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Maternal, Infant, and Child Health

Goal

Introduction

Modifications to Objectives and Subobjectives

Progress Toward Healthy People 2010 Targets

Progress Toward Elimination of Health Disparities

Opportunities and Challenges

Emerging Issues

Progress Quotient Chart

Disparities Table (See below)

Race and Ethnicity

Gender and Education

Income, Location, and Disability

Objectives and Subobjectives

References

Related Objectives From Other Focus Areas

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Midcourse Review Healthy People 2010 logo
Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Focus Area 16

References


1Hoyert, D.L., et al. Deaths: Preliminary data for 2003. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 53. No. 15. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 2005.

2Anderson, R.N., and Smith, B.L. Deaths: Leading causes for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 53. No. 17. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, 2005.

3Hoyert, D.L., et al. Deaths: Final data for 1999. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 49. No. 8. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, 2001.

4Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Changing concepts of sudden infant death syndrome: Implications for infant sleeping environment and sleep position. Pediatrics 116(5):1245–1255, 2005.

5Williams, L.J., et al. Decline in the prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly by race/ethnicity: 1995–2002. Pediatrics 116:580–586, 2005.

6More information available at www.healthystartassoc.org/hswpp6.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

7American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 115(2):496–506, 2005.

8More information available at www.nichd.nih.gov/sids/; accessed October 31, 2006.

9The Gallup Organization for the National March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. Folic Acid and the Prevention of Birth Defects: A National Survey of Pre-pregnancy Awareness and Behavior Among Women of Childbearing Age 1995–2003. Report No. 31-1784-03. White Plains, NY: March of Dimes, 2003.

10Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 41(RR-14):1, 1992.

11More information available at http://mchb.hrsa.gov/; accessed October 31, 2006.

12Each center identifies infants with major birth defects; interviews mothers about their medical history, environmental exposures, and lifestyle before and during pregnancy; and collects biologic samples to study gene-environment interactions. Each center is working to expand and improve its State's birth defects surveillance systems and conduct additional epidemiologic studies.

13Yoon, P.W., et al. The national birth defects prevention study. Public Health Reports (Suppl 1):32–40, 2001.

14La Leche League International. Summary of breastfeeding legislation in the United States. More information available at www.llli.org/Law/LawUS.html?m=0,1,0; accessed October 31, 2006. The 32 States are Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. The 20 States are Alaska, Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.

15More information available at www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=Campaign; accessed October 31, 2006.

16More information available at www.healthystartassoc.org/hswpp6.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

17More information available at www.mchb.hrsa.gov/programs; accessed October 31, 2006.

18More information available at www.amchp.org/policy/women-tobaccouse.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

19Yeargin-Allsopp, M., et al. Reported biomedical causes and associated medical conditions for mental retardation among 10-year-old children, metropolitan Atlanta, 1985 to 1987. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 39:142–149, 1997.

20Murphy, C.C., et al. Epidemiology of mental retardation in children. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 4:6–13, 1998.

21Decouflé, P., et al. Increased risk for developmental disabilities in children who have major birth defects: A population-based study. Pediatrics 108(3):728–734, 2001.

22More information available at www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/actearly/; accessed October 31, 2006.

23Martin, J.A., et al. Births: Final data for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52. No. 10. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, 2004.

24Lydon-Rochelle, M., et al. Association between method of delivery and maternal rehospitalization. Journal of the American Medical Association 283:2411–2416, 2000.

25Myers, S.A., and Gleicher, N. A successful program to lower cesarean-section rates. New England Journal of Medicine 319(23):1511–1516, 1988.

26CDC. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). More information available at www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/; accessed October 31, 2006.

27Vincent, R.D., and Chestnut, D.H. Epidural analgesia during labor. American Family Physician 58(8):1785–1792, 1998.

28Guendelman, S., et al. Social disparities in maternal morbidity during labor and delivery between Mexican-born and U.S.-born white Californians, 1996–1998. American Journal of Public Health 95(12):2218–2224, 2005.

29More information available at www.amchp.org/simi; accessed October 31, 2006.

30CDC. Racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality rates―60 largest U.S. cities, 1995–98. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51(15):329–332, 2002.

31Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Final Report of the Low-Birthweight Patient Outcomes Research Team, 1998. More information available at www.ahrq.gov/clinic/lobrabs.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

32More information available at www.ask.hrsa.gov/detail.cfm?PubID=MCHL105; accessed October 31, 2006.

33Data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program showed disparities in rates of mental retardation and cerebral palsy by race in the 1980s.

34Yeargin-Allsopp, M., et al. Mild mental retardation in black and white children in metropolitan Atlanta: A case-control study. American Journal of Public Health 85:324–328, 1995.

35Martin, J.A., et al. Births: Final data for 2003. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54. No. 2. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, 2005.

36CDC. Low birthweight—United States, 1975–1987. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 39(9):148–151, 1990.

37Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2nd ed. 1996. More information available at www.ahrq.gov/clinic/cpsix.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

38More information available at www.communityguide.org; accessed October 31, 2006.

39More information available at www.nbdpn.org; accessed October 31, 2006.

40More information available at www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/preconception/abstracts_slides.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

41CDC. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care—United States: A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Workgroup and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55(RR-6), 2006.

42More information available at www.cdc.gov/SIDS/SUID.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

43Malloy, M.H., and MacDorman, M. Changes in the classification of sudden infant deaths: United States, 1992–2001. Pediatrics 115(5):1247–1253, 2005.


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