America.gov-U.S. Government

Atlantis Launch Begins Final Repair Mission for Space Telescope

Cheryl Pellerin — Mon, 11 May 2009 16:51:23 -0400

Atlantis and its seven-member crew began the fifth and final repair mission for the 19-year-old Hubble Space Telescope May 11 with a midafternoon launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The 11-day servicing mission will extend Hubble operations through 2014.

Commercial Fleet Owners Ask U.S. Congress for Solutions on Piracy

Kathryn McConnell — Fri, 08 May 2009 15:58:30 -0400

Some members of the commercial shipping industry tell the U.S. Congress they want legal authority to carry armed security personnel on their vessels as a defense against pirates. But other specialists and government officials are cautious about arming merchant ships.

Will Financial Crisis Bring U.S.-EU Regulatory Convergence?

Andrzej Zwaniecki — Thu, 07 May 2009 16:17:07 -0400

The Group of 20 economies is pushing for a more unified approach to financial regulation from which U.S.-EU regulatory cooperation may benefit. But if past experience is an indication, the road to regulatory convergence between the United States and Europe will be difficult.

Recognition Grows of Pakistan, Afghanistan as Regional Problem

Stephen Kaufman — Thu, 07 May 2009 15:51:55 -0400

There is a new recognition that challenges to Afghanistan and Pakistan from Taliban and al-Qaida insurgents are a regional problem and require a common front, U.S. National Security Advisor General James Jones says after President Obama’s meetings with his Afghan and Pakistani counterparts.

“Unprecedented Cooperation” in Pakistan, Afghanistan Talks

Stephen Kaufman — Wed, 06 May 2009 18:50:24 -0400

Meetings in Washington involving President Obama, Afghanistan’s President Karzai and Pakistan’s President Zardari focus on common security threats and improving economic growth and opportunity. Obama says the meetings have “advanced unprecedented cooperation” between the two South Asian neighbors.

Biden Urges Israel to End Settlements, Back Two-State Solution

Stephen Kaufman — Tue, 05 May 2009 17:08:17 -0400

Vice-President Biden tells U.S. supporters of Israel that the United States is committed to Israel’s peace and security, but Israel must demonstrate its commitment to peace by working toward a two-state solution with the Palestinians and ending its building of settlements.

Nominees for Highest U.S. Court Undergo Careful Scrutiny

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 05 May 2009 15:52:20 -0400

During his presidency, Barack Obama will appoint hundreds of federal judges who serve on courts across the United States. But the judicial appointments almost certain to receive the most attention will be those to the Supreme Court.

Obama Seeks Close Coordination with Afghan, Pakistani Leaders

Stephen Kaufman — Tue, 05 May 2009 11:48:32 -0400

President Obama’s meetings with President Asif Ali Zardari of Pakistan and President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan in Washington May 6 are expected to be “very productive” as the three leaders seek to improve trilateral cooperation in the face of common security and economic challenges.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 29 Apr 2009 10:57:14 -0400

The Department of Health and Human Services is responsible for programs on the health and social welfare of the country.

Half of Population at Risk for Curable, Preventable Malaria

Cheryl Pellerin — Tue, 28 Apr 2009 16:46:05 -0400

Malaria infects more than 500 million people a year and kills more than 1 million — mostly infants, young children and pregnant women in Africa. Fighting the disease takes the determined work of many around the world, all of whom were recognized on April 25, World Malaria Day.

Obama to Seek Record Levels of Research Investment

Daniel Gorelick — Mon, 27 Apr 2009 17:51:30 -0400

President Obama announces new measures to bolster scientific research and a new initiative to encourage the development of clean energy technology. “Science is more essential for our prosperity, our security, our health, our environment and our quality of life than it has ever been,” Obama says.

A Nation of Volunteers Enters a New Era of Service

Jeffrey Thomas — Wed, 22 Apr 2009 17:12:59 -0400

A new law expands national and community service opportunities for Americans. The act will usher in a “new era of service,” says President Obama. The law expands volunteer opportunities for Americans, whether with a formal organization like AmeriCorps or in their local neighborhoods.

Clinton Discusses Wide-Ranging U.S. Diplomatic Agenda

Merle David Kellerhals Jr. — Wed, 22 Apr 2009 15:17:58 -0400

The United States is pursuing a wide-ranging diplomatic agenda that is based on strengthening alliances, cultivating partnerships with key regional powers and building constructive relationships with China and Russia, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton says.

Budget Plan from Congress Serves as Spending Blueprint

Michelle Austein Brooks — Mon, 06 Apr 2009 19:33:02 -0400

Congress passes resolutions supporting the president’s budget request, but specifics of how money will be spent and how revenues will be collected are yet to be determined. The nonbinding blueprints for the fiscal year that begins on October 1 are the first steps in a lengthy legislative process.

Reforming Health Care Will Strengthen Economy, Obama Says

Michelle Austein Brooks — Mon, 30 Mar 2009 13:05:21 -0400

“Now is the time to reform the health care system,” President Obama says in the first White House online town hall meeting. Obama and members of his administration cite improving the American health care system as a necessary step toward strengthening the nation’s economy.

Executive Branch Blog Roll

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 26 Mar 2009 16:55:45 -0400

Foundations of U.S. Democracy

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 26 Mar 2009 15:14:11 -0400

This resource document provides links to the texts of the U.S. Constitution, the Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Thu, 26 Mar 2009 11:56:18 -0400

The Department of Commerce promotes the growth of U.S. business and industry and facilitates international trade.

President Obama Nominates New Assistant Secretary for Africa

Charles W. Corey — Mon, 23 Mar 2009 17:47:22 -0400

President Obama selects career diplomat and three-time U.S. ambassador in Africa Johnnie Carson to be the next U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs. If confirmed by the Senate, Carson will succeed Jendayi Frazer, who served in the post during the Bush administration.

African Nationals Celebrate Inauguration Alongside Americans

Crystal Ofori — Fri, 20 Mar 2009 17:43:56 -0400

African government officials and civil society activists witnessed American history when they joined the crowd on Washington’s National Mall on January 20 for the historic inauguration of President Obama. The 12 visitors were participants in a Department of State International Visitor Program.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Fri, 20 Mar 2009 15:02:59 -0400

The U.S. Trade Representative, the president’s chief adviser and spokesperson on international trade policy, negotiates directly with foreign governments to create trade agreements and resolve disputes, and participates in global-trade policy organizations.

Reach of U.S. Civil Rights Law Debated, Reviewed Decades Later

Michelle Austein Brooks — Mon, 16 Mar 2009 19:31:20 -0400

The meaning of a landmark 1965 civil rights law continues to be interpreted years after its passage, as the U.S. Supreme Court demonstrates in its recent ruling on minorities and electoral district boundaries under the Voting Rights Act.

Women Political Leaders Recap Their Diverse Routes to Success

Ralph Dannheisser — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 16:03:16 -0400

Five women who served or are serving in elected office tell a National Archives audience how and why they became involved in politics. They also outline some of the challenges that still face female politicians in the United States.

The Declaration of Independence

Michael Jay Friedman — Mon, 09 Mar 2009 11:20:40 -0400

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation’s most cherished symbol of liberty and the enduring monument in which Jefferson expressed the deepest convictions of the American people.

Texas Is “Like a Whole Other Country”

Michelle Austein Brooks — Fri, 27 Feb 2009 09:28:07 -0400

Very few Americans know about Texas Independence Day — March 2, 1836 — the day that marked the beginning of Texas’ short history as its own country. After winning its freedom from Mexico, Texas was an independent republic until becoming a U.S. state in 1845.

President Obama Nominates Chinese American to Commerce Post

Michelle Austein Brooks — Fri, 27 Feb 2009 13:55:35 -0400

President Obama nominates Chinese-American Gary Locke to be the next secretary of commerce. If confirmed by the Senate, he will be the third Asian American in the Cabinet. Locke, formerly the governor of Washington state, is “the right man for this job,” Obama says.

Obama Submits U.S. Budget Proposal for Fiscal Year 2010

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 26 Feb 2009 15:52:57 -0400

“A budget is more than simply numbers on a page,” President Obama says as he submits to Congress a summary of his fiscal year 2010 budget proposal for $3.55 trillion. “It is a measure of how well we are living up to our obligations to ourselves and one another.”

Republicans Ready to Work with Obama, Louisiana Governor Says

Michelle Austein Brooks — Wed, 25 Feb 2009 15:42:25 -0400

“Republicans are ready to work with the new president” to find solutions to the nation’s economic problems, says Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, speaking after President Obama’s address to Congress. A response to the president’s address from the opposing political party is an American tradition.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Tue, 24 Feb 2009 17:53:45 -0400

The Department of Labor works to ensure a fair, safe workplace for all Americans. The department also maintains labor statistics, conduct research and promote better labor practices worldwide.

Obama Administration Imposes Tough Lobbying Restrictions

Michelle Austein Brooks — Mon, 23 Feb 2009 15:53:38 -0400

President Obama has imposed some of the toughest lobbying restrictions in U.S. history, but it will take time to see if these restrictions have an impact. Lobbying is inherent to the U.S. system of governance, an expert tells journalists at the State Department’s Foreign Press Center.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Fri, 13 Feb 2009 16:22:23 -0400

The Office of National Drug Control Policy, part of the Executive Office of the President, sets policies, priorities and objectives for combating the illegal trade and use of narcotics.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Fri, 13 Feb 2009 16:21:09 -0400

The White House chief of staff is a senior aide to the president.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Fri, 13 Feb 2009 16:15:25 -0400

The U.S. Department of Defense is charged with recruiting, training and maintaining the military forces needed to deter war and ensure the security of the United States.

Abraham Lincoln “Made My Own Story Possible,” Obama Says

Michelle Austein Brooks — Fri, 13 Feb 2009 15:35:51 -0400

Marking the 200th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth February 12, President Obama, in ceremonies at the U.S. Capitol, says he feels “a special gratitude to this singular figure who in so many ways made my own story possible, and in so many ways made America’s story possible.”

The Cabinet

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 12 Feb 2009 12:42:00 -0400

Like other UN member nations’ missions, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations oversees America’s participation in the international body. Different sections of the mission represent the United States’ political, economic, legal and social interests at UN meetings.

Obama Aims to Help Faith-Based Organizations Help Those in Need

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:37:46 -0400

Many faith-based organizations are authorized to receive assistance from the federal government under presidential orders that some Americans find controversial. America.gov looks at recent actions by the Obama administration to continue this practice and at what supporters and critics are saying.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Tue, 03 Feb 2009 09:48:43 -0400

The Department of Justice is the world’s largest law office, and it is responsible for enforcing all U.S. federal laws.

Republicans Select African American to Lead Party

Michelle Austein Brooks — Mon, 02 Feb 2009 18:07:42 -0400

As chairman of the Republican National Committee, Michael Steele will be the face of the Republican Party. He is the first African American to hold that post. He and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine, who chairs the Democratic National Committee, will promote party positions, raise money and recruit new members.

Impeachment Is Ultimate Legislative Check on Executive Power

Michelle Austein Brooks — Fri, 30 Jan 2009 17:53:05 -0400

When Illinois lawmakers voted to remove their governor, they exercised the rarely used legislative right of impeachment. The U.S. Constitution and state constitutions allow the legislative branch to remove from office a member of the executive branch for wrongdoing or abuse of power.

Glossary of Legislative Terms

Georges Burkes — Wed, 28 Jan 2009 13:50:56 -0400

This glossary defines common legislative terms in the United States.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 28 Jan 2009 11:59:42 -0400

The Department of Housing and Urban Development aims to ensure decent housing and create affordable housing opportunities for all Americans.

President Seeks Bipartisan Agreement in Congress

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 27 Jan 2009 18:17:40 -0400

Eager to pass an economic stimulus bill with the support of leaders from both parties, President Obama visits the U.S. Capitol to talk with Republican congressional leaders. His visit underscores the important role Congress plays as a co-equal partner in U.S. government with the executive branch.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Tue, 27 Jan 2009 09:02:22 -0400

The Department of Treasury is responsible for managing the finances of the U.S. government.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Mon, 26 Jan 2009 17:21:17 -0400

The Environmental Protection Agency is charged with protecting and improving the nation’s environment — air, water and land.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Mon, 26 Jan 2009 17:06:05 -0400

The Department of Transportation promotes reliability and safety in the various systems used to transport people and goods in the United States.

Challenges Ahead for New White House Web Team

Michelle Austein Brooks — Fri, 23 Jan 2009 16:14:09 -0400

On January 20, change came to America as Barack Obama became president. Change also has come to the White House Web as the Obama administration experiments with new technology to improve its engagement with the American public through methods not attempted by any previous administration.

African Diaspora Celebrates Obama, Promotes Global Change

Ralph Dannheisser — Fri, 23 Jan 2009 13:30:29 -0400

At an inaugural ball on January 18 in Washington, African immigrants and the children of African immigrants celebrated the new presidency of Barack Obama for the positive change they are convinced it will bring to both the United States and their home countries.

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Calls for Robust Diplomacy

Stephen Kaufman — Thu, 22 Jan 2009 09:39:44 -0400

Hillary Clinton begins work as secretary of state pledging to pursue “robust diplomacy and effective development” as the best long-term strategy for U.S. security. President Obama’s visit to the State Department on his second day in office highlights his administration’s commitment to diplomacy.

Quick, Careful Action Needed on Economy, Treasury Nominee Says

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 22 Jan 2009 18:54:18 -0400

The United States must act with the “strength, speed and care necessary to get our economy back on track and to restore America’s faith in our economic future,” Secretary of the Treasury–designate Timothy Geithner says at his Senate confirmation hearing.

Approval System for Nominees Seen Needing Improvement

Eric Green — Thu, 22 Jan 2009 17:44:10 -0400

The confirmation process U.S. presidential nominees undergo is extensive, exhausting and time-consuming. Constitutional scholars outline the strengths and weaknesses of the current system for America.gov and share some of their ideas for improving it.

Kenyans Enthusiastic About New American President

Thomas J. Dowling — Thu, 22 Jan 2009 14:46:23 -0400

Thomas J. Dowling, counselor for public affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, shares his experience watching Kenyans witness the historic inauguration of Barack Obama.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Thu, 22 Jan 2009 12:04:54 -0400

The Department of State is responsible for all of the United States’ foreign affairs activities.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 11:04:43 -0400

The Department of Homeland Security helps secure the nation’s borders and protect the country from terrorist attacks. It also provides emergency services following natural or man-made disasters.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 10:59:15 -0400

The Department of Education sets national education priorities, collects and distributes research on education, distributes federal financial aid for education and works to ensure equal access to education nationwide.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 10:53:39 -0400

The Department of the Interior is the principal conservation agency of the United States.

Senate Confirms Group of Obama’s Cabinet Picks

Stephen Kaufman — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 17:11:09 -0400

In the midst of the inaugural celebrations in Washington on January 20, President Obama and the U.S. Senate find time to get official business done. The president formally nominated 25 individuals to his Cabinet and other top posts, and the Senate convened to confirm seven of his choices.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 16:25:39 -0400

The Department of Veterans Affairs provides benefits and medical and rehabilitative services to the United States’ 25 million veterans of military service.

Obama’s Inauguration Evokes Global Celebration

Stephen Kaufman — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 16:15:28 -0400

The inauguration of President Obama was a day celebrated not only in the United States, but throughout the world as many watched the Washington ceremony live, held celebrations and offered the new president praise, prayers and advice. America.gov looks at reactions across the globe.

Amid Inauguration Day Festivities, Work Gets Done

Michelle Austein Brooks — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 15:57:17 -0400

Obama’s first day in office is a celebratory one, as he participates in American traditions dating back to the nation’s earliest days. Just two hours after taking office, the president signed his first proclamation declaring January 20 a National Day of Renewal and Reconciliation.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 15:46:44 -0400

The Department of Agriculture promotes good agricultural practices, encourages safe harvesting and food processing, protects the nation’s food supply and promotes good nutrition.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 15:37:10 -0400

The Office of Management and Budget prepares the president’s budget request to Congress and supervises its execution in executive agencies.

The Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 15:35:52 -0400

The Department of Energy promotes U.S. energy security and scientific and technological innovation in energy policies, and works to ensure environmentally safe disposal of nuclear waste.

Crowds Pack Washington for Obama’s Inauguration

Daniel Gorelick — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 11:22:52 -0400

On January 20, more than a million Americans made a pilgrimage to Washington to witness history. America.gov talks with some of the spectators to find out why so many braved freezing weather, long lines and crowded conditions to be a part of the Obama inauguration.

About This Issue

Richard Huckaby — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 09:47:04 -0400

The introduction to the special edition of eJournal USA on Obama’s inauguration.

Vice President Joe Biden

Richard W. Huckaby — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 15:56:46 -0400

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born November 20, 1942, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the first of four siblings.

President Barack Obama

Richard W. Huckaby — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 15:51:48 -0400

Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States, brings a life story unlike that of any previous U.S. leader.

Inaugural Address

Richard W. Huckaby — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 15:43:52 -0400

President Barack Obama delivers his inaugural speech.

The Remaking of America

Michael Jay Friedman — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 14:39:49 -0400

In his Inaugural Address, President Barack Obama observes that the country faces real and serious challenges. He pledges that America will meet these challenges, calls for greater cooperation and understanding between nations, and promises that America will help usher in a new era of peace around the world.

Barack Obama Becomes 44th President of the United States

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 15:13:12 -0400

On January 20, Barack Obama took the presidential oath of office, becoming the 44th president and first African-American leader of the United States. Millions of Americans, joined by millions more from nations around the world, watched a moment many viewed as a milestone in U.S. history.

President Obama’s Inaugural Address

Bridget Hunter — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 14:06:28 -0400

Reiterating his campaign themes of hope and change, the 44th president of the United States addresses the American people and the world.

Obama Aims to Partner with South Asia on Critical Issues

Lea Terhune — Mon, 19 Jan 2009 17:25:09 -0400

Since Barack Obama first made campaign promises to build economic and security relationships in South Asia, global economic and security crises have intensified. Obama’s chief advisers have indicated India and its neighbors are important economic, security and development partners.

Americans Heed Barack Obama’s Call to Service

Michelle Austein Brooks — Mon, 19 Jan 2009 18:43:54 -0400

Across the country, Americans, including Barack Obama and Joe Biden, mark Martin Luther King Jr. Day with community service projects. The volunteer work is one of many activities including a star-studded concert Obama participated in during the days leading up to his January 20 inauguration.

Inaugural Parade Will Present a Mosaic of America

Louise Fenner — Fri, 16 Jan 2009 13:15:42 -0400

More than 90 music, cultural and community groups will march in the 56th inaugural parade to honor the nation’s new president. Coming from as close by as Washington and as far away as Barrow, Alaska, they represent the American mosaic of cultures, races and ethnicities.

Obama Will Close Guantanamo Facility, Rejects Use of Torture

Stephen Kaufman — Fri, 16 Jan 2009 20:10:09 -0400

“Guantanamo will be closed,” President-elect Barack Obama’s choice for attorney general tells a Senate committee. The next administration will shut down the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and techniques used to question suspected terrorists will conform to the Geneva Conventions, Eric Holder pledges.

Bush Urges Moral Clarity in Struggle Against Terror

Stephen Kaufman — Fri, 16 Jan 2009 16:03:02 -0400

President Bush continues the presidential tradition of offering a farewell address to the American public with a call to continue the fight against global terrorism. He also praises his successor, Barack Obama, as “a man whose history reflects the enduring promise of our land.”

Congressional Committees the Workhorses of Legislative Process

Ralph Dannheisser — Fri, 16 Jan 2009 14:07:13 -0400

Much congressional business is conducted in House and Senate committees. With Democrats remaining in control of both chambers, the 111th Congress brings few changes in the lineup of committee leaders, but those changes are significant because they uproot the most senior member in each chamber.

January 20 Is Moving Day at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue

Danielle Zielinski — Fri, 16 Jan 2009 13:02:55 -0400

On January 20, more than 1 million people will crowd the National Mall to see Barack Obama sworn in as the 44th president of the United States. As all eyes are focused on the new president, 60 White House staff members are hard at work on completing the ultimate moving day.

Michelle Obama Enters White House with Substance and Style

Lauren Monsen — Thu, 15 Jan 2009 13:44:44 -0400

Michelle Obama, wife of President-elect Barack Obama, brings considerable assets to the role of U.S. first lady. An accomplished lawyer with an Ivy League education, she is a working mother accustomed to juggling professional and family obligations.

Washington Readies for Any Inaugural Situation

Jacquelyn S. Porth — Thu, 15 Jan 2009 09:40:39 -0400

The military will provide support for the 56th presidential inauguration, with its members serving as ushers, flag bearers and security escorts. This follows a 220- year tradition by which the armed forces honor their new commander-in-chief, recognize civilian control of the military and celebrate the best in democratic traditions.

Washington Prepares to Host Record-Sized Inaugural Crowd

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 15 Jan 2009 13:36:39 -0400

Washington is used to hosting big political events, but even lifelong residents of the nation’s capital are expecting Barack Obama’s inauguration to be like nothing they have seen before. Record crowds are expected to watch the first African-American president be sworn into office and give an inaugural address.

Hillary Clinton Seeks to Renew U.S. Leadership Through Diplomacy

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 13 Jan 2009 18:44:19 -0400

Senator Hillary Clinton tells members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee the United States must renew its leadership through diplomacy. The committee is weighing Clinton’s nomination to serve as Barack Obama’s secretary of state.

Obama Seeks “Collaborative, Consultative Process with Congress”

Michelle Austein Brooks — Mon, 12 Jan 2009 18:15:22 -0400

Calling Congress “a coequal branch of government,” President-elect Obama says his administration will have to work closely with legislators to pass an economic stimulus bill. Democrats’ control of the Senate and the House of Representatives does not guarantee adoption of all Obama’s requests.

Introduction

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:44:01 -0400

Introduction to the book Obama In His Own Words

Change Has Come to America

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:43:01 -0400

In this election night victory speech in Chicago on November 4, 2008, Obama tells America that change and progress has come as a result of the beliefs and hard work of young Americans during his two-year campaign. But he warns that the road ahead will be long and difficult.

A More Perfect Union

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:41:53 -0400

In his first detailed discussion of race in America in this Philadelphia speech on March 18, 2008, Obama expresses his “firm conviction” that, in working together, Americans of all color can move beyond some of the old racial wounds. He asserts that, in fact, Americans have no choice if they are to continue on the path of a more perfect union.

Our Past, Future, & Vision for America

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:27:17 -0400

In a speech announcing his candidacy to run for the U.S. presidency, Obama outlines the difficulties the nation is facing, including mounting debt, the Iraq war and failing education. He pledges to bring about change, warning that it will not be easy unless the country comes together to achieve it.

The Audacity of Hope

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:25:55 -0400

In this 2004 speech before the Democratic National Convention, Barack Obama captivates the nation with his call for change and outlines his Party’s “politics of hope.” Themes include the need for more opportunities for working families and a solution to the health care crisis facing the nation.

The America We Love

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:23:47 -0400

In this major speech, Obama expands on his understanding of patriotism and what it should mean to America. He decries the use of patriotism “as a political sword or a political shield.” Dissent does not make any American unpatriotic, he affirmed, noting that American politics seems to be trapped in old arguments.

Dire Consequences, Immeasurable Sacrifices

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:22:33 -0400

In 2002, Obama expresses his opposition to going to war with Iraq. He says he is not opposed to war in all circumstances, but warns that an invasion of Iraq “without a clear rationale and without strong international support” will have negative consequences for counterterrorism efforts and the Middle East.

A New Strategy for a New World

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:21:00 -0400

Obama speaks on the need for international partnership to fight the many security challenges of the 21st century.

A World that Stands as One

Michael Jay Friedman — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 14:19:05 -0400

Obama, in his only major policy speech in a foreign country during the presidential campaign, in Berlin on January 24, 2008, spoke about the need for strengthening the transatlantic alliance between the United States and Europe in a bid to face the challenges the world will be facing in the years ahead.

Experienced Congressional Leaders Set To Tackle Huge Challenges

Ralph Dannheisser — Fri, 09 Jan 2009 17:58:58 -0400

The new 111th Congress will be working with a new president, committed to change, whose Democratic Party holds an enhanced majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. America.gov looks at the new Congress, its leadership and the daunting array of challenges it faces.

Confirmation Hearings Begin on Obama’s Top Advisers

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 08 Jan 2009 19:21:49 -0400

As president, Barack Obama will appoint thousands of officials to his administration, but Congress also has a voice in those choices because many appointments to high-ranking positions, including Cabinet posts, require Senate confirmation. Committee hearings are the first step in that process.

New U.S. Congress Convenes Amid Controversy

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 06 Jan 2009 11:02:21 -0400

The 111th U.S. Congress convenes January 6, but two people who hope to be senators are absent. Much of the day of the new Congress is spent administering the oath of office and taking care of routine business.

Obama Inauguration Will Honor Black Civil War Volunteers

Stephen Kaufman — Tue, 06 Jan 2009 11:34:19 -0400

A company of Civil War re-enactors will march in President Barack Obama’s inaugural parade in honor of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The famed Civil War unit, made up of enlisted African-American soldiers and white officers, inspired greater African-American participation in the U.S. military.

Alaskans Celebrate 50 Years of Statehood

Michelle Austein Brooks — Fri, 02 Jan 2009 16:37:09 -0400

When Secretary of State William H. Seward engineered the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, people called it “Seward’s Folly.” Today, Alaska, which celebrates its 50th anniversary as a state January 3, is appreciated by tourists seeking outdoor pursuits.

U.S. President Can Forgive Federal Crimes

Michelle Austein Brooks — Mon, 29 Dec 2008 13:44:37 -0400

President Bush granted 18 pardons and one commutation December 23, including a man who died more than 20 years ago. Among those pardoned were people convicted of mail fraud, providing false statements to government offices, trafficking counterfeit goods, embezzlement and illegal drug distribution.

Inauguration Celebrates Continuity of American Democracy

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 23 Dec 2008 15:17:50 -0400

When Barack Obama takes the oath of office on January 20, 2009, the event will mark the 56th time that a U.S. president has been sworn in for a four-year term since 1789, when George Washington first took the same oath.

Obama Announces Science and Technology Team

Daniel Gorelick — Tue, 23 Dec 2008 19:38:11 -0400

President-elect Obama taps top scientists and government officials to serve in his Cabinet and advise him on science, technology and environmental issues. America.gov reviews how the selections reflect Obama’s commitment to use science to serve society.

Information Resources for the Inauguration

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 23 Dec 2008 15:59:35 -0400

Inauguration Firsts

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 23 Dec 2008 11:58:01 -0400

America.gov notes some of the historic firsts of inaugurations past.

Inaugural Addresses and Memorable Words

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 23 Dec 2008 11:42:36 -0400

Starting with George Washington at the first inauguration in 1789, the inaugural address has been an important American tradition. Most presidents use the inaugural address to present their visions for the United States and to set forth their goals to their American people.

Oath of Office

Michelle Austein Brooks — Tue, 23 Dec 2008 10:50:08 -0400

The language of the presidential oath is specified in Article II, Section I, of the U.S. Constitution. The president-elect traditionally takes the oath with his hand on a Bible. However, this is not a requirement — Theodore Roosevelt took the oath in 1901 without swearing on a Bible.

New Citizens Express Gratitude to and Pride in the United States

Ralph Dannheisser — Mon, 22 Dec 2008 08:58:42 -0400

Newly sworn U.S. citizens with homelands scattered around the globe talk with America.gov about their reasons for pledging allegiance to the United States.

Immigrants from 23 Nations Become Citizens at National Archives

Ralph Dannheisser — Mon, 22 Dec 2008 16:49:19 -0400

Former residents of 23 nations around the world take the oath of U.S. citizenship in a ceremony at the National Archives building in Washington, amid the documents that laid the foundation for the nation’s freedoms. In the last year, more than a million immigrants became U.S. citizens.

Obama Will Have to Work with Congress to Implement Proposals

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 18 Dec 2008 18:21:56 -0400

President-elect Obama says he intends to implement many initiatives aimed at strengthening the American economy, changing the way the United States fights terrorism and curbing global climate change. But the new president will need to work with Congress to make his proposals the law of the land.

U.S. Military Implements Policies Set by Civilian Leaders

Eric Green — Thu, 18 Dec 2008 18:06:23 -0400

In the U.S. democratic system, the military is subordinate to elected officials and carries out the missions set for it by the country’s civilian leadership. Scholars on the role of the military in U.S. government recently shared their views on the subject with America.gov.

Louisiana Republican to Be First Vietnamese American in Congress

Michelle Austein Brooks — Thu, 11 Dec 2008 18:52:00 -0400

There will be many new faces in the 111th Congress, among them Vietnamese-American Anh “Joseph” Cao. The next Congress will include at least 50 new representatives and nine new senators — some with years of political experience, others serving in an elected office for the first time.

Additional Resources

Rickard Huckaby — Fri, 05 Dec 2008 10:50:53 -0400

A listing of resources to find more information about U.S. presidential transitions and inaugurations.

About This Issue

Richard Huckaby — Fri, 05 Dec 2008 15:36:09 -0400

Introduction to January 2009 eJournal USA, “U.S. Presidential Transitions”

Transition FAQs

Richard W. Huckaby — Thu, 04 Dec 2008 11:42:04 -0400

This document contains FAQs about U.S. presidential transitions and inaugurations.

Governing Is Different From Campaigning

Richard Huckaby — Thu, 04 Dec 2008 11:27:30 -0400

A member of the Cabinet under President Bill Clinton discusses the hectic days of transition and the process of stepping into a job as an agency head. Richard W. Riley spoke with eJournal USA’s Charlene Porter.

Did You Know?

Richard Huckaby — Thu, 04 Dec 2008 11:06:37 -0400

This is a list of interesting facts about U.S. presidential elections.

Historical Inaugurations

Richard Huckaby — Thu, 04 Dec 2008 15:58:22 -0400

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." This is the oath taken by every president of the United States.

Obama, U.S. Governors Seek Cooperation on Troubled Economy

Stephen Kaufman — Thu, 04 Dec 2008 12:03:27 -0400

President-elect Obama and Vice President-elect Biden meet with U.S. governors to find ways to cooperate in meet current economic challenges. The federal government is addressing problems on a national level, but most of the programs that directly affect citizens are funded by the states.

The Future Cabinet

Meghan Loftus — Mon, 01 Dec 2008 11:56:22 -0400

The National Security Council advises and assists the president in national security and foreign policies.

Despite 2008 Democratic Gains, Two-Party System Very Much Alive

Stuart Gorin — Mon, 24 Nov 2008 09:24:44 -0400

The Republican Party’s defeat in the recent U.S. presidential and congressional elections is not necessarily a setback for the conservative movement, and important roles in American politics remain for the party and the movement, according to a group of conservative writers, thinkers and politicians.

U.S. Elections Turn Elephants, Donkeys into Lame Ducks

Ralph Dannheisser — Mon, 24 Nov 2008 11:30:38 -0400

On November 4, U.S. voters made their choices about who will lead their nation, but those choices will not be implemented until January 2009. America.gov looks at the concept of “lame duck” and the challenges it poses to effective governance in the period between election and inauguration.

U.S. Court Orders Release of Five Guantánamo Bay Detainees

Merle D. Kellerhals Jr. — Fri, 21 Nov 2008 15:18:45 -0400

A federal judge determines that the United States lacks adequate legal evidence to hold five Algerians as detainees in the detention facility at the U.S. Naval Base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and orders their immediate release. The Bosnian government has agreed to accept the five men.

Lecture Series Examines Values at Work in U.S. Democracy

Meghan Loftus — Mon, 20 Oct 2008 14:08:05 -0400

Teaching young Americans U.S. democratic values and the importance of participation is the focus of the Taube Discussion Series on American Values. Its first lecture, “Democracy and Citizen Participation,” examines the importance of free speech to the American system of democratic governance.

Highest U.S. Court Will Address Key Constitutional Principles

Bridget Hunter — Wed, 08 Oct 2008 18:44:38 -0400

The first Monday in October, October 6, marked the opening of another term of the U.S. Supreme Court, a session that thus far lacks the headline-grabbing cases of the previous session but might offer more opportunities to limit or strengthen a number of constitutional principles.

Contributions to Judicial Races Worrisome, Justice O’Connor Says

Stephen Kaufman — Mon, 06 Oct 2008 10:10:41 -0400

Retired Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor warns that the increase in campaign contributions to elected judges is damaging the judiciary’s impartiality and will not benefit large donors such as business interests. In the United States, federal judges are appointed for life, but many state judges are elected.

Law on Political Activity Restricts, Protects Government Workers

Bridget Hunter — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 19:18:07 -0400

The U.S. Hatch Act attempts to strike a balance between ensuring a politically neutral civil service and protecting the constitutional rights of government workers. It limits the partisan political activities of civil servants, but also seeks to insulate them against partisan political pressures.

Ideas Abound for Improving U.S. Public Diplomacy Effort

Eric Green — Thu, 28 Aug 2008 18:18:34 -0400

How to improve America’s image abroad through public diplomacy is the subject of much debate in the United States. A report by a U.S. bipartisan commission says public diplomacy, led at the State Department by James Glassman, never has been more important to American security than it is today.

Jury Service a Valuable Civic Duty, Says Former Court Official

Stephen Kaufman — Wed, 20 Aug 2008 17:58:18 -0400

Trial by a jury of one’s peers is a fundamental legal right guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. America.gov talks with former court clerk David Bell about this important duty of citizenship, how it is administered in one U.S. county and how a jury acts as the voice of the community in the U.S. legal system.

Dissent Takes Many Forms in United States

Lea Terhune — Mon, 11 Aug 2008 17:06:47 -0400

Peaceful protests in the United States are well organized tools of dissent, according to activists who train citizens to express their points of view effectively, but mass rallies are just one means of influencing government policy.

First Trial of Guantanamo Detainee Ends with Conviction

Stephen Kaufman — Fri, 08 Aug 2008 19:38:43 -0400

The first military commission trial of a Guantanamo detainee ends with the conviction of Salim Hamdan on charges of providing material support to terrorism. The White House says Hamdan’s trial was “fair” and defends the military commission system as a just and appropriate legal process to prosecute the detainees.

Working Behind the Scenes

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 16:15:10 -0400

The U.S. Supreme Court employs 10 officers who assist the Court in the performance of its functions. Here we present first-person accounts by four of the officers currently serving the Court: the clerk, the marshal, the reporter of decisions, and the public information officer.

The Supreme Court: A Unique Institution

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 16:13:27 -0400

Established by the U.S. Constitution in 1789, the Supreme Court is both the final arbiter of significant legal cases and the prevailing authority on the constitutionality of individual laws.

Landmark Decisions

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 08:51:35 -0400

Since the U.S. Supreme Court first convened in 1790, it has rendered thousands of opinions on everything from the powers of government to civil rights and freedom of the press.

The Writ of Certiorari: Deciding Which Cases to Review

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 08:50:45 -0400

Since the U.S. Supreme Court was established by the Constitution, the justices' caseload has grown exponentially. To ensure that only the most important legal matters reach the nation's High Court, Congress has given the Court increasing authority over its docket.

"To Say What the Law Is": The Supreme Court As Arbiter of Constitutionality

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 08:49:55 -0400

The U.S. Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review—the power to determine the constitutionality of legislative acts—in one of its earliest rulings.

"I Do Solemnly Swear"

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 10:52:03 -0400

The appointment of a Supreme Court justice involves legal, political, and personal considerations. A legal scholar discusses several factors that have influenced presidents in choosing nominees for the High Court and the Senate in confirming—or rejecting—their nominations.

Bibliography

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:31:01 -0400

Introduction

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:14:50 -0400

In 1787, our Founding Fathers drafted a constitution that divided the authority of the federal government among the three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. Each branch was granted certain limited powers.

Internet Resources

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:14:09 -0400

Bibliography

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:12:40 -0400

Arguing Brown

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:11:31 -0400

A 27-year-old lawyer was among the seven attorneys who persuaded the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 that racial segregation is unconstitutional. That lawyer, Jack Greenberg, shares his experience as a participant in what was arguably the most important Court decision of the 20th century.

About This Issue

Janine Perry — Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:09:55 -0400

U.S. Attorney General Urges Congress to Act on Detainee Process

Bridget Hunter — Mon, 21 Jul 2008 19:02:58 -0400

The United States continues to seek a legal process for adjudicating the rights of those detained as illegal combatants that is constitutional, transparent and still addresses national security concerns. U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey urges Congress to enact new legislation and offers principals to guide its deliberations.

U.S. National Parks Rooted in Individual Visions

Bridget Hunter — Thu, 17 Jul 2008 19:23:39 -0400

The U.S. National Park System arose from the energy and passion of individual citizens who focused national attention on national treasures. Without them, natural wonders like Yellowstone, Yosemite, Denali and the Everglades likely would not exist today in their current forms -- federally protected and federal administered.

Supreme Court Completes Business for 2007-2008 Term

Mackenzie Babb — Tue, 08 Jul 2008 09:47:28 -0400

The Supreme Court of the United States completes its 2007-2008 session with decisions on capital punishment by lethal injection, the detention of illegal combatants at the U.S. Navy base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the right to own handguns in the nation's capital.

Highest U.S. Court Examines, Interprets Constitutional Right

Bridget Hunter — Wed, 02 Jul 2008 14:24:21 -0400

The right of U.S. citizens to keep and bear arms cannot be denied by state or local governments, the Supreme Court rules, but also declares the right can be regulated without violating the U.S. Constitution. Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority, says the government must protect constitutional rights.

The Presidency

Amor Safi — Sat, 28 Jun 2008 18:25:57 -0400

Facts about the office of the U.S. presidency.

Federal-State Partnership Creates Transportation Success Story

Bridget Hunter — Thu, 19 Jun 2008 12:57:02 -0400

The U.S Interstate Highway System offers Americans personal mobility unmatched in any other large nation. A 1956 law launched one of the world’s largest engineering projects and profoundly altered U.S. life by increasing Americans’ willingness to travel, changing how freight moves across the nation, stretching the distance between homes and jobs, and closing the gap between city and countryside.

Guantanamo Detainees Win Right to Challenge Their Detention

Bridget Hunter — Fri, 13 Jun 2008 20:30:29 -0400

Individuals detained as illegal combatants in the U.S. Navy base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, have a constitutional right to challenge their detention, the U.S. Supreme Court rules. President Bush says his administration will study the decision to determine whether new legislation is needed.

Glossary: How the United States is Governed

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 22:17:07 -0400

Nongovernmental Organizations and Institutions that Influence Public Policy

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 21:56:30 -0400

As government has grown and evolved, so too have institutions that seek to influence the government. A sophisticated media, a variety of private sector non-governmental organizations (NGOs), labor unions, and others, all employ sophisticated techniques to frame debate and secure favorable legislation.

Elections and the Electoral Process

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 21:25:17 -0400

The Constitution specifies electoral processes and terms for federal office holders. Federal elections are held on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November (i.e., not November 1). The methods by which candidates are selected and the ways they campaign have emerged through custom and practice.

Local Government

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 21:19:49 -0400

Each state constitution provides for the establishment of local governmental entities. These take many forms, and their powers vary by type and by state. Local government responsibilities often include public safety, parks and recreation, public education, maintenance of city streets, and trash removal.

State Governments

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 21:11:33 -0400

State governments are sovereign and not subunits of the federal government. In case of a conflict between federal and state laws, the U.S. Constitution and federal law, control. Each state must have a republican form of government. State government structure typically parallels the three-branch federal system.

Funding Government in the United States

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 21:03:56 -0400

Each level of government possesses its own means obtaining the revenues it needs to provide services to the citizens it represents.

The Supreme Court and Civil Rights

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 20:51:38 -0400

Beginning in the mid-20th century, the Supreme Court has become increasingly active in guaranteeing each citizen’s fundamental civil rights. In Brown v. Board and other landmark decisions, it overturned state and local laws and practices that had the effect of denying minorities equal rights under the law.

The Federal Government

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 20:34:03 -0400

The federal government is made up of three distinct branches, each with clearly defined Constitutional powers and responsibilities. These are the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch.

Similarities, Differences Between the U.S. and Other Major Democracies

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 20:22:56 -0400

The United States differs from many other federal republics because it directly elects its president and because it typically features only two large political parties rather than several acting in coalition. American officeholders are elected for a fixed term, rather than for the duration of a Parliament.

Sovereignty of Indian Tribes

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 20:12:04 -0400

Federally recognized American Indian tribes are considered sovereign entities within the United States.

Overview of National, State, and Local Governments in the United States

Amor Safi — Sun, 08 Jun 2008 19:59:44 -0400

The United States is a constitutional federal republic, where the written Constitution is the supreme law. It delineates the boundaries between federal and state governments, and limits the powers of each. As citizens of a republic, the American people delegate their ultimate power to elected representatives.

The Media

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 19:10:12 -0400

Beginning with newspapers in the nation’s early years, and encompassing radio, television, and internet today, a free and vibrant media has supplied Americans with the information they need to exercise their rights as a free people.

Political Parties

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 19:05:22 -0400

Although the Founders disapproved of political “factions,” real disputes over the nation’s course and a “first-past-the-post” electoral system shaped a political landscape featuring two large “big tent” parties, each encompassing a variety of views to improve its chances of electoral victory.

Oversight Powers of Congress

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 18:58:16 -0400

The legislative branch possesses a number of powers that enable it to monitor the executive for possible corruption or abuse of power, and to inform the people about its findings.

The Committee System

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 18:51:51 -0400

Each house of Congress has chosen to divide itself into a number of specialized committees and subcommittees. Committee approval of proposed legislation is typically required before the entire Senate of House of Representatives votes on a bill.

Appendix

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 22:54:29 -0400

Government of the People: The Role of the Citizen

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 22:45:21 -0400

The U.S. Constitution was and remains a revolutionary document. It establishes that power comes directly from the people, not through primogeniture or the force of arms, but through free and open elections. One complication, however, was the question of who would be allowed to vote in those elections.

A Country of Many Governments

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 22:39:45 -0400

The Constitution enshrines a federal system in which powers not assigned to the federal government are retained by the states and the people. American government is thus a mosaic, in which the 50 states and the District of Columbia, and even counties and cities, towns and villages, all have responsibilities.

Landmark Decisions of the Supreme Court

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 22:25:54 -0400

Although many decisions are little known and of little interest to the general public, several have had enormous historical impact. Several of these, establishing the judicial power to invalidate unconstitutional laws, the impermissibility of racial segregation, and other principles are summarized here.

The Judicial Branch: Interpreting the Constitution

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 22:19:02 -0400

The Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States. It authorizes Congress to create and abolish lower federal courts and to determine the number of federal judges. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Constitution as empowering courts to invalidate any law that contradicts the Constitution.

The Legislative Branch: The Reach of Congress

Amor Safi — Fri, 30 May 2008 22:06:33 -0400

Article I of the Constitution vests all federal legislative powers in Congress. In a compromise between the more and less populated states, that body is divided into a Senate with two members from each state and a House of Representatives, with seats apportioned in accord with each state’s population.

The Cabinet

Amor Safi — Thu, 29 May 2008 19:22:58 -0400

All departments of the U.S. Government are headed by a secretary, except the Department of Justice, which is headed by the attorney general.

Explaining the Constitution: the Federalist Papers

Amor Safi — Thu, 29 May 2008 18:15:31 -0400

In 1777–78, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay penned 85 short essays aimed at persuading New York voters to ratify the proposed Constitution. These Federalist Papers have been called "the most instructive treatise we possess on federal government" (J.S. Mill). They remain a standard text today.

The Debate Over Slavery

Amor Safi — Thu, 29 May 2008 18:10:22 -0400

In order to secure the supermajorities required for adoption and then ratification, the Constitution did not outlaw slavery, including instead a number of carefully crafted sectional compromises. Only after the Civil War would the 13th Amendment end slavery throughout the United States.

The Bill of Rights

Amor Safi — Thu, 29 May 2008 18:06:25 -0400

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, address ratification opponents’ objections that the document failed to guarantee specific rights and privileges.

Washington and the Constitutional Convention

Amor Safi — Thu, 29 May 2008 18:01:03 -0400

By presiding over the Constitutional Convention, George Washington lent his prestige to the resulting document.

The Executive Branch: Powers of the Presidency

Amor Safi — Thu, 29 May 2008 21:59:56 -0400

In 1787, the idea of a president serving a limited term was revolutionary. But the Constitution did so, vesting specified executive duties and powers in a president elected for a four-year term, and for a vice president to assume the presidency in case of the president’s death, resignation, or incapacitation.

The Constitution: An Enduring Document

Amor Safi — Thu, 29 May 2008 21:46:22 -0400

The Constitution of the United States is the central instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. For 200 years it has guided the evolution of governmental institutions and has provided the basis for political stability, individual freedom, economic growth, and social progress.

Introduction: Outline of the U.S. Legal System

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 11:51:56 -0400

The judicial branch is one of the three independent centers of authority in the U.S. constitutional system. Its powers are divided and subdivided among federal and state courts, and by the character of the issues to be adjudicated.

U.S. Civil Court Process

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 10:37:23 -0400

Federal and state courts also adjudicate disputes between private citizens, including those encompassing contract, tort, and family law, property disputes, and the laws of inheritance and succession.

Bibliography: Outline of the U.S. Legal System

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 10:17:03 -0400

Glossary: Outline of the U.S. Legal System

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 23:06:50 -0400

Implementation and Impact of Judicial Policies

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 22:54:26 -0400

The legal process is organic. While the Supreme Court and appellate courts define the law, lower courts often are called upon to interpret those rulings as they adjudicate particular cases. The legislative and executive branches also interpret the law as they perform their assigned functions.

Federal Judges

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 22:42:39 -0400

Federal judges are appointed by the President, confirmed by the Senate after testimony and input from interested citizens. Unless impeached for misconduct, they serve for life, and thus stand apart from day-to-day politics.

Lawyers, Litigants, and Interest Groups in the Judicial Process

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 22:15:39 -0400

Professionally trained and licensed attorneys represent litigants before federal and state courts. Interest groups often seek court rulings that will advance their policy objectives.

U.S. Criminal Court Process

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 22:08:29 -0400

Specific procedures and legal protections apply in criminal cases. These differ between the federal courts and those of the various states. All, however, must protect the rights guaranteed by the federal and applicable state constitutions.

Jurisdiction and Policy-Making Boundaries

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 21:42:45 -0400

Courts, whether federal or state, may only rule on matters that fall within their jurisdiction. The Constitution and statutory law are two sources of jurisdictional authority.

History and Organization of the Federal Judicial System

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 21:30:15 -0400

While the U.S. constitution established the basic outline of the federal court system, the federal courts subsequently have grown in specialization, expertise, and authority, and are commonly considered the final arbiter of constitutional disputes.

History and Organization of State Judicial System

Amor Safi — Wed, 14 May 2008 21:20:36 -0400

Each state maintains its own judicial system, whose functions and jurisdiction contemplate those of the federal courts.

Commission Oversees U.S. Securities Markets with Tough Love

Howard Cincotta — Fri, 09 May 2008 16:04:31 -0400

Once a citadel for elite financiers, Wall Street today represents a nation of shareholders. In 1952, 4 percent of Americans owned shares of stock; today, more than half of all Americans do. The SEC oversees this vast securities market with encouragement and realism -- a kind of tough love.

Federal Agency Encourages, Supports Small Businesses

Bridget Hunter — Mon, 05 May 2008 12:56:26 -0400

In an age of multinational corporations, it is easy to see how “Big Business” affects national economies and global finance, but the fresh ideas of entrepreneurs are needed to stimulate competition and create new fields of enterprise. One U.S. agency is dedicated to aiding, counseling and protecting the interests of small business.

Capital Punishment in United States Continues To Be Debated

Michelle Austein — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 11:20:06 -0400

The number of executions in the United States in 2007 dropped to its lowest number since 1994, in part due to legal challenges that cause many states to halt executions temporarily. Today, criminals in 36 states and those convicted of federal crimes could face the death penalty in the United States. Fourteen states and the District of Columbia have abolished it.

U.S. Agency Charged with Protecting, Enhancing Environment

Bridget Hunter — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 15:18:12 -0400

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency coordinates the nation’s attack on pollutants that threaten human health and degrade the environment. America.gov looks at its history, its mandate and its mission.

The Need for the Constitution

Amor Safi — Tue, 15 Apr 2008 10:11:31 -0400

The government established by the Articles of Confederation was not strong enough to govern the new nation. For example, it lacked an executive branch and a system of national courts. Representatives felt it was time to form a new national government. The author explains how the new government would have to be strong enough to gain obedience at home and respect abroad.

The Supreme Law of the Land

Amor Safi — Tue, 15 Apr 2008 10:10:31 -0400

The Constitution establishes a balanced national government by separating powers among three independent branches – the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The author describes how the federal system is divided up into powers between the national and state governments.

Americans "Celebrate" Tax Day

Michael Jay Friedman — Mon, 14 Apr 2008 13:24:12 -0400

It is for many Americans a chore delayed until the last possible moment. America.gov looks at the U.S. citizens’ love-hate relationship with the federal income tax.

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, Annotated

Amor Safi — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 12:12:22 -0400

This document contains the text of the amendments to the Constitution of the United States. As you read the annotations of the amendments, you’ll find additional paragraphs headed “Commentary” explaining the meaning of certain passages or describing how certain passages are used today.

The Constitution of the United States, Annotated

Amor Safi — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 09:45:19 -0400

The Constitution of the United States, annotated with commentary as an explanation of certain passages.

Preface: The Constitution of USA with Explanatory Notes

Amor Safi — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 10:22:32 -0400

The preface by J.W. Peltason defines how the Constitution of the United States sets forth the nation’s fundamental laws. It establishes the form of the national government and defines the rights and liberties of the American people.

The Development of the Constitution

Amor Safi — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 10:16:13 -0400

The Constitution was designed to serve the interests of the people – rich and poor, Northerners and Southerners, farmers, workers, and business people. Through the years, the Constitution had been interpreted to meet the changing needs of the United States. The author describes how the Constitution was developed and amended 27 times to include the Bill of Rights.

The Bill of Rights

Amor Safi — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 10:14:20 -0400

The Constitution would not have been ratified without the bill of rights. Most Americans believed that no constitution could be considered complete without a declaration of the rights of the people. The author explains how the Federalists might never have obtained ratification in several important states if they had not promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution.

Ratifying the Constitution

Amor Safi — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 10:13:30 -0400

Less than three months after the Constitution was signed, the Founding Fathers could not be sure that the Constitution would be generally accepted until the important states of New York and Virginia had ratified it. The author explains how several states refused to ratify the Constitution until a bill of rights was included.

The Constitutional Convention

Amor Safi — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 10:12:30 -0400

The Constitutional Convention was supposed to open on May 14, 1787, but few of the 55 delegates had arrived in Philadelphia by that date. The author describes how several important figures of the time did not attend the Convention and how the convention formally opened in Independence Hall.

Preface: The Constitution of USA with Explanatory Notes

Amor Safi — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 23:33:35 -0400

Four Congressional Committees Hold Hearings on War in Iraq

Merle D. Kellerhals Jr. — Thu, 10 Apr 2008 17:26:46 -0400

When four congressional committees recently questioned U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker and General David Petraeus on progress in Iraq, Congress was exercising its oversight authority. In hearings, committee members collect information to improve their own knowledge and that of the American public on issues of national interest.

Congressional Hearing on Virtual Worlds Simulcast in Second Life

Cheryl Pellerin — Mon, 07 Apr 2008 13:11:19 -0400

Participation in Internet-based virtual worlds is growing planetwide, and citizens called avatars from Second Life, one of most popular, have even started showing up in real life -- most recently in the chambers of the U.S. House of Representatives. Find out more about virtual worlds and why a House subcommittee is interested in them.

Right to Dissent a Cherished American Freedom

Lea Terhune — Fri, 21 Mar 2008 17:05:26 -0400

Families and school tours visiting the nation’s capital during spring vacation are treated to an example of direct political action as protestors against the Iraq War mingled with throngs of tourists and residents. Political protests and nonviolent civil disobedience are time-honored traditions in the American exercise of free speech.

Value of Hearings on Steroid Use in Baseball Open to Debate

Eric Green — Wed, 05 Mar 2008 18:59:52 -0400

Debate continues on Congress’s investigation of baseball players’ alleged use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. Some legal experts tell America.gov Congress has valid reasons for investigating athletes’ use of controlled substances, while others question whether a congressional investigation is necessary or appropriate.

Athletics, Politics Offer Shared Lessons on Life

Eric Green — Wed, 27 Feb 2008 13:29:33 -0400

Competition and leadership are among the common threads tying great athletes to successful second careers in politics, several former U.S. athletes say. America.gov talks to former quarterback Jack Kemp, former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura and former basketball player Tom McMillen about their transitions to political careers.

U.S. Government Leaders Agree on Economic Stimulus Package

Bridget Hunter — Fri, 15 Feb 2008 17:45:42 -0400

President Bush signs a new federal law to stimulate the U.S. economy by providing tax breaks to individuals and businesses. The legislation, which passed very quickly, required cooperation between the White House and Capitol Hill, among Democrats and Republicans in Congress, and between the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Federal Government Links

Bridget Hunter — Wed, 13 Feb 2008 17:55:01 -0400

State and Local Links

Bridget Hunter — Wed, 13 Feb 2008 15:48:22 -0400

United States Mourns California Congressman Tom Lantos

Bridget Hunter — Mon, 11 Feb 2008 14:42:49 -0400

Representative Tom Lantos, chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and a champion of human rights, died February 11. The California congressman’s commitment to human rights was forged when, as a young man in Hungary, he lost nearly his entire family to the Nazis. He is the only Holocaust survivor ever to serve in the U.S. Congress.

Bush Submits U.S. Budget for Fiscal Year 2009

Bridget Hunter — Wed, 06 Feb 2008 10:34:48 -0400

Each year in early February, the U.S. president sends to Congress The Budget of the United States Government. On February 4, President Bush made budget history by submitting the funding proposal in an electronic format and putting forward a federal spending plan that tops $3 trillion.

New "Sunshine" Measure Supports Openness in U.S. Government

Eric Green — Mon, 14 Jan 2008 18:51:34 -0400

With little fanfare, a new U.S. law has been enacted aimed at increasing transparency and openness in the American federal government. The measure, signed by President Bush on December 31, 2007, strengthens the ability of the press and the general public to gain information from the government through the Freedom of Information Act.

The Constitutional Convention of 1787

Janelle Simmons — Wed, 09 Jan 2008 08:12:54 -0400

The Articles of Confederation

Janelle Simmons — Tue, 08 Jan 2008 14:59:43 -0400

James Madison and the Virginia Plan

Janelle Simmons — Mon, 07 Jan 2008 14:58:20 -0400

Local Government Addresses Needs of a Diverse Community

Stuart Gorin — Mon, 07 Jan 2008 20:13:39 -0400

The Great Compromise and Other Compromises

Janelle Simmons — Sun, 06 Jan 2008 14:53:30 -0400

How the Federalist Papers Persuaded a Nation

Janelle Simmons — Sat, 05 Jan 2008 14:56:40 -0400

U.S. Constitution Grants Congress Its Powers

Ralph Dannheisser — Sat, 05 Jan 2008 14:03:30 -0400

Who Can Serve in the U.S. Congress?

Ralph Dannheisser — Fri, 04 Jan 2008 16:59:53 -0400

Governing at the State and Local Levels

Bridget Hunter — Fri, 04 Jan 2008 14:09:03 -0400

Checks and Balances

Amor Safi — Thu, 03 Jan 2008 14:51:51 -0400

Committees Dominate Congressional Proceedings

Ralph Dannheisser — Thu, 03 Jan 2008 11:52:29 -0400

Congress

Amor Safi — Wed, 02 Jan 2008 14:14:50 -0400

How Are Laws Made in the United States?

Ralph Dannheisser — Wed, 02 Jan 2008 13:37:18 -0400

President Is Most Powerful Individual in U.S. Government

Ralph Dannheisser — Tue, 01 Jan 2008 13:23:39 -0400

The President

Amor Safi — Tue, 01 Jan 2008 07:47:13 -0400

Executive Departments, Agencies Do the Work of Government:

Ralph Dannheisser — Mon, 31 Dec 2007 11:50:14 -0400

The Courts

Amor Safi — Mon, 31 Dec 2007 07:48:43 -0400

Introduction to the Bill of Rights

Janelle Simmons — Sun, 30 Dec 2007 10:54:11 -0400

The States

Amor Safi — Sun, 30 Dec 2007 07:49:41 -0400

Powers of U.S. President Vast Yet Circumscribed

Ralph Dannheisser — Sat, 29 Dec 2007 11:38:15 -0400

Amending the Constitution

Amor Safi — Sat, 29 Dec 2007 07:50:37 -0400

U.S. Supreme Court Is a Unique Institution

Bridget Hunter — Fri, 28 Dec 2007 11:43:48 -0400

Trial by Jury Aims To Determine the Truth

Ralph Dannheisser — Thu, 27 Dec 2007 13:27:56 -0400

Freedom of Religion

Janelle Simmons — Thu, 27 Dec 2007 07:53:47 -0400

Freedom of Speech

Janelle Simmons — Wed, 26 Dec 2007 07:54:54 -0400

Women Setting New Records as State Supreme Court Judges

Michelle Austein — Thu, 20 Dec 2007 20:17:05 -0400

Although it has taken a long time in U.S. history, today women commonly serve on the highest courts in the country. Many of these women overcame great obstacles to achieve their positions. The composition of the American judicial system is "very different than when I joined the court and there were all white men," said Leah Ward Sears, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. "That is not the America I know today."

State and Local Governments: Laboratories of Democracy

Stephen Kaufman — Sun, 16 Dec 2007 08:23:46 -0400

Programs Prepare Women, Minorities for U.S. Political Careers

Jane Morse — Thu, 13 Dec 2007 16:11:09 -0400

If there is such a thing as a “gender gap” in the United States, it is in the area of confidence -- especially confidence to run for political office. “Women tend to think they need to be prepared,” says Jean Sinzdak project manager for Rutgers University’s Program for Women Public Officials. To encourage more women to take the first steps toward a career in politics, the Center for American Women and Politics, a national organization based at Rutgers, New Jersey’s state university, developed a training program called Ready to Run. USINFO looks at that program and others that are intended to prepare women for political campaigns.

Frequently Asked Questions

Amor Safi — Thu, 13 Dec 2007 15:23:08 -0400

An Adaptable Document

Janelle Simmons — Thu, 15 Nov 2007 14:50:20 -0400

2007 State, Local Elections Important Despite Low Voter Turnout

Bridget Hunter — Wed, 07 Nov 2007 08:37:40 -0400

The 2007 U.S. state and local elections contested November 6 will affect how citizens across the country will live and how tax dollars are spent in their communities for years to come. USINFO looks at the results of the 2007 elections. These off-year elections “offer a snapshot of where the parties stand in these states and a glimpse of relative party strength nationwide headed into the 2008 elections,” according to Tim Storey of National Conference of State Legislatures.

Federal Election Commission Regulates Presidential Campaigns

Stuart Gorin — Mon, 05 Nov 2007 13:49:46 -0400

U.S. presidential candidates come from all walks of life -- career politicians, political activists, businessmen or even professional entertainers. Regardless of their backgrounds, all must appear on each state’s separate ballot and all must abide by rules enforced by the Federal Election Commission. USINFO examines how this federal agency protects the public’s right to know the amount, timing and sources of political contributions.

International Collaboration Can Improve Product Safety

Andrzej Zwaniecki — Tue, 23 Oct 2007 09:14:14 -0400

Better and more universal ways to ensure food and product safety worldwide can be found through international cooperation, U.S. officials say. In response to the public outcry over tainted food and recalls of unsafe consumer products, mostly from China, the U.S. government has launched a review of the U.S. food and product safety system to find a method to make it more effective in the rapidly changing global trade environment. The government also has been surveying U.S. industries to identify best practices. U.S. officials say the United States is willing to share findings produced by these reviews and is eager to hear best practices identified by other countries.

Louisiana Elects First Indian-American U.S. Governor

Bridget Hunter — Mon, 22 Oct 2007 10:20:11 -0400

Bobby Jindal makes history as Louisiana voters choose him, the son of Indian immigrants, as their next governor. He is the first Indian American to be elected as a state’s chief executive. Jindal was born in Louisiana but his parents came from Maler Kotla in India’s northern Punjab state. “My folks came to this country in pursuit of the American Dream,” Jindal tells supporters. “And guess what happened -- they found the American Dream to be alive and well right here in Louisiana!”

Safety Reform for U.S. Consumer Goods Urged in Response to Challenges

Andrzej Zwaniecki — Wed, 17 Oct 2007 09:00:52 -0400

The United States must build on strengths of its consumer product safety system to make it more responsive to evolving commerce and technology, private-sector experts and officials say. Currently, manufacturers and retailers are required to report to the Consumer Product Safety Commission potentially injurious defects in their products when they become aware of such defects. The commission also relies on other sources, including its own electronic injury-surveillance system that monitors hospital emergency rooms for product-related injuries. The system has served consumers well for many years, but discovery of tainted food and recent recalls of hazardous consumer goods, mostly from China, have provoked calls for reform of the system.

Consumer Protection Has Deep Roots in U.S. History

Phillip Kurata — Tue, 09 Oct 2007 08:58:38 -0400

The roots of citizen and consumer protection from unethical businesses and their corrupt political patrons stretch back to the early days of the 20th century. Social crusader Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, depicting the abuses of the meat packing industry in 1906, led to the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration. In later generations, Rachel Carson and Ralph Nader changed the way Americans view the environment, their cars, their food and their labor laws.

U.S. Food Safety Agencies, Industry Seek More Import Regulation

Kathryn McConnell — Tue, 02 Oct 2007 09:02:20 -0400

U.S. food import safety officials and the food industry are proposing to ramp up federal regulation of imported food and ingredients to address the risk that unsafe products will enter the United States. U.S. agencies charged with overseeing food import safety are expected to forward to President Bush in November recommended actions that food producers, distributors, importers and regulators should take to strengthen food safety. The recommendations will focus on developing more scientific and analytic tools to allow better identification of potential risks, to monitor the effectiveness of prevention measures and to increase use of information technology for inspection and surveillance.

Local Politicians Helping Smaller U.S. Cities Grow, Prosper

Kathryn McConnell — Thu, 23 Aug 2007 14:16:00 -0400

In communities large and small throughout the United States, local elected officials are planning for the future while responding to citizens' immediate needs. How well they do will help determine their chances of being re-elected. Three officials from smaller U.S. cities, who work in partnership with hired city staff and state and federal government agencies, are examples of the vibrant, grassroots level of American democracy.

Internet Enables Americans to Watch Congress in Action

Michelle Austein — Fri, 02 Feb 2007 16:31:01 -0400

The Internet has enhanced opportunities for Americans to learn about their legislative branch and interact with their congressional leaders by allowing them to access texts of laws and watch the decision-making process in action. USINFO examines some of the many available options available through the Internet to allow greater participation by citizens in the legislative process.

Congressional Black Caucus Champions Issues Concerning Minorities

Michelle Austein — Thu, 18 Jan 2007 16:29:05 -0400

In 1969, 13 African-American members of the U.S. House of Representatives saw a need to unite in order to draw attention to issues that concerned African Americans and other minorities. Today, the Congressional Black Caucus is considered to be among the most powerful organizations in Washington.

Federalism Checks the Power of the Central Government

David J. Bodenhamer — Tue, 02 Jan 2007 11:46:20 -0400

People and Institutions Influence U.S. Government

Ralph Dannheisser — Mon, 01 Jan 2007 13:38:41 -0400

U.S. Federal Register Informs Citizens of Government Actions

Bridget Hunter — Thu, 30 Nov 2006 11:48:34 -0400

In the United States, legislation and litigation, the high-profile tools of democracy, draw most of the media attention, but the true workhorse of the U.S. democratic system of governance is the body of administrative law created by the various departments and agencies of the executive branch. For more than 70 years, the U.S. Government Printing Office and the National Archives, in the daily Federal Register, have provided public notice of executive orders, presidential proclamations and regulatory actions – an important function in the day-to-day business of democracy.

U.S. Governors Head American “Laboratories of Democracy”

Bridget Hunter — Thu, 30 Nov 2006 08:37:07 -0400