A Country Study: Peru

• Peru
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction

• Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Peter F. Klarén)
  • Andean Societies Before the Conquest
    • Pre-Inca Cultures
    • The Incas
  • The Spanish Conquest, 1532-72
    • Pizarro and the Conquistadors
    • Consolidation of Control
  • The Colonial Period, 1550-1824
    • Demographic Collapse
    • The Colonial Economy
    • Colonial Administration
    • The Colonial Church
    • Indigenous Rebellions
  • Independence Imposed From Without, 1808-24
  • Post-Independence Decline and Instability, 1824-45
  • THE GUANO ERA, 1845-70
    • Consolidation of the State
    • Failed Development
  • The War of the Pacific, 1879-83
  • Recovery and Growth, 1883-1930
    • The New Militarism, 1886-95
    • The Aristocratic Republic, 1895-1914
    • Impact of World War I
    • The Eleven-Year Rule, 1919-30
  • Mass Politics and Social Change, 1930-68
    • Impact of the Depression and World War II
    • Rural Stagnation and Social Mobilization, 1948-68
  • Failed Reform and Economic Decline, 1968-85
    • Military Reform from Above, 1968-80
    • Return to Democratic Rule, 1980-85
    • Peru at the Crossroads

• Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Paul L. Doughty)
  • Environment and Population
    • Natural Systems and Human Life
      • The Coastal Region
      • The Andean Highlands
      • High-Altitude Adaptations
      • The Amazonian Tropics
      • The Maritime Region
      • Natural Disasters and Their Impact
    • People, Property, and Farming Systems
  • Human Settlement and Population Through Time
    • Settlement Patterns
    • Urban, Rural, and Regional Populations
    • Demography of Growth, Migration, and Work
      • Population Policy and Family Planning
      • Lima and the Patterns of Migration
    • Regionalism and Political Divisions
  • Culture, Class, and Hierarchy in Society
    • Indigenous Peoples
    • Legacy of Peonage
    • Elites
    • Military Classes
    • Urban Classes
  • Aspects of Family Life
    • Urban Informal Sector
    • Domestic Servants
    • Godparenthood
    • Rural Family and Household
  • Community Life and Institutions
    • Catholicism and Community
    • Community Leadership
    • Landlords and Peasant Revolts in the Highlands
    • Shining Path and Its Impact
  • Education, Language, and Literacy
    • Educational System
    • Universities
  • Health and Well-Being

• Chapter 3 - The Economy (John Sheahan)
  • Growth and Structural Change
    • Historical Background
      • Orientation Toward Primary Product Exports
    • Structures of Production
      • Agriculture
      • Fishing
      • Manufacturing
      • Mining and Energy
      • Services
      • Banking
      • Transportation and Communications
      • Tourism
    • Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
      • Export and Import Structures
      • Economic Implications of Coca
      • Balance of Payments and External Debt
    • Employment and Wages, Poverty, and Income Distribution
      • Employment
      • Wages
      • Organized Labor
      • Poverty
      • Income Distribution
  • Economic Policies and Their Consequences
    • The Velasco Government
      • Land Reform
      • Labor and Capital in the Industrial Sector
      • Protection and Promotion of Industry
      • Nationalizations and State Firms
      • Macroeconomic Imbalance: Domestic and External
    • The Search for New Directions, 1975-90
      • The Second Belaúnde Government, 1980-85
      • The García Government, 1985-90
      • The Fujimori Government, 1990-91
  • Outstanding Issues

• Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (Carol Graham)
  • Governmental System
    • Constitutional Development
    • The Executive
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary
    • Public Administration
    • Local and Regional Government
      • Municipal Governments
      • Regional Governments
    • The Electoral System
  • Political Dynamics
    • Political Parties
      • American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
      • Popular Action
      • The Christian Democrats
      • The Democratic Front
      • The Left
      • Change '90
    • Nonparty Organizations
  • Interest Groups
    • The Military
    • The Church
    • Economic Associations
    • Labor Unions
    • Students
    • News Media
  • Political Trends
    • Roots of the 1990-91 Crisis
    • The Transition to Democracy
    • The García Government, 1985-90
    • The 1990 Campaign and Elections
    • Impact of the "Fujishock" Program
    • Prospects for the Fujimori Government
  • Foreign Relations
    • Foreign Relations Under García
    • Foreign Relations Under Fujimori

• Chapter 5 - National Security (David Scott Palmer)
  • The Armed Forces in Society and Politics
    • Changing Role Over Time: Preconquest
    • Colonial Period
    • Postindependence: Military Defeat and Nation-Building
    • Guardian of the New Liberal Elite
    • Reformer and Agent of Change
    • Protector of Democracy
    • Changing Constitutional Basis
    • Changing Foreign Military Missions and Impacts
  • The Armed Forces
    • Mission and Organization
    • Training
    • Army
    • Navy
    • Air Force
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • The Military in the 1990s
  • Police Forces
    • General Police
    • Security Police
    • Technical Police
  • Changing Threats to National Security
    • External Threats
    • Internal Threats
      • Guerrillas in the 1960s
      • Guerrillas Insurgency, 1980-92
      • Narcotics Trafficking
  • Crime and Punishment
    • Rising Crime Rates
    • Penal Code
    • Penal System

• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary