References

¹Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2003. BLS News. Publication No. 04-2486, December 14, 2004.

²BLS. National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2003. BLS News. Publication No. 04-1830, September 22, 2004.

³Leigh, J.P., and Robbins, J.A. Occupational disease and workers' compensation: Coverage, costs, and consequences. Milbank Quarterly 82(4):689–721, 2004.

⁴Steenland, K., et al. Dying for work: The magnitude of US mortality from selected causes of death associated with occupation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 43(5):461–482, 2003.

⁵Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety. 2005 Annual Report of Scientific Activities, Research Spotlight, Workplace Safety Index,10. More information available at www.libertymutual.com/research-institute-report2005/html/Research_AR_2005FNL.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁶National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), NORA. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/nora; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁷U.S. Bureau of the Census. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). More information available at www.census.gov/epcd/www/naics.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁸NIOSH, NORA. The Sector-based Approach. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/nora/sector.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁹NIOSH. Steps to a HealthierUS Workforce. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/steps; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁰NIOSH. R2p: Research to Practice at NIOSH. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/rp2; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹¹BLS. Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2002. BLS News. Publication No. 03-913, December 18, 2003.

¹²NIOSH. Incidence of Needlestick and Sharps Injuries and Medical Safety Device Availability/Use Among Non-Hospital Health Care Workers. Announcement No. RFA-OH-04-003. More information available at http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-OH-04-003.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹³BLS. Nonfatal occupational illnesses by category of illness, private industry, 1997-2001, Table S08. More information available at www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/ostb1118.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁴More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/pdfs/NORADERPOverview.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁵NIOSH. Safety and Health Topic: Skin Exposures & Effects. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/skinresearch.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁶BLS. Incidence rates for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work per 10,000 full-time workers by nature of injury or illness and selected sources of injury or illness, 1997, Table R17. More information available at www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/case/ostb0686.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁷BLS. Incidence rates for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work per 10,000 full-time workers by nature of injury or illness and selected sources of injury or illness, 2001, Table R17. More information available at www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/case/ostb1172.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁸More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁹While the overall rate for 2003 is comparable to rates from previous years, the most recent year for which data can be used to assess the progress of industry-specific subobjectives is 2002. In 2003, BLS began using NAICS to track industry-specific occupational injury deaths. Because of the substantial differences between this and the previous system, BLS advised users against comparisons between the 2003 industry and occupation categories and the respective categories from previous years.

²⁰In 2003, the BLS adoption of NAICS resulted in yet another discontinuity in Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) data.

²¹With the exception of injuries in adolescents, work-related injuries are tracked using SOII data. In 2002, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) revised its record-keeping requirements. Because SOII estimates are based on OSHA records, with the exception of mining estimates, BLS advises against comparing SOII estimates from 2002 with estimates from previous years.

²²For all traumatic injuries, see NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Traumatic Occupational Injuries. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/injury/, which includes the links for Motor Vehicle Safety at www.cdc.gov/niosh/injury/traumamv.html#feature and Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) at www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/; accessed October 31, 2006.

²³For roof support technologies, see NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Topic: Rock Falls. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/groundcontrol/rockfalls.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁴NIOSH. Alert: Preventing Deaths, Injuries and Illnesses of Young Workers. 2003. Publication No. 2003-128. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-128/pdfs/2003128.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁵NIOSH. Safety and Health Topic: Young Worker Safety and Health. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/youth/; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁶More information available at www.marshfieldclinic.org/nfmc/pages/default.aspx?page=nccrahs_welcome; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁷More information available at www.nagcat.org/nagcat/pages/default.aspx; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁸BLS. SOII 2001. See Table R70 at www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/case/ostb1225.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁹NIOSH. National Occupational Research Agenda for Musculoskeletal Disorders: Research Topics for the Next Decade. A Report by the NORA Musculoskeletal Disorder Team. Publication No. 2001-117. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/2001-117.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

³⁰NIOSH. Safety and Health Topic: Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ergonomics/; accessed October 31, 2006.

³¹Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pneumoconiosis prevalence among working coal miners examined in Federal Chest Radiograph Surveillance Programs—United States, 1996 to 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52(15):336–340, 2003. More information available at www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5215a3.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

³²Volkwein, J.C., et al. Performance of a New Personal Respirable Dust Monitor for Mine Use. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs/pdfs/ri9663.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

³³NIOSH. Safety and Health Topic: Traumatic Occupational Injuries, Research on Occupational Violence and Homicide. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/injury/traumaviol_research.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

³⁴NIOSH. Workplace Violence Prevention Strategies and Research Needs. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2006-144; accessed October 31, 2006.

³⁵More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lead/; accessed October 31, 2006.

³⁶NIOSH. Alert: Preventing Needlestick Injuries in Health Care Settings. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/2000-108.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

³⁷NIOSH. Safer Medical Device Implementation in Health Care Facilities: Sharing Lessons Learned. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/safer/; accessed October 31, 2006.

³⁸More information available at http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/ICPSR-STUDY/04074.xml; accessed October 31, 2006.

³⁹National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. WISE EARS!^® At Work! More information available at www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/wise/wiseears_atwork.asp; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴⁰NIOSH. Mining Safety and Health Topic: Hearing Loss. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/hearingloss/hearingloss.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴¹NIOSH. Safety and Health Topic: Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴²More information available at www.cdc.gov/spanish/niosh/; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴³University of Massachusetts Lowell. UMass Lowell Hosts Conference on Immigrant Worker Safety, September 20, 2004. [News release.] More information available at www.uml.edu/Media/ PressReleases/release264.html and www.cdc.gov/niosh/enews/enewsV2N4.html#jj; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴⁴NIOSH. The Changing Organization of Work and the Safety and Health of Working People. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/02-116pd.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴⁵NIOSH. Chapter 5—Special populations: Older workers. In Worker Health Chartbook 2004. More information available at www2a.cdc.gov/NIOSH-Chartbook/ch5/ch5-3.asp; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴⁶Fotta, B., and Bockosh, G. The aging workforce: An emerging issue in the mining industry. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Institute of Mining Health, Safety and Research. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Mining and Minerals Engineering, 2000, 33–45. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs/pdfs/tawae.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴⁷NIOSH. Older Drivers in the Workplace: Crash Prevention for Employers and Workers. Publication No. 2005-159. 2005. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-159/; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴⁸NORA. Organization of Work. More information available at www2a.cdc.gov/nora/noratopictemp.asp? rscharea=ow; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁴⁹NIOSH. Overtime and Extended Work Shifts: Recent Findings on Illnesses, Injuries and Health Behaviors. Publication No. 2004-143. 2004. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-143/pdfs/2004-143.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁵⁰NIOSH. Safety and Health Topic: Stress at Work. More information available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/ topics/stress/; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁵¹NIOSH. Stress…At Work. Publication No. 99-101. 1999. More information available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/stresswk.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

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