role of government.
Sohngen, Brent
DeKalb, Illinois.: American
Farmland Trust Center for Agriculture in the Environment.
(1998)
Notes: Center for Agriculture in the Environment
Working Paper Series: CAE/WP98-6.
NAL Call #: HD256-.W67-no.-98-6
http://www.aftresearch.org/researchresource/wp/wp98-6.html
Descriptors:
Environmental policy/ Water
quality/ Economics/ United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
65. Increasing regulators' confidence in
point-nonpoint pollutant trading schemes.
Taff, S. J. and Senjem,
N.
Water Resources
Bulletin 32 (6): 1187-1193.
(Dec. 1996)
NAL Call #:
292.9-Am34; ISSN: 0043-1370 [WARBAQ].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ point sources/
pollutants/ pollution control/ watershed management/ water quality/
costs/ regulation/ uncertainty/ Oregon/ nonpoint sources/ water
quality uncertainty/ practice uncertainty/ enforcement uncertainty/
price uncertainty
Abstract: One of the principal stumbling blocks to
regulatory agencies' adopting pollutant trading schemes is the
complex of uncertainties surrounding any change in institutions.
This is especially true if nonpoint pollution sources are to be
involved along with point sources. Regulators are understandably
reluctant to switch from tried-and-true point source permit
systems, even if trading schemes can be shown (on paper, at least)
to result in lower public expenditures. We propose a set of
practical criteria for point- nonpoint pollutant trading systems
that promise to increase regulators' confidence that the new system
will be equally effective in controlling pollution and at the same
time more likely to capture efficiencies in pollution reduction
practices.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
66. Innovative Water Quality-Based Permitting:
A Policy Perspective.
Downing, D. and Sessions,
S.
Journal of the Water
Pollution Control Federation 57 (5): 358-365. (1985)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47
Descriptors:
Water quality/ Pollution control/
Water pollution/ Nonpoint source pollution/ Environmental
programs
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
67. International trading arrangements, the
intensity of resource use, and environmental quality.
Young, M. D.
In: Agriculture and water quality:
International perspectives/ Braden, J. B.
and Lovejoy, S. B.
L. Rienner: Boulder, Colo., 1989;
pp. 197-215.
Notes: Includes references.
NAL Call #: HC79.W32A37
Descriptors:
international trade/ environmental
policy
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
68. Lessons learned about the performance of
USDA agricultural nonpoint source pollution programs.
Ribaudo, M. O.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 53 (1): 4-10.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water quality/ water pollution/
pollution control/ environmental protection/ federal programs /
USDA/ program evaluation/ United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
69. Managing the Water Environment: Prospects
for Change.
Zabel, T. and Rees, Y.
Water Law 9 (5-6): 195-203. (1999); ISSN: 0959-9754
Descriptors:
Effluents/ Economics/ Environmental
programs/ Water pollution/ United Kingdom
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
70. A new tool for water quality: Making
watershed-based trading work for you.
National Wildlife
Federation.
Montpelier, Vt.: National Wildlife
Federation. (1999)
Notes: Title from title page of source code document.
"June 1999"
Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD365-.N48-1999
http://www.wca-infonet.org/servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet?filename=1059403588919_newtool.pdf&refID=95275
Descriptors:
Water quality management/ Watershed
management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
71. Nonpoint pollution policies and politics:
The role of economic incentives.
Braden, J. B.
American Water Resources
Association Technical Publication Series (TPS) (88-4):
57-65. (Nov. 1988)
NAL Call #:
TC401.A5; ISSN: 0066-1171.
Notes: In the series analytic: Nonpoint pollution:
1988--policy, economy, management, and appropriate technology /
edited by V. Novotny. Includes references.
Descriptors:
pollution by
agriculture/ water pollution/ environmental pollution/ control/
programs/ environmental policy/ incentives/ subsidies/ abatement
subsidies/ transferable discharge permits
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
72. Nonpoint sources.
Line, D. E.; McLaughlin, R. A.;
Osmond, D. L.; Jennings, G. D.; Harman, W. A.; Lombardo, L. A. ;
and Spooner, J.
Water Environment
Research 70 (4): 895-912.
(June 1998)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47; ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ groundwater
pollution/ pollutants/ pesticide residues/ leaching/ runoff/
pollution control/ low input agriculture/ best management
practices/ nonpoint source pollution
Abstract: Annual literature review covers multiple
aspects of nonpoint source pollution and includes references to
articles on pollution trading.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
73. Nonpoint sources.
Line, D. E.; Jennings, G. D.;
McLaughlin, R. A.; Osmond, D. L.; Harman, W. A.; Lombardo, L. A. ;
Tweedy, K. L.; and Spooner, J.
Water Environment
Research 71 (5): 1054-1069.
(Aug. 1999)
NAL Call #:
TD419.R47; ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ groundwater
pollution/ groundwater/ surface water/ water quality/ pollutants/
runoff/ leaching/ agricultural land/ agricultural chemicals/
pollution control/ literature reviews/ nonpoint source pollution/
best management practices
Abstract: Annual literature review covers multiple
aspects of nonpoint source pollution and includes references to
articles on pollution trading.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
74. Optimizing point/nonpoint source tradeoff
in the Holston River near Kingsport, Tennessee.
Podar, M. K.; Jaksch, J. A.;
Sessions, S. L.; Crossman, J. C.; Ruane, R. J.; Hauser, G.; and
Burmaster, D. E.
In: Perspectives on nonpoint
source pollution: Proceedings of a national conference.
(Held 19 May 1985-22 May 1985 at
Kansas City, Missouri.)
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regul and
Standards; pp. 417-424 ; 1985.
Notes: Includes references.
NAL Call #: TD223.P39
Descriptors:
river water/ water pollution/ point
source/ pollution by agriculture/ waste disposal/ biological oxygen
demand/ waste water treatment/ simulation models/ Tennessee
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
75. Options for agricultural nonpoint-source
pollution control.
Ribaudo, M. O.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 47 (1): 42-46.
(Jan. 1992-Feb. 1992)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
pollution/ control/ pollution
control/ water pollution/ drainage/ leaching/ runoff/ pesticides/
sediment/ soil conservation/ land policy/ USDA/ land banks/ federal
programs/ United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
76. Point-nonpoint effluent trading in
watersheds: A review and critique.
Jarvie, M. and Solomon,
B.
Environmental Impact
Assessment Review 18 (2):
135-157. (1998)
NAL Call #:
TD194.6.E56; ISSN: 0195-9255
Descriptors:
Watersheds/ Water pollution/
Environmental policies/ Economics/ Nonpoint source
pollution
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
77. Point-nonpoint nutrient trading in the
Susquehanna River basin.
Horan, R. D.; Shortle, J. S.; and
Abler, D. G.
Water Resources
Research 38 (5): 8-1-8/13.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
292.8-W295; ISSN: 0043-1397
Descriptors:
Water quality/ Nonpoint source
pollution/ Pollution load/ Environmental programs/ Market
development/ Economics
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
78. Point/nonpoint source pollution reduction
trading: An interpretive survey.
Letson, D.
Natural Resources
Journal 32 (2): 219-232.
(Spring 1992)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5N3; ISSN: 0028-0739 [NRJOA].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water pollution/ cost control/
literature reviews/ United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
79. Point-nonpoint source trading for managing
agricultural pollutant loadings: Prospects for coastal
watersheds.
Letson, David.; Crutchfield,
Stephen R.; Malik, Arun S.; and United States.
Dept. of Agriculture. Economic
Research Service.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service;
vii, 14 p. : ill., map.
(1993)
Notes: Cover title. "September 1993"--P. [iii].
"Water quality."
Includes bibliographical
references (p. 13-14).
NAL Call #: A281.9-Ag8A-no.674
Descriptors:
Water quality management---United
States/ Agricultural pollution---United States/ Nonpoint source
pollution---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
80. Point-Nonpoint Source Trading: Looking
beyond Potential Cost Savings.
Bartfeld, E.
Environmental Law
23 (1): 43-106. (1993)
Descriptors:
Environmental policy/ Laws and
regulations/ Water quality/ Water pollution/ Nonpoint source
pollution/ Pollution prevention/ Economics
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
81. Point/nonpoint source trading program for
Dillon Reservoir and planned extensions for other areas.
Elmore, T.; Jaksch, J.; and
Downing, D.
In: Perspectives on nonpoint
source pollution: Proceedings of a national conference.
(Held 19 May 1985-22 May 1985 at
Kansas City, Missouri.)
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water
Regulations and Standards; pp.
413-416.; 1985.
Notes: Includes references.
NAL Call #: TD223.P39
Descriptors:
water reservoirs/ water pollution/
point source/ pollution by agriculture/ control/ programs/ water
composition and quality/ monitoring/ Colorado
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
82. Point Sources-Nonpoint Sources Trading in
the Lake Dillon Watershed:
A final report.
Northwest Colorado Council of
Governments
Frisco, Colo.: Northwest Colorado
Council of Governments. (1984)
Notes: Final Report 1984. 45 p.
Descriptors:
Nonpoint source pollution/
Wastewater treatment/ Water pollution/ Phosphorus/ Eutrophication/
Water quality trading
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
83. Policy objectives and economic incentives
for controlling agricultural sources of nonpoint
pollution.
Horan, R. D. and Ribaudo, M.
O.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 35 (5): 1023-1035. (Oct. 1999)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X [JWRAF5]
Descriptors:
agriculture/ water pollution/
pollution control/ water quality/ economics/ incentives/ policy/
costs/ USDA/ United States
Abstract: In this paper, we review the physical
characteristics of agricultural nonpoint pollution and discuss the
implications for setting appropriate pollution control objectives
and designing incentive-based pollution control policies. First, we
discuss that policy objectives must be designed carefully to ensure
positive economic net benefits can be expected from pollution
control. Next, we review several classes of incentives and
recommend the use of design-based incentives (i.e., incentives
based on variable input use, management practices, and land use)
for controlling nonpoint pollution. Cost-effectiveness requires
that incentives elicit three types of responses from farmers: (1)
use variable inputs at appropriate levels, (2) adopt appropriate
management practices, and (3) make appropriate land use decisions
at the extensive margin of production. If a set of incentives fails
to induce the correct responses, the resulting runoff levels and
hence ambient pollution levels and damages will be too large
relative to policy goals. A review of existing programs suggests
that greater program coordination and improved targeting of
incentives are needed for further water quality improvements.
Alternatively, properly designed market-based systems may be
effective alternatives. These systems would reduce overall
pollution control costs by allowing markets to allocate point
source and nonpoint source control costs more
efficiently.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
84. Pollution Permits and Markets for Water
Quality.
O'Neill, W. B.
Madison, Wisc.: University of
Wisconsin, 1980.
Notes: PhD Thesis
Descriptors:
Water pollution/ Water quality/
Models/ Program planning/ Economics
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
85. Pronsolino v. Marcus.
Shosteck, D.
Ecology Law
Quarterly 28 (2): 327-354.
(2001); ISSN:
0046-1121
Descriptors:
Water pollution/ Nonpoint source
pollution/ Water quality/ Clean Water Act/ Pollution load/ Laws and
regulations/ Environmental protection/ Environmental policy/
total maximum daily load
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
86. The regulation of water pollution permit
trading under conditions of varying streamflow and temperature
Wisconsin permit market system, Transferable Discharge
Permits.
O'Neil, W. B.
Land Economics 6: 219-231. (1983)
NAL Call #:
HD1401.L3; ISSN: 0075-7837.
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
Wisconsin
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
87. The role of education in nonpoint source
pollution control policy.
Ribaudo, M. O. and Horan, R.
D.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 21 (2): 331-343.
(Fall 1999-Winter 1999)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195.
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water quality/ water pollution/
pollution control/ educational programs/ program evaluation/
profitability/ environmental policy/ United States
Abstract: Education is often used to provide
producers with information on how to operate more efficiently with
current technologies or on profitable new technologies that
generate less pollution. While such "win-win" solutions to water
quality problems are attractive, we use a simple economic framework
to show that education cannot be considered a strong tool for water
quality protection. Its success depends on a number of factors
related to profitability and altruism, and "win-win" solutions are
not always guaranteed, even when they appear to exist. Evidence
suggests that net returns are the chief concern of producers when
they adopt alternative management practices.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
88. Search for the Northwest Passage: The
assignation of NSP (non-point source pollution) rights in nutrient
trading programs.
Collentine, D.
Water Science and
Technology 45 (9): 227-234.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Special issue on Diffuse/Non-point Pollution
and Waterhsed Management.
Descriptors:
Nonpoint source pollution/ Water
Pollution/ Water quality standards/ Environmental policy/
Pollution load/ Law and legislation/ Water Quality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
89. Simulation of a two-pollutant, two-season
pollution offset system for the Colorado River of Texas below
Austin.
Letson, D.
Water Resources
Research 28 (5): 1311-1318.
(May 1992)
NAL Call #:
292.8-W295; ISSN: 0043-1397 [WRERAO].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
river water/ water pollution/
pollutants/ water quality/ environmental impact/ seasonal
variation/ simulation models/ mathematical models/ Texas/ pollution
control
Abstract: A pollution offset system is a discharge
permit system in which transfers are made subject to a restriction
that no violations of water quality standards occur at any
location. Simulation of a pollution offset system with seasonal
variation and multiple pollutants allows for comparison of the
savings possible from these design features. A simulation model
(Qual-TX) developed by the Texas Water Commission is applied to a
case study region near Austin, Texas, yielding impact coefficients
for an economic optimization model without investment whose least
cost solution represents the theoretical equilibrium of a pollution
offset system. The optimization model finds short-run savings of
17.5% for a pollution offset system, as compared to a command and
control policy that would also achieve the dissolved oxygen
standard. Seasonal variation in permit design produces minimal
effects; virtually all savings come from allowing pollution offsets
for the two different pollutants.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
90. Theory and Practice of Pollution Credit
Trading in Water Quality Management.
Hoag, Dana L. and Hughes-Popp,
Jennie S.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 19 (2): 252-262.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195
Descriptors:
Economics/ Water quality/
Pollution control/ Environmental policy
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
91. Trading between point and nonpoint
sources: A cost effective method for improving water quality ---
The case of Dillon Reservoir.
Elmore, Tom and United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency; 20 leaves: maps. (1984)
Notes: Presented at 57th WPCF Conference (New Orleans,
La.); Cover title. "The work for this study was funded
by a grant." Includes bibliographical references (leaf
20).
NAL Call #: TD224.C6T72
Descriptors:
Water quality
management---Colorado---Dillon Reservoir/ Dillon
Reservoir---Colorado
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
92. Trading in the Tar-Pamlico.
Hall, J. C. and Howett, C.
M.
Water Environment and
Technology 6 (7): 58-61.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
TD419.W37; ISSN: 1044-9493
Descriptors:
Watershed management/ Water
quality/ Nonpoint source pollution/ Economics/ Laws and
regulations
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
93. Trading on water: Trading can be a cheaper
answer to water quality problems, creating a win-win solution for
all.
Greenhalgh, Suzie and Faeth,
Paul
Forum for Applied Research
and Public Policy 16 (1):
71-77. (2001); ISSN: 0887-8218
Descriptors:
Water quality/ Economics/
Environmental policy/ Water pollution/ Pollution control/ United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
94. Transferable Discharge Permit Trading
under Varying Stream Conditions: A Simulation of Multiperiod Permit
Market Performance on the Fox River, Wisconsin.
O'Neil, W. B.
Water Resources
Research 19 (3): 608-612.
(1983)
NAL Call #:
292.8-W295
Descriptors:
Water quality/ Water pollution/
Market development/ Economics/ Planning/ Environmental
programs
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
95. Transferable Discharge Permits and
Economic Efficiency: The Fox River.
O'Neill, W.; David, M.; Moore, C.;
and Joeres, E.
Journal of Environmental
Economics and Management 10:
346-355. (1983)
NAL Call #:
HC79.P55J6
Descriptors:
Water quality/ Economics/
Simulation models/ Water pollution/ Pollution control
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
96. The U.S. environmental policy experience:
A critique with suggestions for the European community.
Howe, C. W.
Environmental and Resource
Economics 3 (4): 359-379.
(1993); ISSN:
0924-6460
Descriptors:
Environmental policy/ United
States/ Water quality/ Economics
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
97. Using historical biological data to
evaluate status and trends in the Big Darby Creek Watershed (Ohio,
USA).
Schubauer Berigan, M. K.; Smith,
M.; Hopkins, J.; and Cormier, S. M.
Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 19 (4,pt.2):
1097-1105. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK].
Notes: In the Special Issue: Ecosystem Vulnerability.
Paper presented at the American Society for Testing and
Materials-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Symposium, August 17-20,
1998, Seattle, Washington. Includes references.
Descriptors:
watersheds/ watershed management/
biological indicators/ trends/ Ohio
Abstract: Assessment of watershed ecological status
and trends is challenging for managers who lack randomly or
consistently sampled data, or monitoring programs developed from a
watershed perspective. This study investigated analytical
approaches for assessment of status and trends using data collected
by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency as part of state
requirements for reporting stream quality and managing discharge
permits. Fish and benthic macroinvertebrate metrics collected
during three time periods (1979-1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1993) were
analyzed for the mainstem of Big Darby Creek, a high-quality
warm-water stream in central Ohio, USA. Analysis of variance of
transformed metrics showed significant differences among time
periods for six fish metrics. In addition, significant positive
linear trends were observed for four metrics plus the index of
biotic integrity score, and negative linear trends for two fish
metrics. An analysis of a subset of sites paired by location and
sampled over the three periods reflected findings using all
available data for the mainstem. In particular, mean estimates were
very similar between the reduced and full data sets, whereas
standard error estimates were much greater in the reduced subset.
Analysis of serial autocorrelation patterns among the fish metrics
over the three time periods suggests changes in the nature of
stressors over time. A comparison within the most recent time
period showed significantly better condition for Big Darby mainstem
than for Hellbranch Run (the easternmost subwatershed), after
adjusting for watershed size. The consistency of paired and
nonrandomized results suggested that either type of data might be
judiciously used for this watershed assessment. Results indicated
that overall biological condition of the mainstem of the Big Darby
Creek watershed has significantly improved since the early
1980s.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
98. Using Market Incentives to Protect Water
Quality in America.
Willey, Z.
Water Resources
Update (88): 43-51.
(1992)
NAL Call #:
TD201.U61.
Notes: Special issue on the Clean Water
Act.
Descriptors:
Water quality/ Economics/ Pollution
control/ Nonpoint source pollution/ Water quality standards/
Environmental fate
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
99. Water pollution: Pollutant trading could
reduce compliance costs if uncertainties are resolved --- Report to
the Chairman, Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House
of Representatives.
United States. General Accounting
Office and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public
Works and Transportation.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. General
Accounting Office; 15 p. (1992)
Notes: Cover title. "June 1992."
"GAO/RCED-92-153." "B-247972.2"--P. 1.
Includes bibliographical
references. SUDOCS: GA 1.13:RCED-92-153.
NAL Call #: TD420.U542-1992
Descriptors:
United States Environmental
Protection Agency---Auditing/ Water Pollution---United
States---Prevention---Cost control/ Water Pollution---Government
policy---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
100. Water quality impacts of biochemical
oxygen demand under transferable discharge permit programs
[Delaware River estuary and Willamette River].
Brill, E. D. Jr.; Eheart, J. W.;
Kshirsagar, S. R.; and Lence, B. J.
Water Resources
Research 20 (4): 445-455.
(Apr. 1984)
NAL Call #:
292.8-W295; ISSN: 0043-1397 [WRERA].
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
water composition and quality/
waste water disposal/ transfers/ regulations/ environmental
assessment/ water management/ United States/ rivers/
Delaware
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
101. Water Quality Management Simulation
Game.
Chiang, Shin An.
Stillwater, Okla.: Oklahoma State
University; 158 p. (1986)
Notes: Thesis (Ph. D.); Includes bibliographic
references.
Descriptors:
Water quality/ Water quality
standards/ Pollution load/ Simulation models/ Cost
analysis
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
102. Watershed-Based Effluent Trading: The
Nonpoint Source Challenge.
Stephenson, Kurt; Norris,
Patricia; and Shabman, Leonard.
Contemporary Economic
Policy 16 (4): 412-421.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
HD72.C6; ISSN: 1074-3529
Descriptors:
Economics/ Water quality/
Pollution control/ Environmental policy
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
103. Watershed-based permitting: Wave of the
future of water quality management.
Galya, D.; Mitchell, D.; and
Gerath, M.
Environmental Regulation
and Permitting 7 (4): 61-66.
(1998); ISSN: 1083-6624
Descriptors:
Watersheds/ Economics/ Water
quality/ Pollution control/ Environmental policy
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
104. Watershed-based Pollution trading
Development and Current Trading Programs.
McGinnis, S. L.
Environmental Engineering
and Policy 2 (3): 161-170.
(2001); ISSN:
1433-6618
Descriptors:
Watersheds/ Water quality/
Water Pollution/ Environmental policy/ Water quality
standards/ Watershed management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
105. The welfare sensitivity of
agri-environmental instruments.
Horan, R. D.; Claassen, R.; and
Howe, L.
Journal of Agricultural and
Resource Economics 26 (2):
368-386. (Dec. 2001)
NAL Call #:
HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502.
Notes: Includes references.
Descriptors:
pollution control/ environmental
policy/ emission/ simulation/ welfare economics/ mathematical
models/ uncertainty/ comparisons/ efficiency/ social benefits/
fertilizers/ runoff/ statistical analysis
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
abatement costs 24
abatement subsidies
71
access 6
acid rain 1, 13
Aerosol 23
Afforestation 25, 27
agricultural chemicals
73
agricultural land
73
Agricultural
management 43, 62
agricultural pollution
60, 18
Agricultural
pollution---Government policy---United States 41
Agricultural
pollution---United States 79
Agricultural Practices
10
agricultural
production 4
agricultural runoff
60, 18
agriculture 57, 83
air pollution 5, 35
air quality 5
ambient permits system
11
animal wastes 18
Artificial Wetlands
16
Association 23
Asthma 23
atmosphere 35
Atmospheric Particles
23
Australia 25, 27
Banks 26
best management
practices 60, 72, 73
biodiversity 2
Biological diversity
2
biological indicators
97
biological oxygen
demand 74
Brackish water 3
Calibrations 26
Carbon 7, 10, 31, 35
Carbon cycle 25, 27
carbon sequestration
31, 35
case studies 11
Catchment hydrology
45
Charges 60
Chemical oxygen demand
32
Chesapeake Bay 47, 56
Children 23
Chile 17
China 32
clay fraction 35
Clean Water Act 47, 53, 54, 62, 85
Clean Water Action
Plan 61
climatic change 13
Climatic Changes 16
coastal areas 57
Coastal Zone Resources and
Management 3
college students 48
Colorado 51, 81
Comparability 19
comparisons 4, 105
compost 18
composting 18
Computable General
Equilibrium 14
computer applications
27
Conservation 2
conservation tillage
35
Conservation, wildlife
management and recreation 3
control 55, 71, 75, 81
Cost 20
Cost Analysis 10, 101
cost benefit analysis
6, 50, 17
cost control 9, 78
cost effectiveness
analysis 9
cost functions 55
Costs 2, 4, 48, 60, 65, 24, 83, 28, 32, 38
crop residues 35
Cultivated Lands 10
Data Acquisition 10
Data Production Chain
19
decision making 3, 17, 28, 36, 39
Decomposition 25
Delaware 100
demand 17, 33
Design 16
detention basins 15
Development projects
26
Dillon
Reservoir---Colorado 91
drainage 15, 75, 36
dynamic models 31
Economic analysis
2, 43
Economic Aspects 2, 26, 32
economic policy 54
Economics 1, 2, 46, 12, 60, 64, 69, 76, 77, 80, 83, 84, 90, 32, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 102, 103
ecosystems 3
educational programs
87
Efficiency 5, 55, 31, 34, 38, 105
Effluents 69
Emergency 23
emission 1, 31, 35, 105
emissions 11
emissions permit
system 11
Emissions Trading
7
Emissions trading OECD
countries 63
Enforcement and
Monitoring 29
enforcement
uncertainty 65
Environment 39
Environmental action
2, 60, 18, 26, 32
environmental
assessment 100
environmental
degradation 42
Environmental
economics 2, 26, 29, 32
Environmental fate
43, 98
environmental impact
12, 89
Environmental
incentives 60
Environmental
legislation 54, 26
environmental models
22
Environmental policies
76
Environmental Policy
2, 4, 46, 13, 14, 62, 64, 67, 71, 80, 85, 87, 88, 90, 93, 96, 102, 1
03, 104, 105
Environmental policy Economic
aspects OECD countries 63
Environmental
policy---Mathematical models 37
environmental
pollution 71
Environmental programs
47, 50, 51, 53, 56, 59, 66, 69, 77, 94
environmental
protection 2, 3, 60, 61, 63, 68, 85, 26, 31
Environmental
restoration 2, 26
Equations 52, 55, 17, 30
erosion 55
erosion control 55
estuaries 42, 3, 11, 56
Eutrophication 82, 30
Evaluation process
2, 3, 26
experiments 48
externalities 5, 6, 48
Externality 28
farm inputs 17
farm management 36
feasibility 57
federal programs 52, 55, 61, 68, 75, 40
fertilizers 105
fishery management
5
flood control 15
Florida 15
Flow Discharge 16
forth estuary 11
Freshwater 26, 32
Freshwater pollution
39
Game Theory 29
General 39
General papers on
resources 39
Global Pollution 14
Global Warming 10, 13, 31
Government policies
60
government programs
18
Government regulations
26
Great Lakes 59
Greenhouse Gases 14, 35
groundwater 4, 73
groundwater pollution
72, 73
Habitat 2
Habitat improvement
(physical) 26
Habitats 2
Holston Basin 39
Holston River 39
hydraulic structures
15
hydrodynamics 15
Hydroelectric power
plants 39
Hydrology 16, 39
Incentives 54, 60, 61, 71, 83, 29, 34
Industrial Emissions
19
industry 13
Infant Mortality 23
information 38
information services
38
interagency
cooperation 3
international trade
67
investment 26, 40
Iowa 55
irrigation 12, 17
irrigation water 36
Lake Biwa 30
land banks 75
land development 40
land policy 75, 40
Land Use 16
Law and legislation
88
law enforcement 24
Laws and regulations
80, 85, 92
leaching 4, 72, 73, 75
Legislation 2
linear programming
9
literature reviews
73, 78
litter 33
losses from soil 55
low input agriculture
72
maize 35
Market development
77, 94
Marketable Permits
34
markets 48, 36
mathematical models
6, 55, 15, 16, 24, 26, 89, 105
mathematics 27
Michigan 45, 22
Model Studies 16, 26
Modeling 27
modelling 39
models 4, 17, 21, 84, 25, 27, 33
monitoring 5, 7, 19, 21, 22, 81, 38
Monterey pine 25
Nanpan River 32
Nature conservation
2, 12
nitrates 4
nitrogen 42
Non Point Source
Pollution 20, 34
Nonpoint 20
nonpoint pollution
18, 34
nonpoint pollution
sources 43, 60, 18
nonpoint source
pollution 45, 50, 51, 57, 62, 66, 72, 73, 22, 76, 77, 80, 82, 85, 88, 28, 29, 92, 98
Nonpoint source
pollution---United States 79
nonpoint sources 42, 65
North Carolina 42
Nutrient pollution of
water---United States 58
nutrient sources 42
nutrients 42, 9, 18, 38
Ohio 97
opportunity costs
55
Optimization 26
Oregon 65
oxygen requirement
11
Particulate Air
Pollution 23
Pennsylvania 50
Performance Evaluation
10
Permits 7, 48, 11, 18, 28, 31, 32
pesticide residues
72
pesticides 75
phosphorus 9, 21, 22, 82, 33, 38
Pinus radiata 25
Planning 94
Plantations 27
Point Non Point Effluent
Trading 20
point source 74, 81
point source pollution
57
point sources 42, 57, 65
Policies 2, 26
policy 12, 83
Policy Making 2
pollutants 42, 9, 57, 65, 72, 73, 89, 33
pollution 1, 75
Pollution Abatement
20
pollution by
agriculture 71, 74, 81
Pollution control
42, 46, 52, 11, 54, 57, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 72, 73, 75, 24, 83,
87, 89, 28, 90, 31, 32, 93, 33, 95, 98, 102, 103, 38, 39, 105
Pollution legislation
60
Pollution load 77, 85, 88, 101
Pollution (Nonpoint
sources) 60
Pollution prevention
59, 80
poultry 33
practice uncertainty
65
Prevention and control
32, 39
price uncertainty
65
prices 31
Pricing 60
probabilistic models
11
production costs 55
productivity 17
profitability 87
profits 6, 55
program evaluation
68, 87
Program planning 84
programs 71, 81
Protective measures and
control 2, 60, 26
ratios 52, 24
Receiving Waters 32
reclamation 40
Reforestation 25
Regulation 65, 28
regulations 4, 100
Rehabilitation 26
Remote Sensing 10, 35
research programs
18
resource allocation
5
resource management
5
resource utilization
5, 17
resources management
2, 3
restoration 2, 40
risk 52, 39
risks 39
River 34
River basins 39
river water 74, 89
rivers 100
runoff 72, 73, 75, 105
Runoff (Agricultural)
60
rural communities
48
salinity 6
satellite imagery
35
Satellite Technology
10
Scotland 11
seasonal variation
89
sediment 75
Selenium 60
Sensitivity Analysis
26
Simulation 2, 7, 26, 105
simulation models
15, 74, 89, 95, 36, 101
social benefits 105
social costs 52
Soil 25, 27
soil conservation
55, 75
soil types 55
Soil water plant
Relationships 16
Soils 16
Solver 30
Source Pollution
Abatement 34
Sources and fate of
pollution 18, 32, 39
Southern California
23
statistical analysis
35, 105
stochastic models
40
Stochastic Process
26
stochastic processes
52
Stream flow 16
structural design
15
subsidies 71
sulfur 1
support measures 61
surface water 73
suspended solids 9
sustainability 33
SWMM EXTRAN model
15
taxation 18
taxes 4
teaching methods 48
Tennessee 74
Texas 16, 89
Tillage 10, 35
Topographic features
16
Topography 16
total maximum daily
load 21, 85
tradable permits 32
tradable pollution
permits 11
trade 5, 6, 38
trading 24
Transaction Costs
34
Transferable Discharge
Permits 71, 28, 30
transfers 100
trends 97
Trinity River 16
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) 3
Uncertainty 7, 11, 65, 20, 24, 105
United Kingdom 69
United States 46, 52, 55, 57, 61, 16, 64, 68, 75, 78, 24, 83, 87, 93, 96, 36, 100, 39
United States, California 2, 60
United States Environmental
Protection Agency---Auditing 99
USA 3
USDA 68, 75, 83
very large eddy
simulation 30
Visits 23
VLES 30
Waste disposal 74, 32
Waste water 32, 39
waste water disposal
100
waste water treatment
74
Wastewater discharges
32
Wastewater Disposal
32
Wastewater treatment
82
water allocation 6, 12, 17, 36
Water authorities
39
Water budget 16
water composition and
quality 81, 100
water flow 15
water management 100, 38
water policy 5, 17, 28, 36, 38
water pollution 43, 4, 46, 51, 11, 54, 57, 59, 65, 66, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 21, 22, 76,
78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 104, 38,
Water pollution
control 60, 18, 32, 39
Water Pollution---Government
policy---United States 41, 99
Water Pollution
Sources 32
Water Pollution---United
States---Prevention---Cost control 99
water quality 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 9, 51, 52, 53, 11, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65,
66, 68, 20, 77, 80, 24, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 28, 90, 92, 93, 33, 94, 95, 96, 98, 36, 101, 102, 103, 104, 39
Water Quality Control
60
Water quality
management 70
Water quality
management---Colorado---Dillon Reservoir 91
Water quality
management---United States 58, 79
Water quality
standards 88, 98, 101, 104
Water quality trading
82
water quality
uncertainty 65
water reservoirs 81
water resources 6, 39
water supply 6
water use 6
water use efficiency
17, 36
Water & Wastewater
Treatment 32
Watershed 20
watershed management
42, 3, 9, 65, 70, 92, 33, 97, 104, 37, 38
Watersheds 45, 50, 53, 56, 57, 16, 76, 33, 97, 103, 104, 38, 39
welfare economics
5, 105
Wetland
conservation---Government policy 37
Wetland
conservation---Government policy---United States 8
Wetland
conservation---Mathematical models 37
Wetland mitigation
banking---United States 8
wetlands 2, 3, 12, 15, 16, 20, 26, 40
Wetlands---Law and
legislation---United States 8
wetlands mitigation
banks 26
Wisconsin 9, 21, 86
Yunnan Province 32
Abler, D.G. 50, 61, 77
Adler, Kenneth J.
37
Allee, D.J. 62
Allen, P. M. 16
Anderson, T.L. 44
Arnold, J. G. 16
Barron, W. F. 32
Bartfeld, E. 80
Baumgart, P 21
Bell, R. 6
Bohlen, Curtis C.
37
Boisvert, R.N. 4
Braden, J. B. 67, 71, 34
Bricklemyer, R. S.
10
Brill, E.D. Jr. 100
Bundy, M.M. 56
Burmaster, D.E. 74
Cai, X. 17
Carmichael, J. 50
Cave, K.A. 45
Chen, C. W. 39
Chiang, Shin An. 101
Claassen, R. 105
Colby BG 5
Collentine, D. 88
Cormier, S.M. 97
Crossman, J.C. 74
Crutchfield, S.R.
57, 24
Crutchfield, Stephen
R. 79
D' Souza G 33
David, M. 95
Donoso, G. 17
Downing, D. 66, 81
Dudek, D. 51
Dunderdale, JAL 12
Dworsky, L.B. 62
Dyer, K. R. 3
Eheart, J.W. 100
Elmore, T. 81
Elmore, Tom 91
Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water 53
Ermoliev, Y. 7
Faeth, Paul. 58, 93
Faichney, R. 11
Feng HL 31
Fernandez, L. 2, 26, 40
Foresman, E. L. 23
Franks, T. 12
Galya, D. 103
Gerath, M. 103
Godal, O. 7
Goldstein, R. A. 39
Gottinger, HW 14
Govindasamy, R. 55
Green, C 12
Greenhalgh, Suzie
93
Gulezian, G. 59
Hall, J. 42
Hall, J.C. 92
Hanley, N. 11
Harman, W.A. 72, 73
Hartig, J.H. 59
Hauser, G. 74
Hauser, G. E. 39
Herr, J. 39
Hoag, Dana L. 90
Hopkins, J. 97
Horan, R.D. 50, 52, 61, 77, 83, 87, 105
Howe, C.W. 96
Howe, L. 105
Howett, C. 42
Howett, C.M. 92
Huffman, W. 55
Hughes-Popp, Jennie S.
90
Jaksch, J. 81
Jaksch, J.A. 74
Jarvie, M. 76
Jennings, G.D. 72, 73
Ji L 35
Joeres, E. 95
Johansson RC 38
John, D.L. 15
Johnson, B.N. 21
Johnson, C.R. 45
Jones K 33
Kaiser, R. A. 28
Karkoski, J. 60
Karp, L. 26, 40
Kashmanian, Richard M.
46
Kaunelis, V.P. 45
Kay, M. 12
Kear, T. P. 23
Keenan, J. D. 18
Keller, A. 17
Kieser, M. 22
Kilkenny, M. 48
King, Dennis M. 37
Klaassen, G. 1, 7
Kleeman, M. J. 23
Kling, C.L. 36
Kling CL 31
Kshirsagar, S.R. 100
Kumagai, M. 30
Larson, B.A. 54
Larson, Bruce A. 41
Lawrence, R. L. 10
Lence, B.J. 100
Letson, D. 57, 78, 24, 89
Letson, David. 79
Line, D.E. 72, 73
Linett, B. 59
Lombardo, L.A. 72, 73
Lovejoy, S.B. 67
Malik, A.S. 54, 57, 24
Malik, Arun S. 41, 79
Maloney, M.T. 44
Matsui, S. 30
Matsumoto, M. 30
McGinnis, S.L. 104
McKinney, D.C. 17
McLaughlin, R.A. 72, 73
Mehan, G.T. 59
Miller, P. R. 10
Mitchell, D. 103
Mlay, M. 3
Moore, C. 95
Morgan, D. S. 16
Morris, J 12
Munro, A. 11
National Research Council
(U.S.). Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses. 8
National Wildlife
Federation. 70
Netusil, N. R. 34
Niemeier, D. A. 23
Norman, M. E. 18
Norris, Patricia 102
Northwest Colorado Council of
Governments 82
O'Neil, W.B. 86, 94
O'Neill, W. 95
O'Neill, W.B. 84
Obersteiner, M. 7
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development. 63
Orth, R. J. 3
Osmond, D.L. 72, 73
Paul, K. I. 25, 27
Peters AJ 35
Pinkham, J.R. 21
Podar, M.K. 74
Podar, Mahesh 46
Polglase, P. J. 25, 27
Rees, Y. 69
Ribaudo, M. 54
Ribaudo, M.O. 68, 75, 83, 87
Ribaudo, Marc. 41
Richards, G. P. 25, 27
Ringler, C. 17
Romstad, E. 29
Rosegrant, M.W. 17
Ruane, R.J. 74
Russell, C.S. 49
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