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The Welfare Indicators Act of 1994 specifies that the annual welfare indicators reports shall include analyses of families and individuals receiving assistance under three means-tested benefit programs:
This chapter includes information on these three programs, derived primarily from administrative data reported by state and federal agencies instead of the national survey data presented in previous chapters. National caseloads and expenditure trend information on each of the three programs is included, as well as state-by-state trend tables and information on the characteristics of program participants.
The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program originally named the Aid to Dependent Children program was established by the Social Security Act of 1935 as a grant program to enable states to provide cash welfare payments for needy children who had been deprived of parental support or care because their fathers or mothers were absent from the home, incapacitated, deceased, or unemployed. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands operated an AFDC program. States defined need, set their own benefit levels, established (within federal limitations) income and resource limits, and administered the program or supervised its administration. States were entitled to unlimited federal funds for reimbursement of benefit payments, at matching rates that were inversely related to state per capita income. States were required to provide aid to all persons who were in classes eligible under federal law and whose income and resources were within state-set limits.
During the 1990s, the federal government increasingly used its authority under section 1115 of the Social Security Act to waive portions of the federal requirements under AFDC. This allowed states to test such changes as expanded earned income disregards, increased work requirements and stronger sanctions for failure to comply with them, time limits on benefits, and expanded access to transitional benefits such as child care and medical assistance. As a condition of receiving waivers, states were required to conduct rigorous evaluations of the impacts of these changes on the welfare receipt, employment, and earnings of participants.
Public Law 104-193, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), replaced AFDC, AFDC administration, the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) program and the Emergency Assistance (EA) program with a block grant called the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Key elements of TANF include a lifetime limit of five years (60 months)[1] on the amount of time a family with an adult can receive assistance funded with federal funds, increasing work participation rate requirements that states must meet, and broad state flexibility on program design. Spending through the TANF block grant is capped and funded at $16.5 billion per year, slightly above FY 1995 federal expenditures for the four component programs. States also must meet a maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement by spending on needy families at least 75 percent of the amount of state funds used in FY 1994 on these programs (80 percent if they fail work participation rate requirements).
TANF gives states wide latitude in spending both federal TANF funds and state MOE funds. Subject to a few restrictions, TANF funds may be used in any way that supports one of the four statutory purposes of TANF: to provide assistance to needy families so that children can be cared for at home; to end the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work and marriage; to prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies; and to encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families.
The current legislative authority for the TANF block grant is from the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-171). Enacted in February 2006, the Act reauthorizes the original 1996 legislation at an annual funding level of $16.5 billion and continues to require each state to have at least 50 percent of its work eligible families participating in meaningful work activities. However, prior to this Act, a caseload reduction credit allowed states to reduce their work requirement by their caseload declines since 1995. As most states experienced dramatic caseload declines, the credit had virtually eliminated the work participation requirements for most states. Starting with FY 2007, the Deficit Reduction Act recalibrates the base year for calculating the caseload reduction credit to 2005, effectively re-implementing a meaningful performance guideline.
Also starting in FY 2007, the Deficit Reduction Act expands the work participation calculations to include adults in certain welfare programs funded out of state funds countable toward the maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. Under the original legislation, these adults were excluded from the calculations. This change was implemented because there was some concern that states were moving work-eligible TANF adults into non-TANF programs with similar program structures, in part, to avoid federal work participation standards.[2] In addition, new regulations from the Department of Health and Human Services create consistent definitions of the activities that count toward federal work requirements and provide new flexibility for states to count adults who miss scheduled hours due to holidays and excused absences. The new regulations also provide more detailed instructions to states as to which families they are to include in their work participation rate calculations. In some circumstances states are required to include adults that have been removed from the assistance unit because of failing to comply with program rules. In addition, the new regulations allow states to include adults receiving federal disability benefits on a case by case basis, and to exclude parents caring for disabled family members.
The Deficit Reduction Act also provides $100 million per year to support programs designed to promote healthy marriages, and up to $50 million annually for programs designed to encourage responsible fatherhood. In addition, the new law increased mandatory child care funding to states to $2.9 billion annually.
States had the option of beginning their TANF programs as soon as PRWORA was enacted in August 1996, and a few states began TANF programs as early as September 1996. All states were required to implement TANF by July 1, 1997. Because states implemented TANF at different times, the FY 1997 data reflect a combination of the AFDC and TANF programs. In some states, limited data are available for FY 1997 because states were given a transition period of six months after they implemented TANF before they were required to report data on the characteristics and work activities of TANF participants.
Because of the greatly expanded range of activities allowed under TANF, a substantial portion of TANF funds are being spent on activities other than cash payments to families. Table TANF 4 in this Appendix which tracks overall expenditure trends includes only those TANF funds spent on cash and work-based assistance and administrative costs, not on work activities, supportive services, or other allowable uses of funds. Spending on these other activities is detailed in Table TANF 5. Note that TANF administrative costs include funds spent administering all activities, not just cash and work-based assistance. (Administrative costs under AFDC had included a small amount of funds for administering AFDC child care programs; such programs, and the costs of administering them, were transferred to the Child Care and Development Fund as part of PRWORA.)
There also is potential for discontinuity between the AFDC and the TANF caseload figures. For example, under TANF there is no longer a separate Unemployed Parent (UP) program, as there was under AFDC. While a separate work participation rate is calculated for two-parent families, this population is not identical to the UP caseload under AFDC. It is also possible that a limited number of families will be considered recipients of TANF assistance, even if they do not receive a monthly cash benefit. The vast majority of families receiving assistance[3] are, in fact, receiving cash payments.
Another data issue concerns the treatment of families who receive cash and other forms of assistance under Separate State Programs (SSPs), funded out of MOE dollars rather than federal TANF funds. Under TANF, some states use SSP programs to serve specific categories of families (e.g., two-parent families, families who have exhausted their time limits). From 1996-2005, such families were not subject to federal time limits. States did not have to include them in the calculation of their work participation rates. As of October 2006, such families are included in the work participation rate calculation, but may still be excluded from the application of the federal time limits on receipt of assistance. Starting with the 2004 edition, this Indicators report adds recipients in SSPs into the caseload totals[4] (the split between TANF and SSP caseloads is shown in Table TANF 3, nationally, and in Table TANF 15, by state). Native Americans served through state TANF and SSP programs are included in these caseload counts, but families served through TANF programs operated by Tribal governments are excluded. Expenditures for SSPs are shown in Table TANF 5.
The following tables and figures present data on caseloads, expenditures, and recipient characteristics of the AFDC and TANF programs. Trends in national caseloads and expenditures are shown in Figures TANF 1 and TANF 2, and the first set of tables (Tables TANF 1 through 6). These are followed by information on characteristics of AFDC/TANF families (Table TANF 7)[5] and a series of tables presenting state-by-state data on trends in the AFDC/TANF program (Tables TANF 8 through 15). These data complement the data on trends in AFDC/TANF recipiency and participation rates shown in Tables IND 3a and IND 4a in Chapter II.
AFDC/TANF Caseload Trends (Tables TANF 1 through TANF 3 and Figure TANF 1). Welfare caseloads have stabilized over the past few years after declining dramatically during the 1990s. In FY 2006, the average monthly number of TANF recipients was 4.7 million persons, down 7 percent from FY 2005. Moreover, this was 62 percent lower than the average monthly AFDC caseload in FY 1996 and the smallest number of people on welfare since 1967. From the peak of 14.2 million in FY 1994, the number of AFDC/TANF recipients dropped by 67 percent to 4.7 million in FY 2007.[6] Over four-fifths of the reduction in the caseload since FY 1994 has occurred following the passage of PRWORA in FY 1996. These are the largest welfare caseload declines in the history of U.S. welfare programs.
Several studies have attempted to explain the unprecedented decline in caseloads and, specifically, to disentangle the effects of PRWORA and welfare reform from the simultaneous growth in the U.S. economy. Separating these effects is difficult, however, because PRWORA was enacted at a time when the economy was expanding dramatically, offering a uniquely conducive environment within which to move many recipients off the welfare rolls and into the labor market. Other policy changes, most notably expansions in the Earned Income Tax Credit, add further complexity.
In general, studies have found that both economic conditions and welfare reform policies have played important roles in the recent caseload decline. A review of a dozen studies concluded that roughly 15 to 30 percent of the caseload decline prior to 1996 was attributed by most studies to welfare policies under waivers to the AFDC rules with approximately 30 to 45 percent of the decline explained by economic conditions (Schoeni and Blank, 2000). A study by the Council of Economic Advisers (1999) of the post-PRWORA period finds that just over one-third of the caseload decline can be explained by welfare reform policy, while 8 to 10 percent is due to the economy. A more recent study estimates that over half the decline in caseloads after enactment of PRWORA was attributable to welfare reform (ONeill and Hill, 2001).
AFDC/TANF Expenditures (Tables TANF 4 through TANF 6 and Figure TANF 2). Tables TANF 4 and 5 show trends in expenditures on AFDC and TANF. Table TANF 4 tracks both programs, breaking out the costs of benefits and administrative expenses. It also shows the division between federal and state spending. Table TANF 5 shows the variety of activities funded under the TANF program.
Figure TANF 2 and Table TANF 6 show that inflation has had a significant effect in eroding the value of the average monthly AFDC/TANF benefit. In real dollars, by 2006 the average monthly benefit per recipient had declined to 65 percent of what it was at its peak in the late 1970s.
AFDC/TANF Recipient Characteristics (Table TANF 7). With the dramatic declines in the welfare rolls since the implementation of TANF, there has been a great deal of speculation regarding how the composition of the caseload has changed. Two striking trends are the increases in the proportion of families with no adult in the assistance unit and in employment among adult recipients.
One of the most dramatic trends is the increase in the proportion of adult recipients who are working. In FY 2006, 22 percent of TANF adult recipients were employed, down from 26 percent in 2000, but up from 11 percent in FY 1996 and 7 percent in FY 1992, as shown in Table TANF 7. Adding in those in work experience and community service positions, the percentage working was 30 percent in FY 2006[7] (data not shown). Similar trends are shown in data on income from earnings. These trends likely reflect the effects of expanded earnings disregards, welfare-to-work programs, and the economy. One can also see a relationship between employment of welfare recipients and broader trends in labor force participation. (For example, see Table WORK 8 in Chapter III for trends in employment rates for women with children under age 18.)
Another dramatic change in the caseload is the increasing fraction of cases without an adult recipient. Such cases occur when the adults are ineligible (because they are a caretaker relative, SSI parent, immigrant parent, or sanctioned parent). Families with no adults in the assistance unit have climbed from 15 percent of the caseload in FY 1992 to 47 percent in FY 2006.[8] This dramatic growth has been due to an increase in the number of cases without recipient adults during the early 1990s, followed by a decline in the number of cases that included adults in the assistance unit. The number of cases without an adult in the assistance unit has fallen by about 127,000 since 1996 between 1996 and 1998 they decreased by 254,000 but subsequently increased by 127,000.
In other areas, TANF administrative data show fewer changes in composition than might have been expected. There has been widespread anecdotal evidence that the most job ready recipients those with the fewest barriers to employment have already exited the welfare caseload and have stopped coming onto the welfare rolls, leaving a more disadvantaged population remaining. However, as the expectations for welfare recipients have increased, and fewer recipients are totally exempted from work requirements, others have speculated that the most disadvantaged recipients may also have been sanctioned off the rolls or terminated for failure to comply with administrative requirements. In fact, analyses of program data have not found much evidence of an increase or decrease in readily observed barriers to employment in the current caseload.
The question of whether the caseload has become more disadvantaged cannot be answered simply through TANF administrative data provided by the states, which do not contain detailed information on such barriers to employment as lack of basic skills, alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, and disabilities. A few recent studies have found very high levels of these barriers among the TANF population. These studies also have found that the more barriers a recipient faces, the less likely she is to find a job and maintain consistent employment over a period of time.
AFDC/TANF State-by-State Trends (Tables TANF 8 through TANF 15). There is a great deal of state-to-state variation in the trends discussed above. For example, as shown in Table TANF 10, while every state has experienced a caseload decline since the 1990s, the percentage change between the states caseload peak and March 2007 ranges from 96 percent (Wyoming) to 44 percent (Nebraska). Sixteen states have experienced caseload declines of 75 percent or more. Table TANF 10 also shows that states reached their peak caseloads as early as May 1990 (Louisiana) and as late as June 1997 (Hawaii).
Table TANF 15 shows TANF and Separate State Program (SSP) families and recipients, by state. Thirty-two states (including DC) had such programs.
Figure TANF 1.
AFDC/TANF Families Receiving Income Assistance
Note: Basic Families are single-parent families and UP Families are two-parent cases receiving benefits under AFDC Unemployed Parent programs that operated in certain states before FY 1991 and in all states after October 1, 1990. The AFDC Basic and UP programs were replaced by TANF as of July 1, 1997 under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. Shaded areas indicate NBER designated periods of recession from peak to trough. The decrease in number of families receiving assistance during the 1981-82 recession stems from changes in eligibility requirements and other policy changes mandated by OBRA 1981. Beginning in 2000, Total Families includes TANF and SSP families. Last data point plotted is March 2007.Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation.
Figure TANF 2.
Average Monthly AFDC/TANF Benefit per Recipient in Constant 2006 Dollars
Note: See Table TANF 6 for underlying data. Comparison of trends in the average monthly AFDC/TANF benefit per recipient in constant 2006 dollars with the weighted average maximum benefit in constant 2006 dollars since 1988 indicates that the primary cause of the decline in the average monthly benefit has been the erosion of the real value of the maximum benefit due to inflation. This is due to the fact that the current value of the maximum benefits has increased less than the cost of living in most states since the late1980s.Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, Quarterly Public Assistance Statistics, 1992 & 1993 and earlier years along with unpublished data.
Fiscal Year | Average Monthly Number (thousands) |
Children as a Percent of Total Recipients | Average1 Number of Children per Family |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Families1 |
AFDC UP2 Two-Parent Families |
TANF Two-Parent Families |
Total Recipients | Child Recipients | |||
1962 | 924 | 48 | NA | 3,593 | 2,778 | 77.3 | 3.0 |
1964 | 984 | 60 | NA | 4,059 | 3,043 | 75.0 | 3.1 |
1965 | 1,037 | 69 | NA | 4,323 | 3,242 | 75.0 | 3.1 |
1966 | 1,074 | 62 | NA | 4,472 | 3,369 | 75.3 | 3.1 |
1967 | 1,141 | 58 | NA | 4,718 | 3,560 | 75.5 | 3.1 |
1968 | 1,310 | 67 | NA | 5,349 | 4,013 | 75.0 | 3.1 |
1969 | 1,539 | 66 | NA | 6,146 | 4,591 | 74.7 | 3.0 |
1970 | 1,906 | 78 | NA | 7,415 | 5,484 | 74.0 | 2.9 |
1971 | 2,531 | 143 | NA | 9,557 | 6,963 | 72.9 | 2.8 |
1972 | 2,918 | 134 | NA | 10,632 | 7,698 | 72.4 | 2.6 |
1973 | 3,123 | 120 | NA | 11,038 | 7,967 | 72.2 | 2.6 |
1974 | 3,170 | 93 | NA | 10,845 | 7,825 | 72.2 | 2.5 |
1975 | 3,357 | 100 | NA | 11,067 | 7,952 | 71.9 | 2.4 |
1976 | 3,575 | 135 | NA | 11,386 | 8,054 | 70.7 | 2.3 |
1977 | 3,593 | 149 | NA | 11,130 | 7,846 | 70.5 | 2.2 |
1978 | 3,539 | 128 | NA | 10,672 | 7,492 | 70.2 | 2.1 |
1979 | 3,496 | 114 | NA | 10,318 | 7,197 | 69.8 | 2.1 |
1980 | 3,642 | 141 | NA | 10,597 | 7,320 | 69.1 | 2.0 |
1981 | 3,871 | 209 | NA | 11,160 | 7,615 | 68.2 | 2.0 |
1982 | 3,569 | 232 | NA | 10,431 | 6,975 | 66.9 | 2.0 |
1983 | 3,651 | 272 | NA | 10,659 | 7,051 | 66.1 | 1.9 |
1984 | 3,725 | 287 | NA | 10,866 | 7,153 | 65.8 | 1.9 |
1985 | 3,692 | 261 | NA | 10,813 | 7,165 | 66.3 | 1.9 |
1986 | 3,748 | 254 | NA | 10,997 | 7,300 | 66.4 | 1.9 |
1987 | 3,784 | 236 | NA | 11,065 | 7,381 | 66.7 | 2.0 |
1988 | 3,748 | 210 | NA | 10,920 | 7,325 | 67.1 | 2.0 |
1989 | 3,771 | 193 | NA | 10,934 | 7,370 | 67.4 | 2.0 |
1990 | 3,974 | 204 | NA | 11,460 | 7,755 | 67.7 | 2.0 |
1991 | 4,374 | 268 | NA | 12,592 | 8,513 | 67.6 | 1.9 |
1992 | 4,768 | 322 | NA | 13,625 | 9,226 | 67.7 | 1.9 |
1993 | 4,981 | 359 | NA | 14,143 | 9,560 | 67.6 | 1.9 |
1994 | 5,046 | 363 | NA | 14,226 | 9,611 | 67.6 | 1.9 |
1995 | 4,871 | 335 | NA | 13,660 | 9,280 | 67.9 | 1.9 |
1996 | 4,543 | 301 | NA | 12,645 | 8,672 | 68.6 | 1.9 |
1997 2 | 3,937 | 256 | NA | 10,935 | 7,781 3 | 71.2 3 | 2.0 3 |
1998 | 3,200 | NA | 162 | 8,790 | 6,273 | 71.4 | 2.0 |
1999 | 2,674 | NA | 125 | 7,188 | 5,319 | 74.0 | 2.0 |
2000 | 2,356 | NA | 132 | 6,324 | 4,598 | 72.7 | 2.0 |
2001 | 2,200 | NA | 119 | 5,761 | 4,227 | 73.4 | 1.9 |
2002 | 2,195 | NA | 118 | 5,656 | 4,149 | 73.3 | 1.9 |
2003 | 2,181 | NA | 116 | 5,518 | 4,075 | 73.9 | 1.9 |
2004 | 2,160 | NA | 113 | 5,376 | 3,993 | 74.3 | 1.8 |
2005 | 2,090 | NA | 108 | 5,118 | 3,819 | 74.6 | 1.8 |
2006 | 1, 962 | NA | 98 | 4,746 | 3,561 | 75.0 | 1.8 |
Note: Beginning in 2000, all caseload numbers
include SSP families. 1 Includes unemployed parent families and child-only cases. 2 The AFDC Unemployed Parent program was replaced when the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 repealed AFDC and set up the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program beginning July 1, 1997. 3 Based on data from the AFDC reporting system that were available only for the first 9 months of the fiscal year. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance (available online at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/). |
Calendar Year 1 | Total Recipients in the States & DC (thousands) |
Child Recipients in the States & DC (thousands) |
Recipients as a Percent of Total Population 2 | Recipients as a Percent of Poverty Population 3 | Child Recipients as a Percent of Total Child Population 2 | Child Recipients as a Percent of Children in Poverty 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 8,303 | 6,104 | 4.0 | 32.7 | 8.7 | 58.5 |
1971 | 10,043 | 7,303 | 4.8 | 39.3 | 10.5 | 69.2 |
1972 | 10,736 | 7,766 | 5.1 | 43.9 | 11.2 | 75.5 |
1973 | 10,738 | 7,763 | 5.1 | 46.7 | 11.3 | 80.5 |
1974 | 10,621 | 7,637 | 5.0 | 45.4 | 11.3 | 75.2 |
1975 | 11,131 | 7,928 | 5.2 | 43.0 | 11.8 | 71.4 |
1976 | 11,098 | 7,850 | 5.1 | 44.4 | 11.8 | 76.4 |
1977 | 10,856 | 7,632 | 4.9 | 43.9 | 11.7 | 74.2 |
1978 | 10,387 | 7,270 | 4.7 | 42.4 | 11.2 | 73.2 |
1979 | 10,140 | 7,057 | 4.5 | 38.9 | 11.0 | 68.0 |
1980 | 10,599 | 7,295 | 4.7 | 36.2 | 11.5 | 63.2 |
1981 | 10,893 | 7,397 | 4.7 | 34.2 | 11.7 | 59.2 |
1982 | 10,161 | 6,767 | 4.4 | 29.5 | 10.8 | 49.6 |
1983 | 10,569 | 6,967 | 4.5 | 29.9 | 11.1 | 50.1 |
1984 | 10,643 | 7,017 | 4.5 | 31.6 | 11.2 | 52.3 |
1985 | 10,672 | 7,073 | 4.5 | 32.3 | 11.3 | 54.4 |
1986 | 10,850 | 7,206 | 4.5 | 33.5 | 11.5 | 56.0 |
1987 | 10,841 | 7,240 | 4.5 | 33.6 | 11.5 | 55.9 |
1988 | 10,728 | 7,201 | 4.4 | 33.8 | 11.4 | 57.8 |
1989 | 10,798 | 7,286 | 4.4 | 34.3 | 11.5 | 57.9 |
1990 | 11,497 | 7,781 | 4.6 | 34.2 | 12.1 | 57.9 |
1991 | 12,728 | 8,601 | 5.0 | 35.6 | 13.2 | 60.0 |
1992 | 13,571 | 9,189 | 5.3 | 35.7 | 13.8 | 60.1 |
1993 | 14,007 | 9,460 | 5.4 | 35.7 | 14.0 | 60.2 |
1994 | 13,970 | 9,448 | 5.3 | 36.7 | 13.8 | 61.8 |
1995 | 13,242 | 9,013 | 5.0 | 36.4 | 13.0 | 61.5 |
1996 | 12,156 | 8,355 | 4.5 | 33.3 | 11.9 | 57.8 |
1997 | 10,224 | 7,077 4 | 3.7 | 28.7 | 10.0 | 50.1 |
1998 | 8,215 | 5,781 | 3.0 | 23.8 | 8.1 | 42.9 |
1999 | 6,709 | 4,836 | 2.4 | 20.5 | 6.7 | 39.4 |
2000 | 6,043 | 4,415 | 2.1 | 19.1 | 6.1 | 38.1 |
2001 | 5,631 | 4,140 | 2.0 | 17.1 | 5.7 | 35.3 |
2002 | 5,534 | 4,073 | 1.9 | 16.0 | 5.6 | 33.6 |
2003 | 5,424 | 4,024 | 1.9 | 15.1 | 5.5 | 31.3 |
2004 | 5,282 | 3,936 | 1.8 | 14.3 | 5.4 | 30.2 |
2005 | 4,975 | 3,727 | 1.7 | 13.5 | 5.1 | 28.9 |
2006 | 4,542 | 3,430 | 1.5 | 12.5 | 4.7 | 26.7 |
1 Total recipients are calculated
here as the monthly average for the calendar year in order to compare with
the calendar year counts of the poverty populations used to compute the
recipiency rates. From 2000 onward, total recipients includes SSP recipients
as well as TANF recipients and likewise for child recipients. See Table IND
3a for fiscal year recipiency rates. 2 Population numbers used as denominators are resident population. See Current Population Reports, Series P25-1106 3 For poverty population data see Current Population Reports, Series P60-231 (available online at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty.html). 4 Estimated based on the ratio of children recipients to total recipients for January through June of 1997. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance and U.S. Census Bureau, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006, Current Population Reports, Series P60-233 (available online at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty.html). |
Fiscal Year | TANF | SSP | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Families | |||
2000 | 2,265 | 91 | 2,356 |
2001 | 2,117 | 82 | 2,200 |
2002 | 2,065 | 129 | 2,195 |
2003 | 2,032 | 149 | 2,181 |
2004 | 1,987 | 173 | 2,160 |
2005 | 1,921 | 170 | 2,090 |
2006 | 1,807 | 155 | 1,962 |
All Recipients | |||
2000 | 5,943 | 380 | 6,324 |
2001 | 5,423 | 338 | 5,761 |
2002 | 5,149 | 508 | 5,656 |
2003 | 4,967 | 551 | 5,518 |
2004 | 4,784 | 592 | 5,376 |
2005 | 4,549 | 569 | 5,118 |
2006 | 4,229 | 517 | 4,749 |
Child Recipients | |||
2000 | 4,370 | 228 | 4,598 |
2001 | 4,025 | 202 | 4,227 |
2002 | 3,841 | 308 | 4,149 |
2003 | 3,731 | 344 | 4,075 |
2004 | 3,617 | 376 | 3,993 |
2005 | 3,459 | 360 | 3,819 |
2006 | 3,234 | 326 | 3,561 |
Note: Some states provide cash and other forms
of assistance to specific categories of families (e.g., two-parent families)
under Separate State Programs (SSPs) which are funded out of Maintenance
of Effort (MOE) dollars rather than federal TANF funds. See Table TANF 15
for SSPs by state. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance (available online at http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/). |
Fiscal Year |
Federal Funds (Current Dollars) |
State Funds (Current Dollars) |
Total (Current Dollars) |
Total (Constant 2006 Dollars1) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits | Admin | Benefits | Admin | Benefits | Admin | Benefits | Admin | |
1970 | $2,187 | $572 2 | $1,895 | $309 | $4,082 | $881 2 | 19,248 | 4,154 |
1971 | 3,008 | 271 | 2,469 | 254 | 5,477 | 525 | 24,724 | 2,370 |
1972 | 3,612 | 240 3 | 2,942 | 241 | 6,554 | 481 3 | 28,571 | 2,097 |
1973 | 3,865 | 313 | 3,138 | 296 | 7,003 | 610 | 29,320 | 2,554 |
1974 | 4,071 | 379 | 3,300 | 362 | 7,371 | 740 | 28,424 | 2,854 |
1975 | 4,625 | 552 | 3,787 | 529 | 8,412 | 1,082 | 29,566 | 3,803 |
1976 | 5,258 | 541 | 4,418 | 527 | 9,676 | 1,069 | 31,835 | 3,517 |
1977 | 5,626 | 595 | 4,762 | 583 | 10,388 | 1,177 | 31,815 | 3,605 |
1978 | 5,724 | 631 | 4,898 | 617 | 10,621 | 1,248 | 30,517 | 3,586 |
1979 | 5,825 | 683 | 4,954 | 668 | 10,779 | 1,350 | 28,480 | 3,567 |
1980 | 6,448 | 750 | 5,508 | 729 | 11,956 | 1,479 | 28,428 | 3,517 |
1981 | 6,928 | 835 | 5,917 | 814 | 12,845 | 1,648 | 27,763 | 3,562 |
1982 | 6,922 | 878 | 5,934 | 878 | 12,857 | 1,756 | 25,996 | 3,551 |
1983 | 7,332 | 915 | 6,275 | 915 | 13,607 | 1,830 | 26,303 | 3,538 |
1984 | 7,707 | 876 | 6,664 | 822 | 14,371 | 1,698 | 26,677 | 3,152 |
1985 | 7,817 | 890 | 6,763 | 889 | 14,580 | 1,779 | 26,127 | 3,188 |
1986 | 8,239 | 993 | 6,996 | 967 | 15,235 | 1,960 | 26,684 | 3,433 |
1987 | 8,914 | 1,081 | 7,409 | 1,052 | 16,323 | 2,133 | 27,845 | 3,639 |
1988 | 9,125 | 1,194 | 7,538 | 1,159 | 16,663 | 2,353 | 27,409 | 3,870 |
1989 | 9,433 | 1,211 | 7,807 | 1,206 | 17,240 | 2,417 | 27,204 | 3,814 |
1990 | 10,149 | 1,358 | 8,390 | 1,303 | 18,539 | 2,661 | 27,979 | 4,016 |
1991 | 11,165 | 1,373 | 9,191 | 1,300 | 20,356 | 2,673 | 29,396 | 3,860 |
1992 | 12,258 | 1,459 | 9,993 | 1,378 | 22,250 | 2,837 | 31,363 | 3,999 |
1993 | 12,270 | 1,518 | 10,016 | 1,438 | 22,286 | 2,956 | 30,637 | 4,064 |
1994 | 12,512 | 1,680 | 10,285 | 1,621 | 22,797 | 3,301 | 30,680 | 4,443 |
1995 | 12,019 | 1,770 | 10,014 | 1,751 | 22,032 | 3,521 | 28,963 | 4,629 |
1996 | 11,065 | 1,633 | 9,346 | 1,633 | 20,411 | 3,266 | 26,177 | 4,189 |
1997 4 | 9,748 | 1,273 | 7,799 | 1,098 | 17,547 | 2,371 | 21,960 | 2,967 |
1998 | 7,518 | 1,231 | 7,096 | 1,028 | 14,614 | 2,259 | 18,021 | 2,786 |
1999 | 6,475 | 1,407 | 6,975 | 884 | 13,449 | 2,291 | 16,292 | 2,775 |
2000 | 5,444 | 1,570 | 5,736 | 1,032 | 11,180 | 2,302 | 13,133 | 3,057 |
2001 | 4,772 | 1,598 | 5,390 | 1,042 | 10,163 | 2,639 | 11,569 | 3,005 |
2002 | 4,554 | 1,633 | 4,854 | 983 | 9,408 | 2,617 | 10,551 | 2,935 |
2003 | 5,820 | 1,592 | 4,398 | 859 | 10,219 | 2,451 | 11,195 | 2,685 |
2004 | 4,717 | 1,471 | 5,652 | 828 | 10,368 | 2,300 | 11,103 | 2,463 |
2005 | 5,193 | 1,507 | 5,546 | 870 | 10,739 | 2,377 | 11,136 | 2,464 |
2006 | 4,926 | 1,525 | 4,980 | 886 | 9,906 | 2,411 | 9,906 | 2,411 |
Note: Benefits do not include
emergency assistance payments and have not been reduced by child support
collections. Foster care payments are included from 1971 to 1980.
State funds for benefits include benefits under Separate State Programs.
Beginning in fiscal year 1984, the cost of certifying AFDC households for
food stamps is shown in the food stamp programs appropriation under
the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Administrative costs include: Work
Program, ADP, FAMIS, Fraud Control, Child Care administration (through 1996),
SAVE and other State and local administrative expenditures. 1 Constant dollar adjustments to 2006 level were made using a CPI-U-RS fiscal year price index. 2 Includes expenditures for services. 3 Administrative expenditures only. 4 The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 repealed the AFDC program as of July 1, 1997 and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Under PRWORA, spending categories are not entirely equivalent to those under AFDC: for example administrative expenses under TANF do not include IV-A child care administration (which accounted for 4 percent of 1996 administrative expense). Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Financial Systems. |
Fiscal Year | Cash & Work-Based Assistance | Work Activities | Child Care | Transpor- tation |
Adminis- tration |
Systems | Transitional Services | Other Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Federal TANF Grants | |||||||||
1997 | 7,708 | 467 | 14 | | 872 | 109 | 0 | 862 | 10,032 |
1998 | 7,168 | 763 | 252 | | 938 | 224 | 6 | 1,136 | 10,487 |
1999 | 6,475 | 1,225 | 604 | | 1,070 | 337 | 17 | 1,595 | 11,323 |
2000 | 5,444 | 1,606 | 1,553 | 496 | 1,328 | 242 | | 2,715 | 13,384 |
2001 | 4,772 | 1,983 | 1,583 | 522 | 1,375 | 223 | | 4,325 | 14,782 |
2002 | 4,554 | 2,121 | 1,572 | 339 | 1,339 | 294 | | 4,368 | 14,588 |
2003 | 5,820 | 1,937 | 1,698 | 434 | 1,307 | 285 | | 4,772 | 16,254 |
2004 | 4,717 | 1,613 | 1,427 | 354 | 1,220 | 251 | | 4,811 | 14,393 |
2005 | 5,193 | 1,702 | 1,279 | 393 | 1,277 | 230 | | 4,089 | 14,164 |
2006 | 4,926 | 1,681 | 1,238 | 341 | 1,294 | 231 | | 3,859 | 13,570 |
State Maintenance of Effort Expenditures in the TANF Program | |||||||||
1997 | 5,955 | 311 | 752 | | 704 | 101 | 9 | 926 | 8,758 |
1998 | 6,879 | 520 | 890 | | 883 | 138 | 11 | 1,301 | 10,623 |
1999 | 6,541 | 503 | 1,135 | | 743 | 118 | 23 | 1,334 | 10,397 |
2000 | 5,432 | 884 | 1,893 | 150 | 921 | 92 | | 1,170 | 10,541 |
2001 | 4,887 | 685 | 1,730 | 113 | 920 | 83 | | 1,195 | 9,613 |
2002 | 3,994 | 582 | 1,860 | 221 | 877 | 66 | | 1,554 | 9,154 |
2003 | 3,597 | 596 | 1,993 | 73 | 766 | 60 | | 1,441 | 8,526 |
2004 | 4,729 | 501 | 1,878 | 119 | 721 | 55 | | 1,330 | 9,333 |
2005 | 4,537 | 429 | 1,761 | 111 | 776 | 46 | | 1,489 | 9,148 |
2006 | 4,105 | 630 | 2,120 | 102 | 793 | 41 | | 1,323 | 9,114 |
State Maintenance of Effort Expenditures in Separate State Programs | |||||||||
1997 | 69 | 12 | 111 | | 0 | 0 | | 18 | 210 |
1998 | 216 | 3 | 137 | | 6 | 1 | | 28 | 391 |
1999 | 434 | 26 | 257 | | 22 | 0 | 0 | 126 | 865 |
2000 | 305 | 11 | 73 | 17 | 19 | 0 | | 431 | 856 |
2001 | 503 | 28 | 34 | 20 | 38 | 1 | | 499 | 1,125 |
2002 | 860 | 24 | 72 | 24 | 41 | -.5 | | 652 | 1,673 |
2003 | 801 | 66 | -223 | 36 | 33 | -.3 | | 848 | 1,560 |
2004 | 922 | 40 | 45 | 19 | 52 | 1.1 | | 1,016 | 2,095 |
2005 | 1,009 | 36 | 157 | 19 | 46 | 1.9 | | 999 | 2,268 |
2006 | 875 | 53 | 184 | 29 | 51 | 1.3 | | 1,716 | 2,910 |
Total Expenditures | |||||||||
1997 | 13,731 | 790 | 877 | | 1,577 | 211 | 9 | 1,805 | 19,000 |
1998 | 14,264 | 1,286 | 1,280 | | 1,828 | 362 | 17 | 2,465 | 21,502 |
1999 | 13,449 | 1,754 | 1,995 | | 1,835 | 456 | 40 | 3,055 | 22,585 |
2000 | 11,180 | 2,501 | 3,519 | 663 | 2,267 | 335 | | 4,316 | 24,781 |
2001 | 10,163 | 2,696 | 3,347 | 655 | 2,333 | 306 | | 6,019 | 25,520 |
2002 | 9,408 | 2,727 | 3,504 | 584 | 2,258 | 359 | | 6,574 | 25,414 |
2003 | 10,219 | 2,599 | 3,468 | 543 | 2,106 | 345 | | 7,060 | 26,340 |
2004 | 10,368 | 2,154 | 3,350 | 492 | 1,992 | 307 | | 7,157 | 25,821 |
2005 | 10,739 | 2,167 | 3,197 | 523 | 2,099 | 278 | | 6,577 | 25,580 |
2006 | 9,906 | 2,364 | 3,542 | 472 | 2,138 | 273 | | 6,898 | 25,594 |
Note: Administration and Systems, shown separately
here in Table TANF 5, can be combined to show total administrative costs,
as in Table TANF 3. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Financial Services (available online at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofs/data/index.html). |
Fiscal Year |
Monthly Benefit per Recipient | Average Number of Persons per Family |
Monthly Benefit per Family (not reduced by Child Support) |
Weighted Average 1 Maximum Benefit (per 3-person Family) |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Dollars | 2006 Dollars | Current Dollars | 2006 Dollars | Current Dollars | 2006 Dollars | ||
1962 | $31 | $181 | 3.9 | $121 | $705 | NA | NA |
1963 | 31 | 180 | 4.0 | 126 | 725 | NA | NA |
1964 | 32 | 181 | 4.1 | 131 | 746 | NA | NA |
1965 | 34 | 188 | 4.2 | 140 | 784 | NA | NA |
1966 | 35 | 192 | 4.2 | 146 | 798 | NA | NA |
1967 | 36 | 193 | 4.1 | 150 | 799 | NA | NA |
1968 | 40 | 203 | 4.1 | 162 | 832 | NA | NA |
1969 | 43 | 214 | 4.0 | 173 | 855 | $186 2 | $923 |
1970 | 46 | 216 | 3.9 | 178 | 840 | 194 2 | 916 |
1971 | 48 | 216 | 3.8 | 180 | 814 | 201 2 | 908 |
1972 | 51 | 224 | 3.6 | 187 | 816 | 205 2 | 895 |
1973 | 53 | 221 | 3.5 | 187 | 782 | 213 2 | 891 |
1974 | 57 | 218 | 3.4 | 194 | 747 | 229 2 | 882 |
1975 | 63 | 222 | 3.3 | 209 | 734 | 243 | 854 |
1976 | 71 | 233 | 3.2 | 226 | 742 | 257 | 845 |
1977 | 78 | 238 | 3.1 | 241 | 738 | 271 | 830 |
1978 | 83 | 238 | 3.0 | 250 | 719 | 284 | 817 |
1979 | 87 | 230 | 3.0 | 257 | 679 | 301 | 795 |
1980 | 94 | 224 | 2.9 | 274 | 650 | 320 | 761 |
1981 | 96 | 207 | 2.9 | 277 | 598 | 326 | 704 |
1982 | 103 | 208 | 2.9 | 300 | 607 | 331 | 668 |
1983 | 106 | 206 | 2.9 | 311 | 600 | 336 | 650 |
1984 | 110 | 205 | 2.9 | 322 | 597 | 352 | 653 |
1985 | 112 | 201 | 2.9 | 329 | 590 | 369 | 661 |
1986 | 115 | 202 | 2.9 | 339 | 593 | 383 | 671 |
1987 | 123 | 210 | 2.9 | 359 | 613 | 393 | 671 |
1988 | 127 | 209 | 2.9 | 370 | 609 | 403 | 663 |
1989 | 131 | 207 | 2.9 | 381 | 601 | 413 | 651 |
1990 | 135 | 203 | 2.9 | 389 | 587 | 420 | 634 |
1991 | 135 | 195 | 2.9 | 388 | 560 | 424 | 613 |
1992 | 136 | 192 | 2.9 | 389 | 548 | 419 | 590 |
1993 | 131 | 181 | 2.8 | 373 | 513 | 414 | 570 |
1994 | 134 | 180 | 2.8 | 376 | 507 | 416 | 559 |
1995 | 134 | 177 | 2.8 | 376 | 496 | 418 | 550 |
1996 | 135 | 173 | 2.8 | 374 | 480 | 419 | 538 |
1997 3 | 130 | 163 | 2.8 | 362 | 453 | 418 | 524 |
1998 | 130 | 161 | 2.7 | 358 | 441 | 429 | 529 |
1999 | 133 | 161 | 2.7 | 357 | 432 | 450 | 545 |
2000 | 130 | 153 | 2.7 | 349 | 410 | 446 | 524 |
2001 | 134 | 153 | 2.6 | 351 | 400 | 448 | 510 |
2002 | 141 | 158 | 2.6 | 364 | 408 | 452 | 507 |
2003 | 140 | 153 | 2.5 | 354 | 388 | 455 | 498 |
2004 | 145 | 155 | 2.5 | 360 | 386 | 462 | 495 |
2005 | 151 | 157 | 2.4 | 370 | 383 | 468 | 485 |
2006 | 154 | 154 | 2.4 | 372 | 372 | 495 | 495 |
Note: AFDC benefit amounts have not been reduced
by child support collections. Constant dollar adjustments to 2006 level
were made using a CPI-U-RS fiscal-year price index. 1 The maximum benefit for a 3-person family in each state is weighted by that states share of total AFDC/TANF + SSP families. 2 Estimated based on the weighted average benefit for a 4-person family. 3 The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 repealed the AFDC program as of July 1, 1997 and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Beginning in 1997, average monthly benefits are calculated from case-level data rather than by dividing aggregate expenditures on cash assistance by aggregate caseloads, as in the past. This change was necessary due to uncertainty about the extent to which states may be reporting non-cash basic assistance as well as cash assistance in the expenditure data formerly used to calculate average cash benefits. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, Quarterly Public Assistance Statistics, 1992 & 1993 and earlier years along with unpublished data. |
May | May | March | Fiscal year 1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1969 | 1975 | 1979 | 1983 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | |
Avg. Family Size (persons) | 4.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.3 |
Number of Child Recipients | ||||||||||
One | 26.6 | 37.9 | 42.3 | 43.4 | 42.5 | 42.5 | 43.9 | 44.2 | 47.9 | 50.2 |
Two | 23.0 | 26.0 | 28.1 | 29.8 | 30.2 | 30.2 | 29.9 | 28.4 | 27.8 | 27.2 |
Three | 17.7 | 16.1 | 15.6 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 15.0 | 15.3 | 13.8 | 13.2 |
Four or More | 32.5 | 20.0 | 13.9 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 8.6 | 7.5 |
Unknown | NA | NA | NA | 1.5 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 |
Families with No Adult in Asst. Unit 2 | 10.1 | 12.5 | 14.6 | 8.3 | 9.6 | 14.8 | 21.5 | 34.4 | 40.9 | 47.2 |
Families with Non-Recipients | 33.1 | 34.8 | NA | 36.9 | 36.8 | 38.9 | 49.9 | | | |
Median Months on AFDC/TANF | ||||||||||
Since Most Recent Opening | 23.0 | 31.0 | 29.0 | 26.0 | 26.3 | 22.5 | 23.6 | | | |
Presence of Assistance | ||||||||||
Living in Public Housing | 12.8 | 14.6 | NA | 10.0 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 17.7 | 19.1 | 17.2 |
Participating in Food Stamp or Donated Food Program | 52.9 | 75.1 | 75.1 | 83.0 | 84.6 | 87.3 | 89.3 | 79.9 | 80.9 | 80.7 |
Presence of Income | ||||||||||
With Earnings | NA | 14.6 | 12.8 | 5.7 | 8.4 | 7.4 | 11.1 | 23.6 3 | 19.5 3 | 18.4 3 |
No Non-AFDC/TANF Income | 56.0 | 71.1 | 80.6 | 86.8 | 79.6 | 78.9 | 76.0 | 71.6 3 | 74.4 3 | 76.6 3 |
Adult Employment Status (percent of adults) | ||||||||||
Employed | | | | | | 6.6 | 11.3 | 26.4 | 22.9 | 21.6 |
Unemployed | | | | | | | | 49.2 | 49.0 | 54.8 |
Not in Labor Force | | | | | | | | 24.3 | 28.1 | 23.6 |
Adult Women's employment status (percent of adult female recipients):4 | ||||||||||
Full-time job | 8.2 | 10.4 | 8.7 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 4.7 | | | |
Part-time job | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 5.4 | | | |
Marital Status (percent of adults) | ||||||||||
Single | | | | | | | | 65.3 | 67.3 | 69.9 |
Married | | | | | | | | 12.4 | 10.7 | 10.5 |
Separated | | | | | | | | 13.1 | 12.8 | 11.4 |
Widowed | | | | | | | | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Divorced | | | | | | | | 8.5 | 8.7 | 7.9 |
Basis for Child's Eligibility (percent children): | ||||||||||
Incapacitated | 11.7 5 | 7.7 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.3 | | | |
Unemployed | 4.6 5 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 8.3 | | | |
Death | 5.5 5 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | | | |
Divorce or Separation | 43.3 5 | 48.3 | 44.7 | 38.5 | 34.6 | 30.0 | 24.3 | | | |
Absent, No Marriage Tie | 27.9 5 | 31.0 | 37.8 | 44.3 | 51.9 | 53.1 | 58.6 | | | |
Absent, Other Reason | 3.5 5 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.4 | | | |
Unknown | | | | 1.7 | | 0.9 | 0.6 | | | |
Note: Figures are percentages of families/cases
unless noted otherwise. 1 Percentages are based on the average monthly TANF caseload during the year. Hawaii and the territories are not included in 1983. Data after 1986 include the territories and Hawaii. Unlike most of the figures in this report, this table does not include families from Separate State Programs (SSP). 2 Adults that live in TANF families with children are sometimes excluded from the assistance unit because they have been sanctioned, receive disability income from Supplemental Security Income (SSI), have been time-limited, do not qualify based on citizenship requirements, or are non-parental caretakers such as relatives or other adults taking responsibility for the children. 3 Presence of income is measured as a percentage of adult recipients, not families, in 1998 and subsequent years. 4 For years prior to 1983, data are for mothers only. 5 Calculated on the basis of total number of families. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, unpublished data and Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of TANF Recipients: TANF Annual Report to Congress selected years. |
State | 1978 | 1984 | 1986 | 1988 | 1990 | 1994 | 1998 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | $78 | $74 | $68 | $62 | $62 | $92 | $44 | $36 | $46 | $35 |
Alaska | 17 | 37 | 46 | 54 | 60 | 113 | 77 | 55 | 50 | 36 |
Arizona | 30 | 67 | 79 | 103 | 138 | 266 | 145 | 107 | 175 | 137 |
Arkansas | 51 | 39 | 48 | 53 | 57 | 57 | 26 | 34 | 22 | 15 |
California | 1,813 | 3,207 | 3,574 | 4,091 | 4,955 | 6,088 | 4,128 | 3,643 | 3,119 | 3,480 |
Colorado | 74 | 107 | 107 | 125 | 137 | 158 | 80 | 48 | 51 | 63 |
Connecticut | 168 | 226 | 223 | 218 | 295 | 397 | 305 | 166 | 133 | 124 |
Delaware | 28 | 28 | 25 | 24 | 29 | 40 | 24 | 20 | 20 | 18 |
Dist. of Columbia | 91 | 75 | 77 | 76 | 84 | 126 | 97 | 72 | 68 | 62 |
Florida | 145 | 251 | 261 | 318 | 418 | 806 | 357 | 234 | 251 | 170 |
Georgia | 103 | 149 | 223 | 266 | 321 | 428 | 313 | 180 | 169 | 96 |
Hawaii | 83 | 83 | 73 | 77 | 99 | 163 | 153 | 141 | 91 | 85 |
Idaho | 21 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 30 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 7 |
Illinois | 699 | 845 | 886 | 815 | 839 | 914 | 771 | 269 | 115 | 124 |
Indiana | 118 | 153 | 148 | 167 | 170 | 228 | 104 | 87 | 139 | 109 |
Iowa | 107 | 159 | 170 | 155 | 152 | 169 | 104 | 79 | 81 | 74 |
Kansas | 73 | 87 | 91 | 97 | 105 | 123 | 41 | 43 | 55 | 63 |
Kentucky | 122 | 135 | 104 | 143 | 179 | 198 | 147 | 104 | 102 | 101 |
Louisiana | 97 | 145 | 162 | 182 | 188 | 168 | 103 | 58 | 67 | 45 |
Maine | 51 | 69 | 84 | 80 | 101 | 108 | 80 | 73 | 66 | 65 |
Maryland | 166 | 229 | 250 | 250 | 296 | 314 | 192 | 196 | 32 | 106 |
Massachusetts | 476 | 406 | 471 | 558 | 630 | 730 | 442 | 336 | 339 | 320 |
Michigan | 780 | 1,214 | 1,248 | 1,231 | 1,211 | 1,132 | 589 | 386 | 390 | 422 |
Minnesota | 164 | 287 | 322 | 338 | 355 | 379 | 276 | 193 | 193 | 129 |
Mississippi | 33 | 58 | 74 | 85 | 86 | 82 | 60 | 18 | 36 | 22 |
Missouri | 152 | 196 | 209 | 215 | 228 | 287 | 180 | 139 | 130 | 122 |
Montana | 15 | 27 | 37 | 41 | 40 | 49 | 30 | 21 | 31 | 17 |
Nebraska | 38 | 56 | 62 | 56 | 59 | 62 | 41 | 41 | 59 | 63 |
Nevada | 8 | 10 | 16 | 20 | 27 | 48 | 39 | 28 | 48 | 33 |
New Hampshire | 21 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 32 | 62 | 39 | 32 | 39 | 35 |
New Jersey | 489 | 485 | 509 | 459 | 451 | 531 | 372 | 222 | 222 | 78 |
New Mexico | 32 | 49 | 51 | 56 | 61 | 144 | 104 | 113 | 78 | 74 |
New York | 1,689 | 1,916 | 2,099 | 2,140 | 2,259 | 2,913 | 2,149 | 1,554 | 1,605 | 1,624 |
North Carolina | 138 | 149 | 138 | 206 | 247 | 353 | 211 | 140 | 133 | 94 |
North Dakota | 14 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 22 | 12 | 18 | 10 |
Ohio | 441 | 725 | 804 | 805 | 877 | 1,016 | 546 | 368 | 304 | 331 |
Oklahoma | 74 | 85 | 100 | 119 | 132 | 165 | 72 | 78 | 58 | 28 |
Oregon | 148 | 101 | 120 | 128 | 145 | 197 | 141 | 34 | 82 | 89 |
Pennsylvania | 726 | 724 | 389 | 747 | 798 | 935 | 523 | 573 | 324 | 393 |
Rhode Island | 59 | 71 | 79 | 82 | 99 | 136 | 117 | 105 | 83 | 65 |
South Carolina | 52 | 75 | 103 | 91 | 96 | 115 | 52 | 91 | 49 | 39 |
South Dakota | 18 | 17 | 15 | 21 | 22 | 25 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Tennessee | 77 | 83 | 100 | 125 | 168 | 215 | 108 | 146 | 138 | 104 |
Texas | 122 | 229 | 281 | 344 | 416 | 544 | 315 | 248 | 323 | 139 |
Utah | 41 | 52 | 55 | 61 | 64 | 77 | 50 | 40 | 44 | 37 |
Vermont | 21 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 48 | 65 | 47 | 39 | 34 | 35 |
Virginia | 136 | 165 | 179 | 169 | 177 | 253 | 123 | 186 | 129 | 136 |
Washington | 175 | 294 | 375 | 401 | 438 | 610 | 450 | 312 | 269 | 284 |
West Virginia | 53 | 75 | 109 | 107 | 110 | 126 | 52 | 49 | 68 | 37 |
Wisconsin | 260 | 519 | 444 | 506 | 440 | 425 | 145 | 7 | 109 | 111 |
Wyoming | 6 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 7 | 9 | 15 | 10 |
United States | $10,621 | $14,371 | $15,236 | $16,663 | $18,543 | $22,798 | $14,614 | $11,180 | $10,219 | $9,906 |
Note: Benefits refers to total cash benefits
paid, (see Table TANF 4) but does not include emergency assistance
payments. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Program Support, Office of Management Services, data from the ACF-196 TANF Report and ACF-231 AFDC Line by Line Report. |
State | FY 1996 Grants for AFDC, EA, & JOBS 1 |
FY 2006 Family Assistance Grants & Supplemental 2 |
FY 2006 Bonus Awards 3 |
FY 2006 Total Awards |
Increase of FY 2006 over FY 1996 Level |
Percent Increase from FY 1996 Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | $79.0 | $104.4 | $0.0 | $104.4 | $25.4 | 32 |
Alaska | 60.7 | 54.8 | 0.0 | 54.8 | -5.8 | -10 |
Arizona | 200.6 | 226.1 | 0.0 | 226.1 | 25.5 | 13 |
Arkansas | 54.3 | 63.0 | 0.0 | 63.0 | 8.7 | 16 |
California | 3,545.6 | 3,669.9 | 0.0 | 3,669.9 | 124.3 | 4 |
Colorado | 138.9 | 149.6 | 0.0 | 149.6 | 10.7 | 8 |
Connecticut | 221.1 | 266.8 | 0.0 | 264.4 | 43.3 | 20 |
Delaware | 30.2 | 32.3 | 0.0 | 31.4 | 1.2 | 4 |
Dist. of Columbia | 77.1 | 92.6 | 0.0 | 90.5 | 13.4 | 17 |
Florida | 504.7 | 622.7 | 0.0 | 622.7 | 118.0 | 23 |
Georgia | 301.2 | 368.0 | 0.0 | 368.0 | 66.8 | 22 |
Hawaii | 98.4 | 98.9 | 0.0 | 98.9 | 0.5 | 1 |
Idaho | 31.3 | 33.9 | 0.0 | 33.9 | 2.6 | 8 |
Illinois | 593.8 | 585.1 | 0.0 | 585.1 | -8.8 | -1 |
Indiana | 121.4 | 206.8 | 0.0 | 206.8 | 85.4 | 70 |
Iowa | 129.3 | 131.5 | 0.0 | 131.5 | 2.2 | 2 |
Kansas | 86.9 | 101.9 | 0.0 | 101.9 | 15.0 | 17 |
Kentucky | 171.6 | 181.3 | 0.0 | 181.3 | 9.6 | 6 |
Louisiana | 122.4 | 181.0 | 0.0 | 181.0 | 58.6 | 48 |
Maine | 73.2 | 78.1 | 0.0 | 78.1 | 4.9 | 7 |
Maryland | 207.6 | 229.1 | 0.0 | 227.5 | 19.9 | 10 |
Massachusetts | 372.0 | 459.4 | 0.0 | 459.4 | 87.3 | 23 |
Michigan | 581.5 | 775.4 | 0.0 | 775.4 | 193.9 | 33 |
Minnesota | 239.3 | 263.4 | 0.0 | 263.4 | 24.1 | 10 |
Mississippi | 68.6 | 95.8 | 0.0 | 95.8 | 27.2 | 40 |
Missouri | 207.9 | 217.1 | 0.0 | 217.1 | 9.2 | 4 |
Montana | 39.2 | 39.2 | 0.0 | 39.2 | 0.0 | 0 |
Nebraska | 56.2 | 57.8 | 0.0 | 57.8 | 1.6 | 3 |
Nevada | 41.2 | 47.7 | 0.0 | 46.4 | 5.1 | 12 |
New Hampshire | 36.0 | 38.5 | 0.0 | 38.5 | 2.5 | 7 |
New Jersey | 353.4 | 404.0 | 0.0 | 404.0 | 50.7 | 14 |
New Mexico | 129.9 | 117.1 | 0.0 | 117.1 | -12.8 | -10 |
New York | 2,332.7 | 2,442.9 | 0.0 | 2,442.9 | 110.2 | 5 |
North Carolina | 311.9 | 338.3 | 0.0 | 338.3 | 26.5 | 8 |
North Dakota | 24.5 | 26.4 | 0.0 | 26.4 | 1.9 | 8 |
Ohio | 564.5 | 728.0 | 0.0 | 728.0 | 163.5 | 29 |
Oklahoma | 125.1 | 147.6 | 0.0 | 147.6 | 22.5 | 18 |
Oregon | 146.4 | 166.8 | 0.0 | 166.8 | 20.4 | 14 |
Pennsylvania | 780.1 | 719.5 | 0.0 | 719.5 | -60.6 | -8 |
Rhode Island | 82.9 | 95.0 | 0.0 | 95.0 | 12.2 | 15 |
South Carolina | 99.4 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.5 | 1 |
South Dakota | 19.7 | 21.3 | 0.0 | 21.3 | 1.5 | 8 |
Tennessee | 178.9 | 213.1 | 19.2 | 232.2 | 53.3 | 30 |
Texas | 437.1 | 539.0 | 0.0 | 539.0 | 101.9 | 23 |
Utah | 68.0 | 84.3 | 0.0 | 84.3 | 16.4 | 24 |
Vermont | 42.4 | 47.4 | 0.0 | 47.4 | 5.0 | 12 |
Virginia | 134.6 | 158.3 | 0.0 | 158.3 | 23.6 | 18 |
Washington | 393.2 | 382.9 | 0.0 | 382.9 | -10.3 | -3 |
West Virginia | 95.1 | 110.2 | 0.0 | 109.2 | 14.0 | 15 |
Wisconsin | 241.6 | 314.5 | 0.0 | 314.5 | 72.9 | 30 |
Wyoming | 14.4 | 18.4 | 0.0 | 18.4 | 4.0 | 28 |
United States | $15,067 | $16,647 | $19.2 | $16,657 | $1,590 | 11 |
1 Includes Administration
and FAMIS but excludes IV-A child care. AFDC benefits include the Federal
share of child support collections to be comparable to the Family Assistance
Grant. The 1996 figures have been revised since earlier versions of
this report, to reflect upward revisions in states' reports of expenditures
on the JOBS program. 2 The FY 2006 Family Assistance Grants and Supplemental is net of the Tribal Grants amounts. 3 FY 2006 Bonus Awards include Contingency Fund Grants but not penalties assessed. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Financial Services. |
State | Peak Caseload Oct 89 to June 06 | Date Peak Occurred Oct 89 to June 06 | Sept 96 AFDC Caseload |
March 07 TANF & SSP Caseload | Percent Decline 1 Sept 96 to March 07 | Percent Decline Peak to March 07 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | 52.3 | Mar-93 | 40.7 | 18.0 | 56 | 66 |
Alaska | 13.4 | Apr-94 | 12.3 | 3.4 | 73 | 75 |
Arizona | 72.8 | Dec-93 | 61.8 | 35.7 | 42 | 51 |
Arkansas | 27.1 | Mar-92 | 22.1 | 8.6 | 61 | 68 |
California | 933.1 | Mar-95 | 870.3 | 471.8 | 46 | 49 |
Colorado | 43.7 | Dec-93 | 33.6 | 11.1 | 67 | 75 |
Connecticut | 61.9 | Mar-95 | 57.1 | 20.7 | 64 | 67 |
Delaware | 11.8 | Apr-94 | 10.5 | 4.6 | 56 | 61 |
Dist. of Columbia | 27.5 | Apr-94 | 25.1 | 5.3 | 79 | 81 |
Florida | 259.9 | Nov-92 | 200.3 | 47.3 | 76 | 82 |
Georgia | 142.8 | Nov-93 | 120.9 | 24.8 | 79 | 83 |
Hawaii | 23.4 | Jun-97 | 21.9 | 8.5 | 61 | 64 |
Idaho | 9.5 | Mar-95 | 8.4 | 1.7 | 80 | 83 |
Illinois | 243.1 | Aug-94 | 217.8 | 31.3 | 86 | 87 |
Indiana | 76.1 | Sep-93 | 49.7 | 41.2 | 17 | 46 |
Iowa | 40.7 | Apr-94 | 31.1 | 16.6 | 46 | 59 |
Kansas | 30.8 | Aug-93 | 23.4 | 14.6 | 38 | 53 |
Kentucky | 84.0 | Mar-93 | 70.4 | 29.8 | 58 | 65 |
Louisiana | 94.7 | May-90 | 66.5 | 10.7 | 84 | 89 |
Maine | 24.4 | Aug-93 | 19.7 | 11.0 | 44 | 55 |
Maryland | 81.8 | May-95 | 68.9 | 19.1 | 72 | 77 |
Massachusetts | 115.7 | Aug-93 | 84.3 | 44.6 | 47 | 61 |
Michigan | 233.6 | Apr-91 | 167.5 | 75.2 | 55 | 68 |
Minnesota | 66.2 | Jun-92 | 57.2 | 26.5 | 54 | 60 |
Mississippi | 61.8 | Nov-91 | 45.2 | 11.2 | 75 | 82 |
Missouri | 93.7 | Mar-94 | 79.1 | 42.8 | 46 | 54 |
Montana | 12.3 | Mar-94 | 9.8 | 3.2 | 68 | 74 |
Nebraska | 17.2 | Mar-93 | 14.4 | 9.5 | 34 | 44 |
Nevada | 16.3 | Mar-95 | 13.2 | 6.4 | 51 | 61 |
New Hampshire | 11.8 | Apr-94 | 8.9 | 5.1 | 42 | 56 |
New Jersey | 132.6 | Nov-92 | 100.8 | 34.9 | 65 | 74 |
New Mexico | 34.9 | Nov-94 | 33.0 | 14.0 | 57 | 60 |
New York | 463.7 | Dec-94 | 412.7 | 159.4 | 61 | 66 |
North Carolina | 134.1 | Mar-94 | 107.5 | 25.5 | 76 | 81 |
North Dakota | 6.6 | Apr-93 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 57 | 70 |
Ohio | 269.8 | Mar-92 | 201.9 | 77.6 | 62 | 71 |
Oklahoma | 51.3 | Mar-93 | 35.3 | 9.0 | 74 | 82 |
Oregon | 43.8 | Apr-93 | 28.5 | 18.9 | 34 | 57 |
Pennsylvania | 212.5 | Sep-94 | 180.1 | 59.9 | 67 | 72 |
Rhode Island | 22.9 | Apr-94 | 20.5 | 10.9 | 47 | 52 |
South Carolina | 54.6 | Jan-93 | 42.9 | 15.7 | 64 | 71 |
South Dakota | 7.4 | Apr-93 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 50 | 62 |
Tennessee | 112.6 | Nov-93 | 96.2 | 62.4 | 35 | 45 |
Texas | 287.5 | Dec-93 | 238.8 | 61.6 | 74 | 79 |
Utah | 18.7 | Mar-93 | 14.0 | 5.0 | 64 | 73 |
Vermont | 10.3 | Apr-92 | 8.7 | 4.5 | 49 | 57 |
Virginia | 76.0 | Apr-94 | 60.5 | 31.3 | 48 | 59 |
Washington | 104.8 | Feb-95 | 96.8 | 52.3 | 46 | 50 |
West Virginia | 41.9 | Apr-93 | 37.6 | 9.8 | 74 | 77 |
Wisconsin | 82.9 | Jan-92 | 49.9 | 17.2 | 66 | 79 |
Wyoming | 7.1 | Aug-92 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 94 | 96 |
United States | 5,098 | Mar-94 | 4,346 | 1,735 | 60 | 66 |
Note: these data do not include Tribal TANF families
(about 8,000) in number). This makes little difference nationally,
but in States like Wyoming, New Mexico, and Arizona, their exclusion under
TANF overstates the real decline from AFDC years. 1Negative values denote percent increase. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, Division of Data Collection and Analysis. |
1965 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 1994 | 1996 | 2000 | 2006 | Percent Change | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996-00 | 2000-06 | |||||||||
Alabama | 78 | 123 | 180 | 130 | 132 | 105 | 46 | 46 | -56 | -1 |
Alaska | 5 | 8 | 15 | 20 | 38 | 36 | 22 | 10 | -38 | -56 |
Arizona | 40 | 51 | 51 | 124 | 201 | 172 | 87 | 87 | -49 | 0 |
Arkansas | 30 | 45 | 85 | 71 | 69 | 58 | 29 | 18 | -50 | -39 |
California | 528 | 1,148 | 1,387 | 1,902 | 2,639 | 2,626 | 1,574 | 1,198 | -40 | -24 |
Colorado | 42 | 66 | 77 | 102 | 119 | 99 | 29 | 37 | -71 | 30 |
Connecticut | 59 | 83 | 139 | 120 | 166 | 162 | 73 | 48 | -55 | -33 |
Delaware | 12 | 20 | 32 | 21 | 27 | 23 | 13 | 13 | -43 | -5 |
Dist. of Columbia | 20 | 40 | 85 | 49 | 74 | 70 | 47 | 40 | -33 | -15 |
Florida | 106 | 204 | 256 | 370 | 669 | 561 | 158 | 90 | -72 | -43 |
Georgia | 71 | 198 | 221 | 293 | 393 | 353 | 129 | 63 | -64 | -51 |
Guam | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 26 | 9 |
Hawaii | 14 | 25 | 60 | 44 | 62 | 67 | 75 | 26 | 12 | -64 |
Idaho | 10 | 16 | 21 | 17 | 23 | 23 | 2 | 3 | -90 | 32 |
Illinois | 262 | 368 | 672 | 636 | 712 | 655 | 256 | 92 | -61 | -64 |
Indiana | 48 | 73 | 157 | 154 | 216 | 148 | 103 | 130 | -30 | 26 |
Iowa | 44 | 64 | 104 | 98 | 110 | 89 | 54 | 49 | -39 | -10 |
Kansas | 36 | 53 | 68 | 77 | 87 | 68 | 32 | 45 | -54 | 42 |
Kentucky | 81 | 129 | 167 | 175 | 208 | 175 | 89 | 70 | -49 | -21 |
Louisiana | 104 | 202 | 213 | 282 | 248 | 236 | 75 | 27 | -68 | -64 |
Maine | 19 | 36 | 60 | 56 | 64 | 56 | 32 | 32 | -42 | -2 |
Maryland | 80 | 131 | 212 | 186 | 222 | 204 | 77 | 54 | -62 | -30 |
Massachusetts | 94 | 208 | 350 | 263 | 307 | 237 | 102 | 98 | -57 | -3 |
Michigan | 162 | 253 | 685 | 655 | 666 | 527 | 207 | 220 | -61 | 6 |
Minnesota | 51 | 76 | 135 | 171 | 187 | 171 | 116 | 80 | -32 | -31 |
Mississippi | 83 | 115 | 173 | 179 | 159 | 129 | 34 | 28 | -74 | -18 |
Missouri | 107 | 140 | 199 | 211 | 263 | 232 | 131 | 113 | -44 | -14 |
Montana | 7 | 13 | 19 | 29 | 35 | 31 | 13 | 10 | -58 | -23 |
Nebraska | 16 | 30 | 35 | 43 | 45 | 40 | 28 | 33 | -30 | 20 |
Nevada | 5 | 12 | 12 | 23 | 38 | 38 | 16 | 17 | -58 | 8 |
New Hampshire | 4 | 9 | 22 | 16 | 30 | 24 | 14 | 14 | -42 | 2 |
New Jersey | 104 | 286 | 459 | 309 | 335 | 288 | 138 | 109 | -52 | -21 |
New Mexico | 30 | 51 | 53 | 57 | 102 | 101 | 72 | 43 | -28 | -41 |
New York | 517 | 1,052 | 1,100 | 981 | 1,255 | 1,184 | 724 | 455 | -39 | -37 |
North Carolina | 111 | 124 | 198 | 223 | 333 | 278 | 100 | 59 | -64 | -41 |
North Dakota | 8 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 8 | 7 | -44 | -9 |
Ohio | 183 | 266 | 513 | 632 | 685 | 546 | 245 | 170 | -55 | -31 |
Oklahoma | 73 | 95 | 89 | 112 | 131 | 105 | 36 | 23 | -66 | -37 |
Oregon | 31 | 75 | 102 | 89 | 114 | 87 | 39 | 42 | -55 | 7 |
Pennsylvania | 303 | 426 | 629 | 521 | 620 | 544 | 250 | 245 | -54 | -2 |
Puerto Rico | 202 | 223 | 168 | 190 | 183 | 155 | 92 | 39 | -40 | -58 |
Rhode Island | 24 | 38 | 52 | 46 | 63 | 58 | 50 | 31 | -15 | -37 |
South Carolina | 30 | 52 | 153 | 111 | 140 | 119 | 41 | 42 | -65 | 3 |
South Dakota | 11 | 16 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 7 | 6 | -59 | -10 |
Tennessee | 76 | 129 | 162 | 211 | 300 | 260 | 147 | 185 | -43 | 25 |
Texas | 91 | 214 | 308 | 611 | 788 | 684 | 342 | 169 | -50 | -51 |
Utah | 22 | 33 | 37 | 45 | 50 | 40 | 23 | 18 | -44 | -19 |
Vermont | 5 | 12 | 23 | 22 | 28 | 25 | 16 | 12 | -36 | -26 |
Virgin Islands | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | -35 | -61 |
Virginia | 46 | 87 | 166 | 151 | 195 | 162 | 75 | 82 | -53 | 9 |
Washington | 71 | 109 | 154 | 228 | 292 | 274 | 168 | 136 | -39 | -19 |
West Virginia | 116 | 93 | 77 | 111 | 114 | 95 | 32 | 26 | -66 | -18 |
Wisconsin | 45 | 79 | 213 | 237 | 226 | 170 | 40 | 41 | -76 | 1 |
Wyoming | 4 | 5 | 7 | 14 | 16 | 13 | 1 | 1 | -91 | -53 |
United States | 4,323 | 7,415 | 10,597 | 11,460 | 14,226 | 12,645 | 6,324 | 4,746 | -50 | -25 |
Note: Recipients in 2000 and beyond include
both TANF and SSP recipients. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance (available online at http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/ofa/caseload/caseloadindex.htm). |
1965 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 1994 | 1996 | 2000 | 2006 | Percent Change | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996-00 | 2000-06 | |||||||||
Alabama | 2.2 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -57 | -4 |
Alaska | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 3.6 | 1.5 | -40 | -59 |
Arizona | 2.6 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 1.4 | -55 | -16 |
Arkansas | 1.5 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | -52 | -42 |
California | 2.9 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 4.6 | 3.3 | -44 | -29 |
Colorado | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | -73 | 18 |
Connecticut | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 1.4 | -56 | -35 |
Delaware | 2.4 | 3.6 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.5 | -46 | -12 |
Dist. of Columbia | 2.5 | 5.3 | 13.3 | 8.1 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 8.2 | 6.8 | -33 | -17 |
Florida | 1.8 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 | -74 | -50 |
Georgia | 1.6 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 1.6 | 0.7 | -67 | -57 |
Hawaii | 1.9 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 2.1 | 11 | -66 |
Idaho | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -91 | 17 |
Illinois | 2.5 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 2.1 | 0.7 | -62 | -65 |
Indiana | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.1 | -32 | 21 |
Iowa | 1.6 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 1.7 | -40 | -11 |
Kansas | 1.6 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1.6 | -55 | 39 |
Kentucky | 2.5 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 2.2 | 1.7 | -51 | -24 |
Louisiana | 2.9 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 1.7 | 0.6 | -69 | -62 |
Maine | 1.9 | 3.6 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | -43 | -5 |
Maryland | 2.2 | 3.3 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | -64 | -34 |
Massachusetts | 1.8 | 3.7 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | -58 | -4 |
Michigan | 2.0 | 2.9 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 2.1 | 2.2 | -62 | 5 |
Minnesota | 1.4 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 1.6 | -35 | -34 |
Mississippi | 3.6 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 1.2 | 1.0 | -75 | -19 |
Missouri | 2.4 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 1.9 | -45 | -17 |
Montana | 1.0 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 1.0 | -59 | -27 |
Nebraska | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.9 | -31 | 16 |
Nevada | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | -65 | -12 |
New Hampshire | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | -45 | -3 |
New Jersey | 1.5 | 4.0 | 6.2 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 1.3 | -54 | -23 |
New Mexico | 3.0 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 4.0 | 2.2 | -31 | -44 |
New York | 2.9 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 3.8 | 2.4 | -40 | -38 |
North Carolina | 2.2 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | -67 | -46 |
North Dakota | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | -43 | -9 |
Ohio | 1.8 | 2.5 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 2.2 | 1.5 | -56 | -31 |
Oklahoma | 3.0 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | -67 | -39 |
Oregon | 1.6 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | -58 | -0 |
Pennsylvania | 2.6 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | -54 | -3 |
Rhode Island | 2.7 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 3.0 | -17 | -37 |
South Carolina | 1.2 | 2.0 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -67 | -5 |
South Dakota | 1.6 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | -59 | -14 |
Tennessee | 2.0 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 3.0 | -46 | 18 |
Texas | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 0.7 | -54 | -56 |
Utah | 2.2 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | -48 | -29 |
Vermont | 1.4 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 1.9 | -38 | -28 |
Virginia | 1.0 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | -56 | 2 |
Washington | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 2.1 | -42 | -25 |
West Virginia | 6.4 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.2 | 1.8 | 1.5 | -66 | -18 |
Wisconsin | 1.1 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | -77 | -2 |
Wyoming | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | -91 | -55 |
United States | 2.1 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 2.2 | 1.6 | -52 | -29 |
Note: Recipiency rate refers to the average
monthly number of AFDC recipients in each state during the given fiscal year
expressed as a percent of the total resident population as of July 1 of that
year. The numerators are from Table TANF 11. Sources: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Census Bureau (resident population by state available online at http://www.census.gov/popest/states/). |
1965 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 1994 | 1996 | 2000 | 2006 | Percent Change | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996-00 | 2000-06 | |||||||||
Alabama | 62 | 96 | 129 | 93 | 96 | 79 | 37 | 35 | -53 | -5 |
Alaska | 4 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 24 | 23 | 15 | 7 | -35 | -55 |
Arizona | 31 | 39 | 38 | 87 | 136 | 118 | 66 | 66 | -44 | -1 |
Arkansas | 23 | 34 | 62 | 51 | 49 | 42 | 22 | 14 | -48 | -38 |
California | 391 | 816 | 932 | 1,294 | 1,804 | 1,805 | 1,163 | 961 | -36 | -17 |
Colorado | 33 | 50 | 53 | 69 | 80 | 68 | 22 | 27 | -68 | 24 |
Connecticut | 43 | 62 | 97 | 81 | 111 | 108 | 50 | 33 | -53 | -34 |
Delaware | 9 | 15 | 22 | 14 | 19 | 16 | 9 | 10 | -41 | 2 |
Dist. of Columbia | 16 | 31 | 59 | 34 | 51 | 48 | 34 | 30 | -29 | -12 |
Florida | 85 | 160 | 184 | 264 | 463 | 395 | 124 | 75 | -68 | -40 |
Georgia | 54 | 150 | 161 | 206 | 274 | 251 | 101 | 55 | -60 | -45 |
Guam | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Hawaii | 10 | 18 | 40 | 29 | 41 | 44 | 50 | 18 | 14 | -64 |
Idaho | 7 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 16 | 16 | 2 | 3 | -88 | 40 |
Illinois | 202 | 283 | 473 | 436 | 486 | 456 | 193 | 73 | -58 | -62 |
Indiana | 36 | 55 | 111 | 105 | 145 | 104 | 74 | 99 | -29 | 33 |
Iowa | 32 | 46 | 69 | 64 | 72 | 59 | 36 | 32 | -39 | -12 |
Kansas | 28 | 41 | 49 | 52 | 59 | 48 | 23 | 31 | -53 | 35 |
Kentucky | 58 | 93 | 118 | 117 | 137 | 120 | 64 | 53 | -47 | -17 |
Louisiana | 79 | 157 | 156 | 199 | 180 | 162 | 59 | 23 | -64 | -61 |
Maine | 14 | 26 | 40 | 35 | 40 | 35 | 22 | 21 | -38 | -2 |
Maryland | 61 | 100 | 145 | 124 | 151 | 140 | 56 | 40 | -60 | -29 |
Massachusetts | 71 | 153 | 228 | 168 | 197 | 153 | 73 | 67 | -53 | -7 |
Michigan | 119 | 190 | 460 | 427 | 439 | 354 | 153 | 160 | -57 | 4 |
Minnesota | 39 | 58 | 91 | 110 | 124 | 116 | 81 | 57 | -30 | -30 |
Mississippi | 66 | 93 | 128 | 129 | 116 | 96 | 27 | 21 | -72 | -20 |
Missouri | 82 | 106 | 135 | 139 | 176 | 162 | 94 | 77 | -42 | -18 |
Montana | 6 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 23 | 21 | 9 | 7 | -58 | -21 |
Nebraska | 12 | 23 | 25 | 29 | 31 | 28 | 20 | 23 | -29 | 18 |
Nevada | 4 | 9 | 8 | 16 | 27 | 27 | 12 | 13 | -56 | 9 |
New Hampshire | 3 | 7 | 15 | 11 | 19 | 16 | 10 | 10 | -39 | 2 |
New Jersey | 79 | 209 | 318 | 213 | 228 | 195 | 102 | 77 | -48 | -25 |
New Mexico | 23 | 39 | 35 | 37 | 66 | 65 | 51 | 31 | -23 | -39 |
New York | 380 | 759 | 759 | 658 | 813 | 771 | 491 | 321 | -36 | -35 |
North Carolina | 83 | 94 | 141 | 152 | 223 | 191 | 76 | 47 | -60 | -38 |
North Dakota | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 5 | -39 | -12 |
Ohio | 136 | 198 | 348 | 414 | 455 | 382 | 180 | 130 | -53 | -28 |
Oklahoma | 55 | 71 | 65 | 77 | 90 | 74 | 28 | 19 | -63 | -33 |
Oregon | 23 | 52 | 65 | 60 | 76 | 60 | 29 | 31 | -52 | 8 |
Pennsylvania | 217 | 307 | 432 | 345 | 417 | 368 | 184 | 173 | -50 | -6 |
Puerto Rico | 161 | 166 | 118 | 130 | 124 | 105 | 64 | 27 | -39 | -57 |
Rhode Island | 18 | 27 | 36 | 30 | 41 | 39 | 34 | 22 | -14 | -33 |
South Carolina | 24 | 40 | 109 | 80 | 102 | 89 | 32 | 31 | -64 | -1 |
South Dakota | 8 | 12 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 5 | 5 | -54 | -7 |
Tennessee | 58 | 99 | 115 | 144 | 203 | 181 | 107 | 132 | -41 | 23 |
Texas | 68 | 162 | 225 | 428 | 549 | 484 | 252 | 139 | -48 | -45 |
Utah | 16 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 33 | 27 | 16 | 14 | -40 | -16 |
Vermont | 4 | 8 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 10 | 8 | -34 | -25 |
Virgin Islands | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | -38 | -58 |
Virginia | 35 | 66 | 116 | 104 | 134 | 114 | 55 | 58 | -52 | 5 |
Washington | 50 | 76 | 97 | 148 | 187 | 177 | 115 | 95 | -35 | -17 |
West Virginia | 80 | 65 | 58 | 68 | 72 | 62 | 22 | 19 | -64 | -14 |
Wisconsin | 34 | 60 | 142 | 158 | 153 | 123 | 34 | 34 | -72 | 0 |
Wyoming | 3 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 1 | 0 | -90 | -49 |
United States | 3,242 | 5,483 | 7,320 | 7,755 | 9,611 | 8,672 | 4,598 | 3,561 | -47 | -23 |
Note: From FY 2000 onward, TANF child recipients
include both TANF and SSP child recipients. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance (available online at http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/ofa/caseload/caseloadindex.htm). |
1965 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 1994 | 1996 | 2000 | 2006 | Percent Change | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996-00 | 2000-06 | |||||||||
Alabama | 4.6 | 7.7 | 11.1 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 7.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | -55 | -5 |
Alaska | 3.1 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 12.8 | 12.4 | 7.9 | 3.7 | -36 | -53 |
Arizona | 4.8 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 8.6 | 12.1 | 9.7 | 4.7 | 4.0 | -52 | -14 |
Arkansas | 3.1 | 5.2 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 3.2 | 2.0 | -49 | -39 |
Colorado | 4.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 6.8 | 1.9 | 2.3 | -72 | 20 |
Connecticut | 4.4 | 6.1 | 11.8 | 10.8 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 5.9 | 4.1 | -57 | -31 |
Delaware | 4.7 | 7.5 | 13.4 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 8.9 | 4.9 | 4.7 | -45 | -5 |
Dist. of Columbia | 6.0 | 13.8 | 40.9 | 30.7 | 44.5 | 44.1 | 31.4 | 26.5 | -29 | -16 |
Florida | 4.3 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 14.1 | 11.6 | 3.3 | 1.9 | -71 | -44 |
Georgia | 3.2 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 11.8 | 14.6 | 12.8 | 4.6 | 2.2 | -64 | -51 |
Hawaii | 3.6 | 6.5 | 14.5 | 10.5 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 17.2 | 6.0 | 19 | -65 |
Idaho | 2.7 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | -89 | 32 |
Illinois | 5.3 | 7.5 | 14.6 | 14.8 | 15.7 | 14.4 | 6.0 | 2.3 | -58 | -62 |
Indiana | 2.0 | 3.0 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 9.8 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 6.2 | -33 | 34 |
Iowa | 3.2 | 4.7 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 8.2 | 5.0 | 4.5 | -38 | -12 |
Kansas | 3.5 | 5.4 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 3.2 | 4.4 | -54 | 36 |
Kentucky | 4.9 | 8.3 | 10.9 | 12.4 | 14.1 | 12.4 | 6.7 | 5.3 | -46 | -21 |
Louisiana | 5.5 | 11.3 | 11.8 | 16.5 | 14.6 | 13.3 | 4.9 | 2.1 | -63 | -57 |
Maine | 3.9 | 7.7 | 12.5 | 11.5 | 13.1 | 11.8 | 7.5 | 7.6 | -36 | 1 |
Maryland | 4.6 | 7.3 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 12.0 | 11.1 | 4.1 | 2.9 | -63 | -29 |
Massachusetts | 3.8 | 8.1 | 15.3 | 12.4 | 13.9 | 10.6 | 4.9 | 4.7 | -53 | -6 |
Michigan | 3.7 | 5.8 | 16.7 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 13.9 | 5.9 | 6.4 | -57 | 9 |
Minnesota | 2.9 | 4.2 | 7.7 | 9.4 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 6.4 | 4.5 | -32 | -29 |
Mississippi | 7.0 | 11.1 | 15.7 | 17.6 | 15.3 | 12.7 | 3.5 | 2.8 | -72 | -20 |
Missouri | 5.2 | 6.9 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 12.9 | 11.6 | 6.6 | 5.4 | -43 | -18 |
Montana | 2.0 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 3.8 | 3.1 | -57 | -18 |
Nebraska | 2.3 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 5.2 | -28 | 17 |
Nevada | 2.5 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 5.0 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 2.2 | 2.1 | -66 | -7 |
New Hampshire | 1.4 | 2.6 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 3.1 | 3.3 | -42 | 7 |
New Jersey | 3.4 | 8.8 | 16.0 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 9.9 | 4.9 | 3.7 | -51 | -24 |
New Mexico | 5.2 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 13.5 | 13.1 | 10.1 | 6.1 | -23 | -39 |
New York | 6.3 | 13.0 | 16.2 | 15.4 | 18.0 | 17.0 | 10.6 | 7.1 | -37 | -33 |
North Carolina | 4.4 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 12.6 | 10.4 | 3.8 | 2.2 | -63 | -42 |
North Dakota | 2.3 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 3.3 | -34 | -6 |
Ohio | 3.6 | 5.3 | 11.2 | 14.9 | 16.0 | 13.4 | 6.3 | 4.7 | -53 | -25 |
Oklahoma | 6.4 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 9.1 | 10.4 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 2.1 | -63 | -34 |
Oregon | 3.3 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 9.7 | 7.4 | 3.4 | 3.6 | -55 | 8 |
Pennsylvania | 5.5 | 8.0 | 13.8 | 12.3 | 14.4 | 12.8 | 6.3 | 6.2 | -50 | -3 |
Rhode Island | 5.9 | 9.1 | 14.7 | 13.4 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 13.8 | 9.4 | -16 | -32 |
South Carolina | 2.3 | 4.2 | 11.6 | 8.7 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | -66 | -7 |
South Dakota | 3.1 | 5.0 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | -53 | -5 |
Tennessee | 4.2 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 11.8 | 15.7 | 13.7 | 7.7 | 9.2 | -44 | 19 |
Texas | 1.7 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 8.7 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 4.2 | 2.1 | -52 | -49 |
Utah | 3.7 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 1.7 | -42 | -25 |
Vermont | 2.7 | 5.4 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 7.2 | 5.8 | -33 | -20 |
Virginia | 2.2 | 4.1 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | -56 | 2 |
Washington | 4.7 | 6.5 | 8.5 | 11.3 | 13.3 | 12.4 | 7.6 | 6.2 | -39 | -18 |
West Virginia | 12.2 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 15.7 | 16.8 | 14.6 | 5.5 | 4.9 | -62 | -12 |
Wisconsin | 2.2 | 3.8 | 10.5 | 12.1 | 11.4 | 9.1 | 2.5 | 2.6 | -73 | 3 |
Wyoming | 2.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | -89 | -48 |
United States | 4.4 | 7.6 | 11.3 | 11.9 | 14.0 | 12.4 | 6.3 | 4.8 | -49 | -18 |
Note: Recipiency rate refers to the average
monthly number of AFDC child recipients in each State during the given fiscal
year as a percent of the resident population under 18 years of age as of
July 1 of that year. The numerators are from Table TANF 13. Sources: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Census Bureau (resident population by state and age available online at http://www.census.gov/popest/states/). |
Families | All Recipients | Child Recipients | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TANF | SSP | Total | TANF | SSP | Total | TANF | SSP | Total | |
Alabama | 19.2 | 0.3 | 19.4 | 44.7 | 1.0 | 45.7 | 34.8 | 0.5 | 35.4 |
Alaska | 3.6 | | 3.6 | 9.8 | | 9.8 | 6.8 | | 6.8 |
Arizona | 39.6 | | 39.6 | 87.4 | | 87.4 | 65.7 | | 65.7 |
Arkansas | 8.2 | | 8.2 | 17.9 | | 17.9 | 13.7 | | 13.7 |
California | 449.3 | 38.4 | 487.8 | 1,048.0 | 150.4 | 1,198.3 | 865.9 | 95.5 | 961.3 |
Colorado | 14.5 | | 14.5 | 37.4 | | 37.4 | 27.0 | | 27.0 |
Connecticut | 18.5 | 3.9 | 22.3 | 36.8 | 11.5 | 48.4 | 26.5 | 6.8 | 33.4 |
Delaware | 5.5 | 0.1 | 5.6 | 12.2 | 0.4 | 12.6 | 9.3 | 0.2 | 9.5 |
Dist. of Columbia | 15.7 | 0.5 | 16.2 | 38.7 | 1.3 | 40.0 | 29.7 | 0.8 | 30.5 |
Florida | 52.5 | 0.9 | 53.3 | 86.4 | 3.4 | 89.8 | 73.4 | 1.6 | 75.1 |
Georgia | 31.8 | 0.1 | 31.9 | 62.6 | 0.4 | 62.9 | 54.7 | 0.2 | 54.9 |
Guam | 3.1 | | 3.1 | 10.8 | | 10.8 | | | 0.0 |
Hawaii | 7.0 | 2.5 | 9.4 | 17.4 | 9.1 | 26.5 | 12.5 | 5.5 | 18.0 |
Idaho | 1.8 | | 1.8 | 3.1 | | 3.1 | 2.6 | | 2.6 |
Illinois | 36.3 | 0.9 | 37.2 | 90.1 | 1.8 | 91.9 | 72.5 | 0.7 | 73.2 |
Indiana | 42.5 | 2.1 | 44.6 | 119.3 | 10.4 | 129.7 | 92.7 | 5.9 | 98.6 |
Iowa | 16.7 | 4.4 | 21.1 | 40.2 | 9.0 | 49.2 | 28.5 | 3.2 | 31.7 |
Kansas | 17.2 | | 17.2 | 45.0 | | 45.0 | 30.7 | | 30.7 |
Kentucky | 33.1 | | 33.1 | 69.9 | | 69.9 | 53.1 | | 53.1 |
Louisiana | 11.9 | | 11.9 | 26.7 | | 26.7 | 23.1 | | 23.1 |
Maine | 9.3 | 1.9 | 11.2 | 24.8 | 7.1 | 31.9 | 17.0 | 4.5 | 21.4 |
Maryland | 20.4 | 2.8 | 23.2 | 46.9 | 7.2 | 54.0 | 35.3 | 4.8 | 40.1 |
Massachusetts | 46.6 | 1.3 | 47.9 | 93.4 | 4.9 | 98.2 | 65.0 | 2.5 | 67.5 |
Michigan | 83.0 | | 83.0 | 219.8 | | 219.8 | 159.8 | | 159.8 |
Minnesota | 27.5 | 3.0 | 30.5 | 66.8 | 13.5 | 80.4 | 49.3 | 7.5 | 56.9 |
Mississippi | 13.4 | | 13.4 | 27.8 | | 27.8 | 21.3 | | 21.3 |
Missouri | 38.7 | 5.6 | 44.3 | 93.7 | 19.2 | 112.9 | 65.7 | 11.0 | 76.7 |
Montana | 3.8 | | 3.8 | 9.9 | | 9.9 | 6.8 | | 6.8 |
Nebraska | 10.1 | 2.7 | 12.8 | 24.3 | 9.0 | 33.3 | 17.7 | 5.3 | 23.0 |
Nevada | 5.4 | 1.6 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 5.0 | 17.2 | 10.1 | 3.0 | 13.1 |
New Hampshire | 6.1 | 0.2 | 6.3 | 13.7 | 0.6 | 14.4 | 9.5 | 0.4 | 9.9 |
New Jersey | 40.8 | 2.0 | 42.8 | 101.1 | 8.2 | 109.2 | 72.4 | 4.3 | 76.7 |
New Mexico | 16.9 | | 16.9 | 43.0 | | 43.0 | 31.1 | | 31.1 |
New York | 134.9 | 43.1 | 178.0 | 307.9 | 147.2 | 455.2 | 225.1 | 96.1 | 321.2 |
North Carolina | 30.2 | | 30.2 | 58.8 | | 58.8 | 47.5 | | 47.5 |
North Dakota | 2.7 | | 2.7 | 6.8 | | 6.8 | 4.8 | | 4.8 |
Ohio | 79.5 | | 79.5 | 170.2 | | 170.2 | 130.0 | | 130.0 |
Oklahoma | 10.2 | | 10.2 | 22.5 | | 22.5 | 18.5 | | 18.5 |
Oregon | 18.5 | | 18.5 | 41.8 | | 41.8 | 31.2 | | 31.2 |
Pennsylvania | 94.7 | | 94.7 | 245.1 | | 245.1 | 173.4 | | 173.4 |
Puerto Rico | 14.3 | | 14.3 | 38.8 | | 38.8 | 27.4 | | 27.4 |
Rhode Island | 9.7 | 2.6 | 12.3 | 24.0 | 7.5 | 31.5 | 16.8 | 5.6 | 22.4 |
South Carolina | 15.7 | 2.4 | 18.1 | 35.5 | 6.9 | 42.4 | 27.2 | 4.1 | 31.3 |
South Dakota | 2.8 | | 2.8 | 6.1 | | 6.1 | 5.1 | | 5.1 |
Tennessee | 68.1 | 1.2 | 69.4 | 180.0 | 4.8 | 184.8 | 129.3 | 2.9 | 132.2 |
Texas | 70.8 | 1.9 | 72.7 | 160.8 | 8.2 | 169.1 | 134.5 | 4.4 | 138.9 |
Utah | 7.5 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 18.2 | 0.1 | 18.4 | 13.5 | 0.1 | 13.6 |
Vermont | 4.4 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 10.9 | 1.0 | 11.9 | 7.1 | 0.6 | 7.7 |
Virgin Islands | 0.4 | | 0.4 | 1.2 | | 1.2 | 0.9 | | 0.9 |
Virginia | 9.1 | 25.8 | 35.0 | 26.0 | 56.3 | 82.4 | 16.7 | 41.0 | 57.6 |
Washington | 54.2 | 1.9 | 56.1 | 128.3 | 7.9 | 136.2 | 90.5 | 4.7 | 95.2 |
West Virginia | 10.9 | 0.6 | 11.5 | 23.7 | 2.6 | 26.4 | 17.7 | 1.3 | 19.0 |
Wisconsin | 18.0 | 0.3 | 18.3 | 39.5 | 1.5 | 41.0 | 32.9 | 1.0 | 33.9 |
Wyoming | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
U.S. Total | 1,807 | 155 | 1,962 | 4,229 | 517 | 4,746 | 3,234 | 326 | 3,561 |
Note: Some states provide cash and other forms
of assistance to specific categories of families (e.g., two-parent families)
under Separate State Programs (SSPs) funded out of Maintenance of Effort
(MOE) dollars rather than federal TANF funds. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance (available online at http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/ofa/caseload/caseloadindex.htm). |
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[1] Many states limit TANF assistance to less than the 60-month federal maximum.
[2] Separate State Programs (SSP) refer to programs funded by state MOE contributions. Some states have additional programs that are similar to TANF, but are not funded by TANF or MOE sources. These programs are sometimes called Solely State Funded programs and are excluded from any federal work standards and the 60-month limit on assistance. Since States do not report data on these programs they are not included in any of the tables in this report.
[3] States are allowed to use TANF funds on a variety of services, including employment and training services, domestic violence services, child care, transportation, and other support services. Families receiving such services, however, generally should not be counted as recipients of TANF assistance. Under the final regulations for TANF, assistance primarily includes payments directed at ongoing basic needs. It includes payments when individuals are participating in community service and work experience (or other work activities) as a condition of receiving payments (e.g., workfare). In addition, the definition also includes certain child care and transportation benefits when families are not employed. It excludes, however, such things as: non-recurrent, short-term benefits; services without a cash value, such as education and training, case management, job search, and counseling; and benefits such as child care and transportation when provided to employed families.
[4] States began submitting caseload data on SSPs in FY 2000.
[5] Family characteristics in Table TANF 7 may differ from those reported in Chapter II because the administrative data focus on the assistance unit, whereas the survey-based data in Chapter II often use a broader family unit definition. For example, grandparents, adult siblings, aunts, uncles, and other adult relatives living in the same household as the recipient children may be excluded from the assistance unit and thus the administrative data, yet be included in survey data on the family in which the TANF recipient resides.
[6] Note that these figures include recipients in SSPs, who are sometimes omitted from TANF caseload statistics reported by the Department.
[7] Not all of these adults are participating in enough hours to meet the TANF Work Participation Rate requirement.
[8] The percentages in this paragraph do not include cases served by SSP programs. In FY 2006, 14.2 percent of SSP caseloads funded by MOE did not have an adult in the assistance unit compared to 47.2 percent of families served through the main TANF programs.
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The Food Stamp Program (FSP), administered by the U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service, is the largest food assistance program in the country, reaching more poor individuals over the course of a year than any other public assistance program. Unlike many other public assistance programs, FSP has few categorical requirements for eligibility, such as the presence of children, elderly, or disabled individuals in a household. As a result, the program offers assistance to a large and diverse population of needy persons, many of whom are not eligible for other forms of assistance.
The Food Stamp Program was designed primarily to supplement the food purchasing power of eligible low-income households so they can buy a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet. Participating households are expected to be able to devote 30 percent of their counted monthly cash income (after adjusting for various deductions) to food purchases. Food stamp benefits then make up the difference between the households expected contribution to its food costs and an amount judged to be sufficient to buy an adequate low-cost diet. This amount, the maximum food stamp benefit level, is derived from USDAs lowest-cost food plan, the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP).
The federal government is responsible for virtually all of the rules that govern the program, and, with limited variations, these rules are nationally uniform, as are the benefit levels. Nonetheless, states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands, through their local welfare offices, have primary responsibility for the day-to-day administration of the program. They determine eligibility, calculate benefits, and issue food stamp allotments. The Food Stamp Act provides 100 percent federal funding of food stamp benefits. States and other jurisdictions have responsibility for about half the cost of state and local food stamp agency administration.
In addition to the regular Food Stamp Program, the Food Stamp Act authorizes alternative programs in Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa. The largest of these, the Nutrition Assistance Program in Puerto Rico, was funded under a federal block grant of nearly $1.6 billion in 2006. Unless noted otherwise, the food stamp caseload and expenditure data in this Appendix exclude costs for the Nutrition Assistance Program (NAP) in Puerto Rico. (Prior to 2004, editions of this Appendix included NAP, but caseload and expenditure data in this Appendix are now limited to the Food Stamp Program, to be consistent with FSP data published by the USDA.)
The Food Stamp Program is available to nearly all financially needy households. To be eligible for food stamps, a household must meet eligibility criteria for gross and net income, asset holdings, work requirements, and citizenship or immigration status. The FSP benefit unit is the household. Generally, individuals living together constitute a household if they customarily purchase and prepare meals together. The income, expenses and assets of the household members are combined to determine program eligibility and benefit allotment.
Certain households are categorically eligible for food stamps and therefore not subject to income or asset limits. Households are categorically eligible if all of their members receive SSI, cash or in-kind TANF benefits, or General Assistance.
Monthly income is the most important determinant of household eligibility. Except for categorically-eligible households, or households containing elderly or disabled members, gross income cannot exceed 130 percent of poverty. After certain amounts are deducted for living expenses, working expenses, dependent care expenses, excess shelter expenses, child support payment, and - for elderly/disabled households - medical expenses, net income cannot exceed 100 percent of poverty. Non categorically-eligible households also must not have more than $2,000 in assets comprised of cash, savings, stocks and bonds, and in some states some vehicles; households with an elderly or disabled member can have up to $3,000 in countable assets.
All nonexempt adult applicants for food stamps must register for work. To maintain eligibility, they must accept a suitable job, if offered one, and fulfill any work, job search, or training requirements established by the FSP office. Nondisabled adults living in households without children can receive benefits for three months only, unless they work or participate in work-related activities. Participation is restricted for certain groups, including students, strikers, and people who are institutionalized. Legal immigrants who are disabled, under age 18, were admitted as refugees or asylees, or have at least five years of legal US residency are eligible; all other noncitizens are not.
Food stamp benefits are a function of a households size, its net monthly income, its assets, and maximum monthly benefit levels. Allotments are not taxable and food stamp purchases may not be charged sales taxes. Receipt of food stamps does not affect eligibility for or benefits provided by other welfare programs, although some programs use food stamp participation as a trigger for eligibility and others take into account the general availability of food stamps in deciding what level of benefits to provide.
Title IV and subtitle A of title VIII of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) made major changes to the Food Stamp Program, including strong work requirements on able-bodied adults without dependent children, restricted eligibility of legal immigrants, and a reduction in maximum benefits. These three provisions, and subsequent amendments, are discussed below; their impact on program participation and expenditures begins to appear in food stamp administrative data for 1997, with the fuller impact shown in data for 1998 and beyond.
First, a work requirement was added for able-bodied adult food stamp recipients without dependents (ABAWDs). Unless exempt, ABAWDs between the ages of 18 and 59 are not eligible for benefits for more than 3 months in every 36-month period unless they are: (1) working at least 20 hours a week; (2) participating in and complying with a work program for at least 20 hours a week; or (3) participating in and complying with a workfare program. Under the original legislation, the Department of Agriculture was authorized to waive application of the work requirement to any group of individuals at the request of the state agency, if a determination was made that the area where they reside has an unemployment rate over 10 percent or does not have a sufficient number of jobs to provide them employment. The provision was further moderated under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-33), which allowed states to exempt up to 15 percent of the ABAWD caseload (beyond those subject to waivers) and which increased funds for the food stamp employment and training program for the creation of job slots for able-bodied adults subject to time limits.
Separately, title IV of PRWORA (Public Law 104-193) made significant changes in the eligibility of noncitizens for food stamp benefits. As first enacted, most qualified aliens, including legal immigrants (illegal aliens were already ineligible) were barred from receiving food stamps until citizenship. Subsequently, the Agriculture Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-185) restored food stamp eligibility to certain groups of qualified aliens who were legally residing in the United States before passage of PRWORA on August 22, 1996 and were over 65 years of age on that date or were under age 18 or disabled.
Finally, the 1996 legislation restrained growth in future program expenditures by making changes in the benefit structure for eligible participants, including a reduction in the maximum food stamp allotment. Other provisions of the 1996 act disqualified from eligibility those convicted of drug-related felonies and gave states the option to disqualify individuals, both custodial and non-custodial parents, from food stamps when they do not cooperate with child support agencies or are in arrears in their child support.
Between 1996 and 2001, regulatory and legislative changes were made to increase access to food stamps among working poor families. Regulatory changes announced in July 1999 and expanded in November 2000 allowed states to reduce reporting requirements and made it easier for working families to report income changes on a semiannual basis. Under the November 2000 regulations, states also were given the option of providing a three-month transitional food stamp benefit to most families leaving TANF. Regulations that went into effect in 2001 expanded categorical eligibility to those receiving noncash TANF benefits, excluded vehicles with little equity from the assets test, and eliminated the equity test for most vehicles. In addition, the Agriculture Appropriations Bill for 2001 (Public Law 106-387) provided states with the option of liberalizing the treatment of vehicle assets to align with the states TANF rules on vehicle eligibility. These changes were intended to address concerns that some of the decline in food stamp caseloads may be leaving poor families without nutritional assistance as they make the transition from welfare dependence to full self-sufficiency.
The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 also known as the 2002 Farm Bill reauthorized the Food Stamp Program through fiscal year 2007. This law brought a number of significant changes to the program, including some that supersede earlier changes made through PRWORA and subsequent FSP legislation and regulations. Specifically, the 2002 Farm Bill restores food stamp eligibility to legal immigrants who have lived in the country at least five years and to legal immigrants receiving disability benefits, regardless of entry date. Children of legal immigrants also are eligible for food stamps regardless of entry date. Effective in fiscal year 2004, the requirement that income and resources of an immigrants sponsor be counted in determining the eligibility and benefit amounts for immigrant children was eliminated. Each provision became effective at a different time, but all restorations were in effect by October 1, 2003.
The 2002 Farm Bill also increased the asset limit from $2,000 to $3,000 for households with a disabled member, making it consistent with the limit for households with elderly, and replaced the fixed standard deduction with a deduction that varies according to household size and is indexed to cost-of-living increases, in recognition of the higher expenses larger households incur. For households in the 48 contiguous states and DC, Alaska, Hawaii and the Virgin Islands, the deduction is set at 8.31 percent of the applicable net income limit based on household size. (Households in Guam will receive a slightly higher deduction.) No household receives an amount less than the previous fixed standard deduction or more than the standard deduction for a household of six.
Other 2002 Farm Bill changes include the authorization of $5 million per year for education and outreach grants to help inform the low-income public of their eligibility for food stamps, and increased flexibility for states in spending Employment and Training program funds to promote work. States also are now allowed to extend from three months to up to five months the period of time households may receive transitional food stamp benefits when they lose TANF cash assistance. Benefits are equal to the amount the household received prior to termination of TANF with adjustments in income for the loss of TANF. This change helps individuals moving off cash assistance to make the transition from welfare to work.
The 2002 Farm Bill also implemented a number of administrative reforms and program simplifications, including:
The following six tables and accompanying figure provide information about the Food Stamp Program:
Food Stamp Caseload Trends (Table FSP 1). Average monthly food stamp participation was 26.7 million persons in fiscal year 2006, excluding the participants in Puerto Ricos block grant. This represents a significant increase over the fiscal year 2000 record-low average of 17.2 million participants. It is, however, still below the peak of 27.5 million recipients in fiscal year 1994. See also Table IND 3b and Table IND 4b in Chapter II for further data trends in food stamp caseload, specifically, food stamp recipiency and participation rates.
Considerable research has demonstrated that the Food Stamp Program is responsive to economic changes, with participation increasing in times of economic downturns and decreasing in times of economic growth (see Figure FSP 1). Economic conditions alone did not explain the caseload growth in the late 1980s and early 1990s, however. Studies suggest that a variety of factors contributed to this caseload growth, including a weak economy and higher rates of unemployment, expansions in Medicaid eligibility, the legalization of 3 million undocumented immigrants, and longer participation spells (McConnell, 1991; Gleason, 1998).
The decline in participation from 1994 to 2000 was caused by several factors, according to studies of this period. Part of the decline is associated with the strong economy in the second half of the 1990s. However, participation fell more sharply than expected during this period of sustained economic growth. Some of the decline reflected restrictions on the eligibility of noncitizens and time limits for unemployed nondisabled childless adults. Participation fell most rapidly among the following three groups: noncitizens and their US-born children, unemployed nondisabled childless adults, and persons receiving cash welfare benefits. As people left the welfare rolls, many also stopped participating in food stamps, even while remaining eligible (Genser, 1999; Wilde et al., 2000; Gleason et al., 2001; Kornfeld, 2002).
The increase in FSP participation from 2000 to 2005 occurred during a period when unemployment increased from four percent to five percent, eligibility was restored to many legal immigrants, states took advantage of opportunities to expand categorical eligibility to those receiving noncash TANF benefits and services and to liberalize the treatment of vehicles, and the Food and Nutrition Service was encouraging states to conduct outreach efforts and simplify the program. In addition, the proportion of eligible households participating in the Food Stamp Program, increased from 50 percent in 2000 to 59 percent in 2005. Between 2000 and 2005, food stamp participation increased by 3.6 million households (see Table IND 4b). Part of this increase was associated with an increase in the number of eligible households and part was associated with an increased participation rate among those households that were eligible.
Food Stamp Expenditures. Total program costs, shown in Table FSP 2, were higher in 2005 and 2006 than in 2004, reflecting the increase in participation during that period as well as an increase in average benefits. Total federal program costs were $32.8 billion in 2006, $32.2 billion in 2005, and $29.0 billion in 2004 (after adjusting for inflation). Average monthly benefits per person, also shown in Table FSP 2, were $94.30 per person in 2006, $96.00 in 2005 and $92.10 in 2004 (after adjusting for inflation). The personal monthly benefit decreased 1.8 percent between 2005 and 2006.
Food Stamp Household Characteristics. As shown in Table FSP 3, the proportion of food stamp households with earnings has increased, from about 20 percent for most of the 1980s and early 1990s, to 30 percent in 2006. At the same time, the proportion of households with income from AFDC/TANF has declined, from 42 percent in 1990 to 13 percent in 2006, following the dramatic decline in AFDC/TANF caseloads. Over half of all food stamp households have children, although the proportion has declined from over 60 percent in most of the 1980s and early 1990s to 52 percent in 2006. The majority (87 percent in 2006) of households have incomes below the federal poverty guidelines.
Figure FSP 1.
Persons Receiving Food Stamps: 19622006
(In millions)
Note: Shaded areas are periods of recession as determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research.Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, data published online at http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/fssummar.htm and unpublished data from the Food Stamps National Data Bank.
Fiscal Year |
Food Stamp Participants | Participants as a Percent of: | Child Participants as a Percent of: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Including Territories 1 (thousands) |
Excluding Territories (thousands) |
Children Excld. Terr. (thousands) |
Total Population 2 |
All Poor Persons 2 |
Total Child Population 2 |
Children in Poverty 2 |
|
1962 | 6,554 | 6,554 | NA | 3.5 | 17.0 | NA | NA |
1965 | 5,167 | 5,167 | NA | 2.7 | 15.6 | NA | NA |
1970 | 8,317 | 8,317 | NA | 4.1 | 32.7 | NA | NA |
1971 | 13,010 | 13,010 | NA | 6.3 | 50.9 | NA | NA |
1972 | 14,111 | 14,111 | NA | 6.7 | 57.7 | NA | NA |
1973 | 14,607 | 14,607 | NA | 6.9 | 63.6 | NA | NA |
1974 | 14,288 | 14,288 | NA | 6.7 | 61.1 | NA | NA |
1975 4 | 17,152 | 16,320 | NA | 7.6 | 63.1 | NA | NA |
1976 | 18,628 | 17,033 | 9,126 | 7.8 | 68.2 | 13.8 | 88.8 |
1977 | 17,161 | 15,604 | NA | 7.1 | 63.1 | NA | NA |
1978 | 16,077 | 14,405 | NA | 6.5 | 58.8 | NA | NA |
1979 5 | 17,758 | 15,942 | NA | 7.1 | 61.1 | NA | NA |
1980 | 21,173 | 19,253 | 9,876 | 8.5 | 65.8 | 15.5 | 85.6 |
1981 | 22,518 | 20,655 | 9,803 | 9.0 | 64.6 | 15.5 | 78.4 |
1982 | 21,808 | 20,392 | 9,591 | 8.8 | 59.3 | 15.3 | 70.3 |
1983 | 21,727 | 20,095 | 10,910 | 8.6 | 61.4 | 17.4 | 78.4 |
1984 | 20,854 | 20,796 | 10,492 | 8.8 | 61.7 | 16.8 | 78.2 |
1985 | 19,899 | 19,847 | 9,906 | 8.3 | 60.0 | 15.7 | 75.3 |
1986 | 19,429 | 19,381 | 9,844 | 8.1 | 59.9 | 15.7 | 76.5 |
1987 | 19,113 | 19,072 | 9,771 | 7.9 | 59.2 | 15.5 | 76.1 |
1988 | 18,645 | 18,613 | 9,351 | 7.6 | 58.6 | 14.8 | 75.1 |
1989 | 18,806 | 18,778 | 9,429 | 7.6 | 59.6 | 14.9 | 74.9 |
1990 | 20,049 | 20,020 | 10,127 | 8.0 | 59.6 | 15.8 | 75.4 |
1991 | 22,625 | 22,599 | 11,952 | 8.9 | 63.3 | 18.3 | 83.3 |
1992 | 25,406 | 25,370 | 13,349 | 9.9 | 66.7 | 20.1 | 87.3 |
1993 | 26,982 | 26,952 | 14,196 | 10.4 | 68.6 | 21.0 | 90.3 |
1994 | 27,468 | 27,433 | 14,391 | 10.4 | 72.1 | 21.0 | 94.1 |
1995 | 26,619 | 26,579 | 13,860 | 10.0 | 73.0 | 20.0 | 94.5 |
1996 | 25,543 | 25,495 | 13,189 | 9.5 | 69.8 | 18.8 | 91.2 |
1997 | 22,858 | 22,820 | 11,847 | 8.4 | 64.1 | 16.7 | 83.9 |
1998 | 19,791 | 19,748 | 10,524 | 7.2 | 57.3 | 14.7 | 78.1 |
1999 | 18,183 | 18,146 | 9,332 | 6.5 | 55.3 | 13.0 | 76.0 |
2000 | 17,194 | 17,156 | 8,743 | 6.1 | 54.3 | 12.1 | 75.5 |
2001 | 17,318 | 17,282 | 8,819 | 6.1 | 52.5 | 12.1 | 75.2 |
2002 | 19,096 | 19,059 | 9,688 | 6.6 | 55.1 | 13.3 | 79.8 |
2003 | 21,259 | 21,222 | 10,605 | 7.3 | 59.2 | 14.5 | 82.4 |
2004 | 23,858 | 23,819 | 11,771 | 8.1 | 64.3 | 16.1 | 90.3 |
2005 | 25,718 | 25,677 | 12,405 | 8.7 | 69.5 | 16.9 | 96.2 |
2006 | 26,672 | 26,631 | 12,579 | 8.9 | 73.0 | 17.1 | 98.1 |
1 Total participants includes
all participating states, the District of Columbia, and the territories
(including Puerto Rico from 1975 to 1982a separate Nutrition Assistance
Grant for Puerto Rico was begun in July 1982). From 1962 to 1983 the
number of participants includes the Family Food Assistance Program (FFAP)
that was largely replaced by the FSP in 1975. The FFAP participants
(as of December) for the seven years shown during the period from 1962 to
1974 were respectively: 6,411; 4,742; 3,977; 3,642;
3,002; 2,441; and 1,406 (all in thousands). From 1975 to
1983 the number of FFAP participants averaged only 88 thousand. 2 Includes all participating states and the District of Columbia onlythe territories are excluded from both numerator and denominator. Population numbers used as denominators are the resident population. 3 The pre-transfer poverty population used as denominator is the number of all persons in families or living alone whose income (cash income plus social insurance plus Social Security but before taxes and means-tested transfers) falls below the relevant poverty threshold. See Appendix J, Table 20, 1992 Green Book; data for subsequent years are unpublished Congressional Budget Office tabulations. 4 The first fiscal year in which food stamps were available nationwide. 5 The fiscal year in which the food stamp purchase requirement was eliminated, on a phased-in basis. Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture, data published online at http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/fssummar.htm and unpublished data from the Food Stamps National Data Bank, the House Ways and Means Committee, 1996 Green Book, and U.S. Census Bureau, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006, Current Population Reports, Series P60-233. |
Fiscal Year |
Total Federal Cost (Benefits + Administration) |
Benefits (Federal) (millions) |
Administration1 | Total Program Cost (millions) |
Average Monthly Benefit per Person | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Dollars (millions) |
2006 Dollars2 (millions) |
Federal (millions) |
State & Local (millions) |
Current Dollars | 2006 Dollars2 | |||
1975 | $4,619 | $16,263 | $4,386 | $233 | $175 | $4,794 | $21.30 | $75.00 |
1976 | 5,686 | 18,740 | 5,327 | 359 | 270 | 5,955 | 23.90 | 78.80 |
1977 | 5,461 | 16,755 | 5,067 | 394 | 295 | 5,756 | 24.80 | 76.10 |
1978 | 5,520 | 15,888 | 5,139 | 381 | 285 | 5,805 | 26.60 | 76.60 |
19793 | 6,940 | 18,336 | 6,480 | 460 | 388 | 7,328 | 30.50 | 80.60 |
1980 | 9,206 | 21,890 | 8,721 | 486 | 375 | 9,581 | 34.50 | 82.00 |
1981 | 11,225 | 24,262 | 10,630 | 595 | 504 | 11,729 | 39.50 | 85.40 |
1982 | 10,837 | 21,911 | 10,208 | 628 | 557 | 11,394 | 39.20 | 78.00 |
1983 | 11,847 | 22,901 | 11,152 | 695 | 612 | 12,459 | 43.00 | 83.10 |
19844 | 11,579 | 21,494 | 10,696 | 8835 | 805 | 12,384 | 42.70 | 79.30 |
1985 | 11,703 | 20,972 | 10,744 | 960 | 871 | 12,574 | 45.00 | 80.60 |
1986 | 11,638 | 20,384 | 10,605 | 1,033 | 935 | 12,573 | 45.50 | 79.70 |
1987 | 11,604 | 19,795 | 10,500 | 1,104 | 996 | 12,600 | 45.80 | 78.10 |
1988 | 12,317 | 20,260 | 11,149 | 1,168 | 1,080 | 13,397 | 49.80 | 81.90 |
1989 | 12,902 | 20,358 | 11,670 | 1,232 | 1,101 | 14,033 | 51.70 | 81.90 |
1990 | 15,447 | 23,313 | 14,143 | 1,305 | 1,174 | 16,664 | 58.80 | 88.60 |
1991 | 18,774 | 27,073 | 17,316 | 1,432 | 1,247 | 20,018 | 63.80 | 92.10 |
1992 | 22,462 | 31,662 | 20,906 | 1,557 | 1,375 | 23,837 | 68.60 | 96.70 |
1993 | 23,653 | 32,516 | 22,006 | 1,647 | 1,572 | 25,225 | 68.00 | 93.50 |
1994 | 24,494 | 32,964 | 22,749 | 1,745 | 1,643 | 26,136 | 69.00 | 92.90 |
1995 | 24,620 | 32,365 | 22,764 | 1,856 | 1,748 | 26,368 | 71.30 | 93.70 |
1996 | 24,331 | 31,206 | 22,440 | 1,891 | 1,842 | 26,173 | 73.20 | 93.90 |
1997 | 21,508 | 26,916 | 19,549 | 1,959 | 1,904 | 23,389 | 71.30 | 89.20 |
1998 | 18,988 | 23,415 | 16,891 | 2.098 | 1,988 | 20,876 | 71.10 | 87.70 |
1999 | 17,820 | 21,587 | 15,769 | 2,052 | 1,874 | 19,584 | 72.30 | 87.60 |
2000 | 17,054 | 20,032 | 14,983 | 2,071 | 2,086 | 19,140 | 72.60 | 85.30 |
2001 | 17,790 | 20,250 | 15,547 | 2,242 | 2,233 | 20,023 | 74.80 | 85.10 |
2002 | 20,637 | 23,143 | 18,256 | 2,381 | 2,397 | 23,034 | 79.70 | 89.40 |
2003 | 23,816 | 26,092 | 21,404 | 2,412 | 2,430 | 26,246 | 83.90 | 91.90 |
2004 | 27,098 | 29,018 | 24,619 | 2,479 | 2,500 | 29,598 | 86.00 | 92.10 |
2005 | 31,076 | 32,225 | 28,568 | 2,509 | 2,556 | 33,633 | 92.60 | 96.00 |
2006 | 32,761 | 32,761 | 30,187 | 2,574 | 2,869 | 35,626 | 94.30 | 94.30 |
Note: Total federal cost and the cost of benefits
does include food stamps in Puerto Rico from 1975 to 1982 but does not include
the funding for the Puerto Rico nutrition assistance grant from the last
quarter of FY 1982 (when it replaced Puerto Ricos food stamp program)
to the present. (Puerto Ricos nutrition assistance grant was $778 million
in 1983 and rose to over $1.4 billion in 2004.) 1 Amounts include the federal share of state administrative and Employment and Training costs and certain direct federal administrative costs. They do not generally include approximately $60 million in food stamp-related federal administrative costs budgeted under a separate appropriation account (although estimates prior to 1989 do include estimates of food stamp related federal administrative expenses paid out of other Agriculture Department accounts). State and local costs are estimated based on the known federal shares and represent an estimate of all administrative expenses of participating states. 2 Constant dollar adjustments to 2006 level were made using a CPI-U-RS fiscal year average price index. 3 The fiscal year in which the food stamp purchase requirement was eliminated, on a phased-in basis. 4 Beginning 1984 USDA took over from DHHS the administrative cost of certifying public assistance households for food stamps. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service unpublished data (available at online at http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/fssummar.htm); and the House Ways and Means Committee, 2004 Green Book (available online at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/wmprints/green/2004.html). |
Year 1 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1990 | 1994 | 1996 | 1998 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | |
With Gross Monthly Income: (In Percent) | ||||||||||
Below the Federal Poverty Levels | 87 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 90 | 91 | 90 | 89 | 88 | 87 |
Between the Poverty Levels & 130 percent of the Poverty Levels | 10 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 |
Above 130 Percent of Poverty | 2 | 1 | * | * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
With Earnings | 19 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 30 |
With Public Assistance Income 2 | §§ | §§ | §§ | §§ | §§ | 61 | 59 | 56 | 47 | 41 |
With AFDC/TANF Income | NA | 42 | 42 | 42 | 38 | 37 | 31 | 26 | 17 | 13 |
With SSI Income | 18 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 27 |
With Children | 60 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 58 | 54 | 55 | 52 |
And Female Heads of Household | NA | 47 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 47 | 44 | 44 | 43 |
With No Spouse Present | NA | NA | 39 | 37 | 43 | 43 | 41 | 38 | 37 | 36 |
With Elderly Members 3 | 23 | 22 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 18 | 18 |
Average Household Size | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
1 Data were gathered in August
in the years 1980-84 and during the summer in the years from 1986 to 1994.
Reports from 1995 to the present are based on fiscal year averages. 2 Public assistance income includes: AFDC/TANF, SSI, and general assistance. 3 Elderly members and heads of household include those of age 60 or older. §§ The total percentage of households with public assistance income is approximately equal to the sum of those with AFDC/TANF and SSI income with some small percentage of households receiving both due to having individual members eligible for different forms of assistance (in 1996 just under 6 percent of households received assistance from multiple sources). * Less than 0.5 percent. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation, Characteristics of Food Stamp Households, Fiscal Year 2006, Report No. FSP-07-CHAR (available online at http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/MENU/Published/FSP/participation.htm) and earlier reports. |
Percent Change | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1996 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | 1996-00 | 2000-06 | |
Alabama | $103 | $246 | $318 | $328 | $440 | $344 | $466 | $594 | -22 | 73 |
Alaska | 6 | 27 | 25 | 25 | 54 | 46 | 66 | 86 | -15 | 88 |
Arizona | 41 | 97 | 121 | 239 | 372 | 240 | 498 | 626 | -35 | 161 |
Arkansas | 78 | 122 | 126 | 155 | 224 | 206 | 304 | 414 | -8 | 101 |
California | 361 | 530 | 639 | 968 | 2,555 | 1,639 | 1,806 | 2,377 | -36 | 45 |
Colorado | 44 | 71 | 94 | 156 | 210 | 127 | 203 | 321 | -40 | 154 |
Connecticut | 36 | 59 | 62 | 72 | 175 | 138 | 165 | 239 | -21 | 73 |
Delaware | 6 | 21 | 22 | 25 | 47 | 31 | 48 | 70 | -34 | 125 |
Dist. of Columbia | 31 | 41 | 40 | 43 | 95 | 77 | 90 | 104 | -19 | 36 |
Florida | 207 | 421 | 368 | 609 | 1,296 | 771 | 988 | 1,684 | -40 | 118 |
Georgia | 129 | 264 | 290 | 382 | 703 | 489 | 782 | 1,098 | -30 | 125 |
Guam | 2 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 27 | 36 | 53 | 55 | 34 | 52 |
Hawaii | 23 | 60 | 93 | 81 | 196 | 166 | 156 | 148 | -15 | -11 |
Idaho | 11 | 29 | 36 | 40 | 61 | 46 | 77 | 100 | -25 | 117 |
Illinois | 238 | 394 | 713 | 835 | 1,034 | 777 | 1,053 | 1,503 | -25 | 93 |
Indiana | 58 | 154 | 242 | 226 | 330 | 268 | 484 | 648 | -19 | 142 |
Iowa | 28 | 54 | 107 | 109 | 141 | 100 | 149 | 244 | -29 | 144 |
Kansas | 12 | 38 | 64 | 96 | 135 | 83 | 140 | 188 | -39 | 128 |
Kentucky | 135 | 211 | 332 | 334 | 413 | 337 | 486 | 645 | -18 | 92 |
Louisiana | 148 | 243 | 365 | 549 | 597 | 448 | 685 | 1,032 | -25 | 130 |
Maine | 31 | 60 | 62 | 63 | 113 | 81 | 124 | 169 | -28 | 108 |
Maryland | 76 | 140 | 171 | 203 | 362 | 199 | 257 | 336 | -45 | 69 |
Massachusetts | 75 | 171 | 173 | 207 | 295 | 182 | 254 | 422 | -38 | 132 |
Michigan | 124 | 263 | 541 | 663 | 773 | 457 | 783 | 1,239 | -41 | 171 |
Minnesota | 40 | 62 | 105 | 165 | 221 | 165 | 227 | 282 | -26 | 71 |
Mississippi | 110 | 199 | 264 | 352 | 376 | 226 | 335 | 507 | -40 | 124 |
Missouri | 82 | 142 | 212 | 312 | 480 | 358 | 568 | 740 | -25 | 107 |
Montana | 11 | 18 | 31 | 41 | 58 | 51 | 69 | 90 | -12 | 76 |
Nebraska | 11 | 25 | 44 | 59 | 78 | 61 | 89 | 124 | -21 | 104 |
Nevada | 10 | 15 | 22 | 41 | 91 | 57 | 113 | 124 | -38 | 120 |
New Hampshire | 11 | 22 | 15 | 20 | 42 | 28 | 40 | 58 | -32 | 106 |
New Jersey | 125 | 226 | 260 | 289 | 508 | 304 | 339 | 456 | -40 | 50 |
New Mexico | 48 | 81 | 88 | 117 | 199 | 140 | 184 | 253 | -30 | 82 |
New York | 209 | 726 | 938 | 1,086 | 2,054 | 1,361 | 1,677 | 2,240 | -34 | 65 |
North Carolina | 122 | 234 | 237 | 282 | 547 | 403 | 645 | 921 | -26 | 128 |
North Dakota | 5 | 9 | 16 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 37 | 46 | -22 | 83 |
Ohio | 253 | 382 | 697 | 861 | 934 | 520 | 879 | 1,266 | -44 | 143 |
Oklahoma | 38 | 73 | 134 | 186 | 308 | 208 | 362 | 467 | -32 | 124 |
Oregon | 56 | 80 | 142 | 168 | 259 | 198 | 381 | 463 | -24 | 134 |
Pennsylvania | 175 | 373 | 547 | 661 | 981 | 656 | 785 | 1,182 | -33 | 80 |
Rhode Island | 18 | 31 | 35 | 42 | 78 | 59 | 69 | 81 | -24 | 37 |
South Carolina | 121 | 181 | 194 | 240 | 299 | 249 | 443 | 589 | -17 | 136 |
South Dakota | 8 | 18 | 26 | 35 | 41 | 37 | 51 | 66 | -10 | 80 |
Tennessee | 115 | 282 | 280 | 372 | 542 | 415 | 722 | 976 | -23 | 135 |
Texas | 314 | 514 | 701 | 1,429 | 2,140 | 1,215 | 1,881 | 2,939 | -43 | 142 |
Utah | 12 | 22 | 40 | 71 | 87 | 68 | 102 | 140 | -21 | 106 |
Vermont | 9 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 43 | 32 | 38 | 50 | -26 | 57 |
Virgin Islands | 6 | 19 | 23 | 18 | 42 | 21 | 18 | 21 | -50 | -2 |
Virginia | 63 | 158 | 189 | 247 | 450 | 263 | 366 | 526 | -42 | 100 |
Washington | 70 | 90 | 140 | 229 | 426 | 241 | 394 | 595 | -43 | 146 |
West Virginia | 56 | 87 | 159 | 192 | 252 | 185 | 216 | 266 | -26 | 44 |
Wisconsin | 29 | 68 | 148 | 180 | 198 | 129 | 233 | 347 | -35 | 169 |
Wyoming | 3 | 6 | 15 | 21 | 28 | 19 | 24 | 26 | -34 | 42 |
United States | $4,386 | $8,721 | $10,744 | $14,186 | $22,441 | $14,983 | $21,404 | $30,187 | -33 | 101 |
Note: The totals for 1975 and 1980 include amounts
for Puerto Rico of $366 and $828 million respectively. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service (2000 to 2006 data published online at http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/fsfybft.htm) and unpublished data from the Food Stamp National Data Bank. |
Percent Change | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1996 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | 1996-00 | 2000-06 | |
Alabama | 365 | 583 | 588 | 454 | 509 | 396 | 472 | 547 | -22 | 38 |
Alaska | 15 | 29 | 22 | 25 | 46 | 38 | 51 | 57 | -19 | 52 |
Arizona | 143 | 196 | 206 | 317 | 427 | 259 | 466 | 541 | -39 | 109 |
Arkansas | 267 | 301 | 253 | 235 | 274 | 247 | 310 | 385 | -10 | 56 |
California | 1,455 | 1,493 | 1,615 | 1,937 | 3,143 | 1,830 | 1,709 | 2,000 | -42 | 9 |
Colorado | 150 | 163 | 170 | 221 | 244 | 156 | 208 | 251 | -36 | 61 |
Connecticut | 155 | 170 | 145 | 133 | 223 | 165 | 181 | 210 | -26 | 27 |
Delaware | 26 | 52 | 40 | 33 | 58 | 32 | 46 | 66 | -44 | 104 |
Dist. of Columbia | 122 | 103 | 72 | 62 | 93 | 81 | 82 | 89 | -13 | 10 |
Florida | 647 | 912 | 630 | 781 | 1,371 | 882 | 1,041 | 1,418 | -36 | 61 |
Georgia | 498 | 627 | 567 | 536 | 793 | 559 | 750 | 947 | -29 | 69 |
Guam | 6 | 22 | 20 | 12 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 26 | 25 |
Hawaii | 75 | 102 | 99 | 77 | 130 | 118 | 100 | 88 | -9 | -25 |
Idaho | 39 | 61 | 59 | 59 | 80 | 58 | 82 | 91 | -27 | 57 |
Illinois | 926 | 903 | 1,110 | 1,013 | 1,105 | 817 | 954 | 1,225 | -26 | 50 |
Indiana | 392 | 353 | 406 | 311 | 390 | 300 | 470 | 575 | -23 | 91 |
Iowa | 115 | 141 | 203 | 170 | 177 | 123 | 154 | 226 | -30 | 83 |
Kansas | 58 | 90 | 119 | 142 | 172 | 117 | 161 | 183 | -32 | 57 |
Kentucky | 472 | 468 | 560 | 458 | 486 | 403 | 503 | 589 | -17 | 46 |
Louisiana | 510 | 569 | 644 | 727 | 670 | 500 | 655 | 830 | -25 | 66 |
Maine | 126 | 139 | 114 | 94 | 131 | 102 | 133 | 160 | -22 | 58 |
Maryland | 261 | 324 | 287 | 255 | 375 | 219 | 252 | 305 | -41 | 39 |
Massachusetts | 365 | 453 | 337 | 347 | 374 | 232 | 292 | 432 | -38 | 86 |
Michigan | 619 | 813 | 985 | 917 | 935 | 603 | 838 | 1,134 | -36 | 88 |
Minnesota | 167 | 171 | 228 | 263 | 295 | 196 | 235 | 264 | -33 | 35 |
Mississippi | 376 | 496 | 495 | 499 | 457 | 276 | 356 | 448 | -40 | 62 |
Missouri | 300 | 335 | 362 | 431 | 554 | 423 | 592 | 796 | -24 | 88 |
Montana | 38 | 43 | 58 | 57 | 71 | 59 | 71 | 82 | -16 | 37 |
Nebraska | 49 | 66 | 94 | 95 | 102 | 82 | 99 | 120 | -19 | 45 |
Nevada | 32 | 32 | 32 | 50 | 97 | 61 | 111 | 118 | -37 | 94 |
New Hampshire | 44 | 50 | 28 | 31 | 53 | 36 | 45 | 56 | -31 | 55 |
New Jersey | 490 | 605 | 464 | 382 | 540 | 345 | 339 | 406 | -36 | 18 |
New Mexico | 157 | 185 | 157 | 157 | 235 | 169 | 195 | 245 | -28 | 44 |
New York | 1,291 | 1,759 | 1,834 | 1,548 | 2,099 | 1,439 | 1,436 | 1,786 | -31 | 24 |
North Carolina | 466 | 582 | 474 | 419 | 631 | 488 | 649 | 854 | -23 | 75 |
North Dakota | 19 | 25 | 33 | 39 | 40 | 32 | 40 | 43 | -20 | 34 |
Ohio | 854 | 865 | 1,133 | 1,089 | 1,045 | 610 | 855 | 1,064 | -42 | 74 |
Oklahoma | 171 | 209 | 263 | 267 | 354 | 253 | 380 | 436 | -28 | 72 |
Oregon | 201 | 197 | 228 | 216 | 288 | 234 | 398 | 434 | -19 | 85 |
Pennsylvania | 848 | 980 | 1,032 | 952 | 1,124 | 777 | 823 | 1,092 | -31 | 41 |
Rhode Island | 86 | 87 | 69 | 64 | 91 | 74 | 74 | 73 | -18 | -1 |
South Carolina | 410 | 426 | 373 | 299 | 358 | 295 | 451 | 534 | -18 | 81 |
South Dakota | 33 | 43 | 48 | 50 | 49 | 43 | 51 | 58 | -12 | 36 |
Tennessee | 397 | 624 | 518 | 527 | 638 | 496 | 728 | 870 | -22 | 75 |
Texas | 1,133 | 1,167 | 1,263 | 1,880 | 2,372 | 1,333 | 1,872 | 2,623 | -44 | 97 |
Utah | 46 | 54 | 75 | 99 | 110 | 82 | 106 | 132 | -26 | 61 |
Vermont | 44 | 46 | 44 | 38 | 56 | 41 | 41 | 47 | -28 | 16 |
Virgin Islands | 16 | 34 | 32 | 18 | 31 | 16 | 13 | 13 | -49 | -15 |
Virginia | 257 | 384 | 360 | 346 | 538 | 336 | 393 | 507 | -37 | 51 |
Washington | 253 | 248 | 281 | 340 | 478 | 295 | 404 | 536 | -38 | 82 |
West Virginia | 242 | 209 | 278 | 262 | 300 | 227 | 247 | 268 | -24 | 18 |
Wisconsin | 148 | 215 | 363 | 286 | 283 | 193 | 297 | 368 | -32 | 91 |
Wyoming | 10 | 14 | 27 | 28 | 33 | 22 | 25 | 24 | -32 | 8 |
United States | 17,192 | 21,082 | 19,899 | 20,049 | 25,543 | 17,194 | 21,259 | 26,672 | -33 | 55 |
Note: The totals for 1975 and 1980 include
recipients in Puerto Rico of 810 thousand and 1.86 million respectively. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service (2000 to 2006 data published online at http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/fsfypart.htm) and unpublished data from the National Data Bank. |
Percent Change | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1996 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | 1996-00 | 2000-06 | |
Alabama | 9.9 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 8.9 | 10.5 | 11.9 | -24 | 34 |
Alaska | 4.0 | 7.1 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 8.4 | -21 | 41 |
Arizona | 6.3 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 5.0 | 8.4 | 8.8 | -46 | 75 |
Arkansas | 12.4 | 13.1 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 9.2 | 11.4 | 13.7 | -14 | 49 |
California | 6.8 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 5.5 | -45 | 2 |
Colorado | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 5.3 | -42 | 46 |
Connecticut | 5.0 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 6.0 | -28 | 24 |
Delaware | 4.5 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 5.0 | 7.8 | 4.1 | 5.6 | 7.7 | -48 | 88 |
Dist. of Columbia | 17.2 | 16.1 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 16.2 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 15.2 | -13 | 8 |
Florida | 7.6 | 9.3 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 9.2 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 7.9 | -40 | 43 |
Georgia | 9.8 | 11.4 | 9.5 | 8.2 | 10.6 | 6.8 | 8.6 | 10.1 | -36 | 49 |
Hawaii | 8.4 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 6.9 | 10.8 | 9.7 | 8.1 | 6.9 | -10 | -29 |
Idaho | 4.6 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 6.2 | -33 | 39 |
Illinois | 8.2 | 7.9 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 9.6 | -28 | 46 |
Indiana | 7.3 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 7.6 | 9.1 | -25 | 85 |
Iowa | 4.0 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 7.6 | -32 | 80 |
Kansas | 2.5 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 4.3 | 5.9 | 6.6 | -34 | 54 |
Kentucky | 13.6 | 12.8 | 15.2 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 14.0 | -20 | 41 |
Louisiana | 13.1 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 17.2 | 15.2 | 11.2 | 14.6 | 19.6 | -27 | 75 |
Maine | 11.8 | 12.3 | 9.8 | 7.6 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 10.2 | 12.2 | -24 | 53 |
Maryland | 6.3 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 5.5 | -44 | 32 |
Massachusetts | 6.3 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 6.7 | -40 | 84 |
Michigan | 6.8 | 8.8 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 6.1 | 8.3 | 11.2 | -37 | 85 |
Minnesota | 4.2 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 5.1 | -36 | 29 |
Mississippi | 15.7 | 19.6 | 19.1 | 19.4 | 16.6 | 9.7 | 12.4 | 15.4 | -42 | 59 |
Missouri | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 10.2 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 13.6 | -26 | 81 |
Montana | 5.1 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 6.6 | 7.8 | 8.6 | -18 | 31 |
Nebraska | 3.2 | 4.2 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 6.8 | -21 | 41 |
Nevada | 5.2 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 4.7 | -48 | 57 |
New Hampshire | 5.3 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 4.3 | -35 | 47 |
New Jersey | 6.7 | 8.2 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | -38 | 15 |
New Mexico | 13.5 | 14.1 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 13.4 | 9.3 | 10.4 | 12.6 | -31 | 35 |
New York | 7.2 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 8.6 | 11.3 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 9.3 | -33 | 22 |
North Carolina | 8.4 | 9.9 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 9.6 | -28 | 59 |
North Dakota | 2.9 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 6.7 | -19 | 35 |
Ohio | 7.9 | 8.0 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 5.4 | 7.5 | 9.3 | -42 | 73 |
Oklahoma | 6.2 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 12.2 | -31 | 66 |
Oregon | 8.6 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 6.8 | 11.2 | 11.8 | -23 | 72 |
Pennsylvania | 7.1 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 9.2 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 8.8 | -31 | 39 |
Rhode Island | 9.2 | 9.1 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 8.9 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.9 | -21 | -2 |
South Carolina | 14.1 | 13.6 | 11.3 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 12.3 | -22 | 68 |
South Dakota | 4.8 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 7.4 | -14 | 31 |
Tennessee | 9.3 | 13.6 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.8 | 8.7 | 12.4 | 14.3 | -26 | 65 |
Texas | 9.0 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 11.0 | 12.3 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 11.2 | -48 | 76 |
Utah | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 5.1 | -31 | 40 |
Vermont | 9.1 | 8.9 | 8.2 | 6.8 | 9.5 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 7.6 | -30 | 14 |
Virginia | 5.1 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 8.0 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 6.6 | -41 | 40 |
Washington | 7.0 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 8.6 | 5.0 | 6.6 | 8.4 | -42 | 68 |
West Virginia | 13.1 | 10.7 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 16.4 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 14.8 | -24 | 18 |
Wisconsin | 3.2 | 4.6 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 5.4 | 6.6 | -34 | 84 |
Wyoming | 2.7 | 3.0 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 4.7 | -33 | 4 |
United States | 7.6 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 8.9 | -36 | 47 |
Note: Recipiency rate refers to the average
monthly number of food stamp recipients in each state during the particular
fiscal year expressed as a percent of the total resident population as of
July 1 of that year. The numerator is from Table FSP 5. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service (2000 to 2006 data published online at http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/fsfypart.htm and unpublished data from the National Data Bank; U.S. Census Bureau (population by state available online at http://www.census.gov). |
[ Go to Contents ]
The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program is a means-tested, federally administered income assistance program authorized by title XVI of the Social Security Act. Established in 1972 (Public Law 92-603) and begun in 1974, SSI provides monthly cash payments in accordance with uniform, nationwide eligibility requirements to needy aged, blind and disabled persons. To qualify for SSI payments, a person must satisfy the program criteria for age, blindness, or disability. Children may qualify for SSI if they are under age 18 and meet the applicable SSI disability or blindness, income and resource requirements. Individuals and married couples are eligible for SSI if their countable incomes fall below the federal maximum monthly SSI benefit levels of $623 for an individual and $934 for a married couple (if both are eligible) in fiscal year 2007. SSI eligibility is restricted to qualified persons who have countable resources/assets of not more than $2,000, or $3,000 for a couple.
The Social Security Administration (SSA) administers the SSI program. Since its inception, SSI has been viewed as the program of last resort. Therefore, SSA helps recipients obtain any other public assistance that they are eligible to receive before providing SSI benefits. After evaluating all other income, SSI pays what is necessary to bring an individual to the statutorily prescribed income floor.
Prior to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), no individual could receive both SSI payments and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) benefits. If eligible for both, the individual had to choose which benefit to receive. Generally, the AFDC agency encouraged individuals to file for SSI and, once the SSI payments had started, the individual was removed from the AFDC filing unit. Since states have the authority to set TANF eligibility standards and benefit levels under PRWORA, there is no federal prohibition against individuals receiving both TANF benefits and SSI.
With the exception of California, which converted food stamp benefits to cash payments that are included in the state supplementary payment, SSI recipients may be eligible to receive food stamps. If all household members receive SSI, the household is categorically eligible for food stamps and does not need to meet the Food Stamp Programs financial eligibility standards. If SSI beneficiaries live in households in which other household members do not receive SSI benefits, the household must meet the net income eligibility standard of the Food Stamp Program to be eligible for food stamp benefits.
Public Law 104-121, the Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, prohibited SSI eligibility to individuals whose drug addiction and/or alcoholism (DA&A) is a contributing factor material to the finding of disability. This provision applied to individuals who filed for benefits on or after the date of enactment (March 29, 1996) and to individuals whose claims were finally adjudicated on or after the date of enactment. It applied to current beneficiaries on January 1, 1997.
PRWORA made several changes designed to maintain the SSI programs goal of limiting benefits to severely disabled children. First, the act replaced the former comparable severity test with a new definition of disability specifically for children, based on a medically determinable physical or mental impairment that results in marked and severe functional limitations. Second, SSA discontinued use of the Individualized Functional Assessment (IFA) for children which it had implemented in 1991 following the Supreme Court's decision in Sullivan v Zebley, 493 U.S. 521 (1990).[1] Third, references to maladaptive behaviors in certain sections of the Listing of Impairments (among medical criteria for evaluation of mental and emotional disorders in the domain of personal/behavioral function) were eliminated. The latter two provisions were effective for all new and pending applications upon enactment (August 22, 1996). Beneficiaries who were receiving benefits due to an IFA or under the Listings because of limitations resulting from maladaptive behaviors received notice no later than January 1, 1997, that their benefits might end when their case was redetermined. Additional provisions of PRWORA with impact on enrollment are the requirement that eligibility be redetermined when beneficiaries reach age 18, using the adult disability standard; that "continuing disability reviews" be done for children; and that children who were eligible due to low birth weight have their eligibility redetermined at age one.
Title IV of Public Law 104-193 (PRWORA) also made significant changes in the eligibility of noncitizens for SSI benefits. Some of the restrictions were subsequently moderated by Public Law 104-208, Public Law 106-169, and most notably by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-33), which grandfathered immigrants who were receiving SSI at the time of enactment of the PRWORA. Those immigrants who entered the U.S. after August 22, 1996, may be eligible to receive SSI after having been lawfully admitted for permanent residence. In addition, Public Law 106-386, the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, provides that noncitizens who are victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons in the United States shall be treated as refugees for purposes of SSI and be eligible for SSI benefits for the first 7 years they are in the United States.
Several provisions aimed at reducing SSI fraud and improving recovery of overpayments were enacted in 1999 as part of the Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 (Public Law 106-169). Other legislation enacted in 1999 (Public Law 106-170) provides additional work incentives for disabled beneficiaries of SSI (e.g., the Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program).
The Social Security Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-203), enacted March 2, 2004, introduced program and beneficiary protections covering the use of representative payees and required documentation of changes in beneficiary status. It also extended SSI eligibility to blind or disabled children living with a parent assigned to permanent U.S. military duty outside of the U.S. but who were not receiving SSI while in the U.S. Furthermore, Public Law 109-163 provides that individuals who were made ineligible for SSI because of their spouses or parents being called to active military duty would not have to file a new application for SSI benefits if they again could be eligible for benefits before the end of 24 consecutive months of ineligibility.
The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-171) included two SSI program reforms, designed to improve the accuracy of disability determinations and benefit awards, among other program goals.
The following tables and figures provide SSI program data:
SSI Caseload Trends (Tables SSI 1 and SSI 2 and Figure SSI 1). From 1990 to 1995, the number of SSI beneficiaries increased from 4.8 million to 6.5 million, an average growth rate of over 7 percent per year. Between 1995 and 2000, the number of beneficiaries fluctuated between 6.5 and 6.6 million persons. Between 2000 and 2006, the caseload increased from 6.6 to 7.2 million beneficiaries, an average annual growth rate of 1.5 percent. Table SSI 1 presents information on the total number of persons receiving SSI payments in December of each year from 1974 through 2006, and also presents recipients by eligibility category (aged, blind, and disabled) and by type of recipient (child, adults ages 18-64, and adults ages 65 or older). See also Tables IND 3c and IND 4c in Chapter II for further data on trends in recipiency and participation.
The composition of the SSI caseload has been shifting over time, as shown in Table SSI 1. The number of beneficiaries eligible because of age has been declining steadily, from a high of 2.3 million persons in December 1975 to a low of 1.2 million persons in December 2004 and has since remained essentially unchanged. At the same time, there has been strong growth in blind and disabled beneficiaries, from 1.7 million in December 1974 to 6.0 million in December 2006. Moreover, the number of disabled children has increased dramatically, particularly during the 1990s, when the number of disabled children receiving SSI increased from 309,000 in December 1990 to 955,000 in December 1996. The number of disabled children fell over the next three years, but has been increasing since 2000, reaching just under 1.1 million children in 2006.
Several factors have contributed to the growth of the Supplemental Security Income program. Expansions in disability eligibility (particularly for mentally impaired adults and for children), increased outreach, overall growth in immigration, and transfers from state programs were among the key factors identified in a 1995 study by the Government Accountability Office (GAO). GAO concluded that three groups adults with mental impairments, children, and non-citizens accounted for nearly 90 percent of the SSI programs growth in the early 1990s. The growth in disabled children beneficiaries is generally believed to be due to outreach activities, the Supreme Court decision in the Zebley case, expansion of the medical impairment category, and reduction in reviews of continuing eligibility.[2]
SSI Expenditures (Tables SSI 3 through SSI 5). While down slightly from 2004, the total amount of federally administered SSI benefits has increased over the past 5 years from $35.6 billion (inflation adjusted) in 2001 to over $38.9 billion in 2006, as shown in Table SSI 3. Average monthly federally administered benefits per person were $455 in 2006, up (4.4 percent) from 2001 inflation adjusted benefit level of $436. For more details see Table SSI 4.
SSI Recipient Characteristics (Table SSI 6). Over the last 20 years, the percentage of aged SSI recipients has dramatically decreased, while the percentage of disabled recipients has increased substantially. As shown in Table SSI 6, the proportion of SSI aged recipients has decreased dramatically, from 44 percent in 1980 to under 17 percent in 2006. During the same period, the percentage of disabled recipients increased from 55 percent in 1980 to 82 percent in 2006.
Figure SSI 1.
SSI Recipients by Age: 1974 2006
Source: Social Security Administration, Supplemental Security Income, Annual Statistical Report, 2007 (available online at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2007/index.html).
Date | Total | Eligibility Category | Type of Recipient | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aged | Blind and Disabled | Children | Adults | ||||||
Total | Blind | Disabled | Age 18-64 | 65 or Older | |||||
Dec | 1974 | 3,996 | 2,286 | 1,710 | 75 | 1,636 | 71 1 | 1,503 | 2,422 |
Dec | 1975 | 4,314 | 2,307 | 2,007 | 74 | 1,933 | 107 | 1,699 | 2,508 |
Dec | 1976 | 4,236 | 2,148 | 2,088 | 76 | 2,012 | 125 | 1,714 | 2,397 |
Dec | 1977 | 4,238 | 2,051 | 2,187 | 77 | 2,109 | 147 | 1,738 | 2,353 |
Dec | 1978 | 4,217 | 1,968 | 2,249 | 77 | 2,172 | 166 | 1,747 | 2,304 |
Dec | 1979 | 4,150 | 1,872 | 2,278 | 77 | 2,201 | 177 | 1,727 | 2,246 |
Dec | 1980 | 4,142 | 1,808 | 2,334 | 78 | 2,256 | 190 | 1,731 | 2,221 |
Dec | 1981 | 4,019 | 1,678 | 2,341 | 79 | 2,262 | 195 | 1,703 | 2,121 |
Dec | 1982 | 3,858 | 1,549 | 2,309 | 77 | 2,231 | 192 | 1,655 | 2,011 |
Dec | 1983 | 3,901 | 1,515 | 2,386 | 79 | 2,307 | 198 | 1,700 | 2,003 |
Dec | 1984 | 4,029 | 1,530 | 2,499 | 81 | 2,419 | 212 | 1,780 | 2,037 |
Dec | 1985 | 4,138 | 1,504 | 2,634 | 82 | 2,551 | 227 | 1,879 | 2,031 |
Dec | 1986 | 4,269 | 1,473 | 2,796 | 83 | 2,713 | 241 | 2,010 | 2,018 |
Dec | 1987 | 4,385 | 1,455 | 2,930 | 83 | 2,846 | 251 | 2,119 | 2,015 |
Dec | 1988 | 4,464 | 1,433 | 3,030 | 83 | 2,948 | 255 | 2,203 | 2,006 |
Dec | 1989 | 4,593 | 1,439 | 3,154 | 83 | 3,071 | 265 | 2,302 | 2,026 |
Dec | 1990 | 4,817 | 1,454 | 3,363 | 84 | 3,279 | 309 | 2,450 | 2,059 |
Dec | 1991 | 5,118 | 1,465 | 3,654 | 85 | 3,569 | 397 | 2,642 | 2,080 |
Dec | 1992 2 | 5,566 | 1,471 | 4,095 | 85 | 4,010 | 556 | 2,910 | 2,100 |
Dec | 1993 | 5,984 | 1,475 | 4,509 | 85 | 4,424 | 723 | 3,148 | 2,113 |
Dec | 1994 | 6,296 | 1,466 | 4,830 | 85 | 4,745 | 841 | 3,335 | 2,119 |
Dec | 1995 | 6,514 | 1,446 | 5,068 | 84 | 4,984 | 917 | 3,482 | 2,115 |
Dec | 1996 | 6,614 | 1,413 | 5,201 | 82 | 5,119 | 955 | 3,568 | 2,090 |
Dec | 1997 | 6,495 | 1,362 | 5,133 | 81 | 5,052 | 880 | 3,562 | 2,054 |
Dec | 1998 | 6,566 | 1,332 | 5,234 | 80 | 5,154 | 887 | 3,646 | 2,033 |
Dec | 1999 | 6,557 | 1,308 | 5,249 | 79 | 5,169 | 847 | 3,691 | 2,019 |
Dec | 2000 | 6,602 | 1,289 | 5,312 | 79 | 5,234 | 847 | 3,744 | 2,011 |
Dec | 2001 | 6,688 | 1,264 | 5,424 | 78 | 5,346 | 882 | 3,811 | 1,995 |
Dec | 2002 | 6,788 | 1,252 | 5,537 | 78 | 5,459 | 915 | 3,878 | 1,995 |
Dec | 2003 | 6,902 | 1,233 | 5,670 | 77 | 5,593 | 959 | 3,878 | 1,990 |
Dec | 2004 | 6,988 | 1,211 | 5,777 | 76 | 5,701 | 993 | 4,017 | 1,978 |
Dec | 2005 | 7,114 | 1,214 | 5,900 | 75 | 5,825 | 1,036 | 4,083 | 1,995 |
Dec | 2006 | 7,236 | 1,212 | 6,024 | 73 | 5,951 | 1,079 | 4,152 | 2,004 |
1 Includes students 18-21
in 1974 only. 2 The jump in benefits in 1992 is due to retroactive payments resulting from the Sullivan v. Zebley decision. Source: Social Security Administration, Supplemental Security Income, Annual Statistical Supplement, 2007 (available online at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2007/index.html). |
Date | All Recipients as a Percent of Total Population 1 |
Adults 18-64 as a Percent of 18-64 Population 1 |
Child Recipients as a Percent of All Children 1 |
Elderly Recipients (Persons 65 & Older) as a Percent of |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Persons 65 & Older 1 |
All Elderly Poor 2 |
||||
Dec 1974 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 10.8 | 78.5 |
Dec 1975 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 10.9 | 75.6 |
Dec 1976 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 10.2 | 72.4 |
Dec 1977 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 9.7 | 74.1 |
Dec 1979 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 8.8 | 61.3 |
Dec 1980 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 8.6 | 57.5 |
Dec 1981 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 8.0 | 55.0 |
Dec 1982 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 7.4 | 53.6 |
Dec 1983 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 7.3 | 55.2 |
Dec 1984 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 7.2 | 61.2 |
Dec 1985 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 7.1 | 58.7 |
Dec 1986 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 6.9 | 57.9 |
Dec 1987 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 6.7 | 56.5 |
Dec 1988 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 6.6 | 57.6 |
Dec 1989 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 6.5 | 60.3 |
Dec 1990 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 56.3 |
Dec 1991 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 6.5 | 55.0 |
Dec 1992 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 6.4 | 53.5 |
Dec 1993 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 6.4 | 56.3 |
Dec 1994 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 6.3 | 57.9 |
Dec 1995 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 6.2 | 63.7 |
Dec 1996 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 6.1 | 61.0 |
Dec 1997 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 6.0 | 60.8 |
Dec 1998 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 5.9 | 60.0 |
Dec 1999 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 5.8 | 62.7 |
Dec 2000 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 5.7 | 60.5 |
Dec 2001 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 58.4 |
Dec 2002 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 5.6 | 55.8 |
Dec 2003 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 5.5 | 56.0 |
Dec 2004 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 5.4 | 57.3 |
Dec 2005 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 5.4 | 55.4 |
Dec 2006 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 5.3 | 59.1 |
1 Population numbers used
for the denominators are Census Bureau resident population estimates adjusted
to the December date by averaging the July 1 population of the current year
with the July 1 population of the following year (resident population estimates
by age are available online at
http://www.census.gov). 2 For the number of persons (65 years of age and older living in poverty) used as the denominator, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-233. Note: Numerators for these ratios are from Table SSI 1. Rates computed by DHHS. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006," Current Population Reports, Series P60-233 (available online at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty.html). |
Calendar Year |
Total Benefits | Federal Payments |
State Supplementation |
Administrative Costs (fiscal year) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 2 Dollars | Current Dollars | ||||
1974 | $18,388 | $5,097 | $3,833 | $1,264 | $285 |
1975 | 19,045 | 5,716 | 4,314 | 1,403 | 399 |
1976 | 18,591 | 5,900 | 4,512 | 1,388 | 500 |
1977 | 18,169 | 6,134 | 4,703 | 1,431 | 526 |
1978 | 18,218 | 6,372 | 4,881 | 1,491 | 539 |
1979 | 18,330 | 6,869 | 5,279 | 1,590 | 611 |
1980 | 18,901 | 7,715 | 5,866 | 1,848 | 668 |
1981 | 18,724 | 8,357 | 6,518 | 1,839 | 717 |
1982 | 18,107 | 8,705 | 6,907 | 1,798 | 780 |
1983 | 17,988 | 9,134 | 7,423 | 1,711 | 846 |
1984 | 18,896 | 10,073 | 8,281 | 1,792 | 864 |
1985 | 19,321 | 10,750 | 8,777 | 1,973 | 956 |
1986 | 20,291 | 11,741 | 9,498 | 2,243 | 1,023 |
1987 | 20,942 | 12,592 | 10,029 | 2,563 | 977 |
1988 | 21,439 | 13,405 | 10,734 | 2,671 | 976 |
1989 | 22,393 | 14,561 | 11,606 | 2,955 | 1,052 |
1990 | 23,727 | 16,133 | 12,894 | 3,239 | 1,075 |
1991 | 25,395 | 17,996 | 14,765 | 3,231 | 1,230 |
1992 | 29,678 | 21,682 | 18,247 | 3,435 | 1,426 |
1993 | 31,938 | 23,991 | 20,722 | 3,270 | 1,468 |
1994 | 32,900 | 25,291 | 22,175 | 3,116 | 1,780 |
1995 | 34,312 | 27,037 | 23,919 | 3,118 | 1,978 |
1996 | 35,000 | 28,252 | 25,265 | 2,988 | 1,953 |
1997 | 34,384 | 28,371 | 25,457 | 2,913 | 2,055 |
1998 | 34,885 | 29,408 | 26,405 | 3,003 | 2,304 |
1999 | 34,998 | 30,106 | 26,805 | 3,301 | 2,493 |
2000 | 34,835 | 30,672 | 27,290 | 3,381 | 2,321 |
2001 | 35,577 | 32,166 | 28,706 | 3,460 | 2,397 |
2002 | 36,464 | 33,719 | 29,899 | 3,820 | 2,522 |
2003 | 36,978 | 34,693 | 30,688 | 4,005 | 2,656 |
2004 | 37,761 | 36,065 | 31,887 | 4,179 | 2,806 |
2005 | 38,164 | 37,236 | 33,058 | 4,178 | 2,795 |
2006 | 38,889 | 38,889 | 34,736 | 4,153 | 2,850 |
1 Payments and adjustments
during the respective year but not necessarily accrued for that year. 2 Data adjusted for inflation by ASPE using the CPI-U-RS for calendar years. Note: This table differs from earlier versions because of variations across states in reported numbers of recipients and payment amounts of SSI state-administered state supplements, information on state-administered state supplements is no longer published by SSA. Source: Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, SSI Annual Statistical Supplement, 2006 (available online at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2006/index.html). |
Calendar Year |
Total Benefits | Federal Payments |
State Supplementation |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
2006 2 Dollars | Current Dollars | |||
1975 | $354 | $106 | $91 | $62 |
1976 | 352 | 112 | 96 | 65 |
1977 | 346 | 117 | 101 | 67 |
1978 | 349 | 122 | 107 | 67 |
1979 | 398 | 149 | 119 | 111 |
1980 | 397 | 162 | 138 | 95 |
1981 | 395 | 176 | 155 | 94 |
1982 | 393 | 189 | 168 | 92 |
1983 | 402 | 204 | 182 | 91 |
1984 | 396 | 211 | 189 | 94 |
1985 | 392 | 218 | 194 | 99 |
1986 | 402 | 233 | 205 | 109 |
1987 | 397 | 238 | 208 | 116 |
1988 | 392 | 245 | 215 | 114 |
1989 | 395 | 257 | 224 | 121 |
1990 | 407 | 276 | 242 | 128 |
1991 | 412 | 292 | 260 | 120 |
1992 | 413 | 302 | 275 | 105 |
1993 | 420 | 315 | 290 | 100 |
1994 | 423 | 325 | 302 | 94 |
1995 | 426 | 335 | 313 | 99 |
1996 | 426 | 344 | 322 | 99 |
1997 | 425 | 351 | 328 | 102 |
1998 | 426 | 359 | 336 | 102 |
1999 | 428 | 369 | 342 | 111 |
2000 | 430 | 379 | 351 | 113 |
2001 | 436 | 394 | 366 | 114 |
2002 | 441 | 407 | 377 | 128 |
2003 | 445 | 417 | 384 | 138 |
2004 | 448 | 428 | 395 | 138 |
2005 | 450 | 439 | 407 | 156 |
2006 | 455 | 455 | 423 | 156 |
1 Payments and adjustments
during the respective year but not necessarily accrued for that year. 2 Data adjusted for inflation by ASPE using the CPI-U-RS for calendar years. Note: This table differs from earlier versions because of variations across states in reported numbers of recipients and payment amounts of SSI state-administered state supplements, information on state-administered state supplements is no longer published by SSA. Source: Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, SSI Annual Statistical Supplement, 2006 (available online at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2007/index.html#table7.a5). |
Month and year | Total 1 | Federal SSI | Federally Administered State Supplementation | State Supplementation Only |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1974 | 3,216 | 2,956 | 1,480 | 260 |
Dec 1975 | 4,314 | 3,893 | 1,684 | 421 |
Dec 1980 | 4,236 | 3,799 | 1,638 | 437 |
Dec 1984 | 4,238 | 3,778 | 1,658 | 460 |
Dec 1985 | 4,217 | 3,755 | 1,681 | 462 |
Dec 1986 | 4,150 | 3,687 | 1,684 | 462 |
Dec 1987 | 4,142 | 3,682 | 1,685 | 460 |
Dec 1988 | 4,019 | 3,590 | 1,625 | 429 |
Dec 1989 | 3,858 | 3,473 | 1,550 | 384 |
Dec 1990 | 3,901 | 3,590 | 1,558 | 312 |
Dec 1991 | 4,029 | 3,699 | 1,607 | 331 |
Dec 1992 | 4,138 | 3,799 | 1,661 | 339 |
Dec 1993 | 4,269 | 3,922 | 1,723 | 348 |
Dec 1994 | 4,385 | 4,019 | 1,807 | 366 |
Dec 1995 | 4,464 | 4,089 | 1,885 | 375 |
Dec 1996 | 4,593 | 4,206 | 1,950 | 387 |
Dec 1997 | 4,817 | 4,412 | 2,058 | 405 |
Dec 1998 | 5,118 | 4,730 | 2,204 | 389 |
Dec 1999 | 5,566 | 5,202 | 2,372 | 364 |
Dec 2000 | 5,984 | 5,636 | 2,536 | 348 |
Dec 2001 | 6,296 | 5,965 | 2,628 | 331 |
Dec 2002 | 6,514 | 6,194 | 2,518 | 320 |
Dec 2003 | 6,614 | 6,326 | 2,421 | 288 |
Dec 2004 | 6,495 | 6,212 | 2,372 | 283 |
Dec 2005 | 6,566 | 6,289 | 2,412 | 277 |
Dec 2006 | 6,557 | 6,275 | 2,441 | 282 |
1 Total equals the sum of
"Federal SSI" and "State supplementation only." Source: Number of persons receiving payments obtained from Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Social Security Bulletin, Annual Statistical Supplement, 2007 (available online at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2007/index.html). |
1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1994 | 1998 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
||||||||
Ages | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
under 18 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 13.9 | 15.0 |
18-64 | 40.9 | 45.4 | 50.9 | 53.0 | 55.5 | 56.7 | 57.3 | 57.4 |
65 or older | 53.6 | 49.1 | 42.7 | 33.7 | 31.0 | 30.5 | 28.8 | 27.7 |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 34.4 | 35.2 | 37.2 | 41.3 | 41.3 | 41.5 | 42.4 | 43.5 |
Female | 65.5 | 64.8 | 62.8 | 58.7 | 58.7 | 58.5 | 57.6 | 56.5 |
Selected Sources of Income | ||||||||
Earnings | 3.2 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 3.8 |
Social Security | 51.0 | 49.4 | 45.9 | 39.1 | 36.5 | 36.1 | 35.1 | 35.0 |
No other income | 34.8 | 34.5 | 36.4 | 43.6 | 47.3 | 54.4 | 55.4 | 55.4 |
Noncitizens | NA | 5.1 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 9.3 |
Eligibility Category | ||||||||
Aged | 43.6 | 36.4 | 30.2 | 23.3 | 20.3 | 19.5 | 17.9 | 16.7 |
Blind | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
Disabled | 54.5 | 61.7 | 68.1 | 75.4 | 78.5 | 79.3 | 81.0 | 82.2 |
Aged |
||||||||
Ages | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
65-69 | 14.0 | 14.9 | 19.4 | 20.5 | 17.6 | 17.6 | 15.2 | 15.1 |
70-79 | 51.5 | 45.6 | 41.3 | 44.3 | 48.4 | 48.4 | 48.2 | 46.1 |
80 or older | 34.5 | 39.5 | 39.2 | 35.1 | 34.0 | 34.0 | 36.6 | 38.8 |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 27.3 | 25.5 | 25.1 | 26.8 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 30.3 | 31.8 |
Female | 72.6 | 74.5 | 74.9 | 73.2 | 72.2 | 72.2 | 69.7 | 68.2 |
Noncitizens | NA | 9.7 | 19.4 | 30.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 28.9 | 28.0 |
Blind and Disabled |
||||||||
Ages | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
18-64 | 80.2 | 77.7 | 80.0 | 83.4 | 83.6 | 83.6 | 83.9 | 83.9 |
65 or older | 19.8 | 22.3 | 20.0 | 16.6 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.1 | 16.0 |
Sex1 | ||||||||
Male | 39.8 | 40.8 | 42.4 | 41.8 | 41.1 | 41.1 | 45.0 | 41.5 |
Female | 60.2 | 59.2 | 57.6 | 58.2 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 55.0 | 58.5 |
Noncitizens | NA | 2.4 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 5.6 |
Children |
||||||||
Ages | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Under 5 | 11.7 | NA | NA | 15.8 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 15.3 |
5-9 | 20.9 | NA | NA | 28.5 | 30.2 | 30.2 | 26.7 | 27.9 |
10-14 | 28.8 | NA | NA | 32.7 | 34.6 | 34.6 | 36.7 | 34.3 |
15-17 | 21.7 | NA | NA | 17.3 | 19.4 | 19.4 | 20.4 | 22.5 |
18-212 | 16.8 | 14.3 | 9.3 | 5.7 | | | | |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | NA | NA | NA | 63.0 | 62.9 | 62.9 | 64.7 | 65.6 |
Female | NA | NA | NA | 37.0 | 37.1 | 37.1 | 35.3 | 34.4 |
Note: Data are for December of the year. 1 For 1980-1992 male-female classification reflects all blind and disabled, both children and adults; thereafter, it is based on adults only. 2 In this table, students 18-21 are classified as children prior to 1998. Source: Social Security Administration, Social Security Bulletin, Annual Statistical Supplement, 2006 and prior years (available online at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2007/). |
State | Total Federal | Federal SSI | Federally administered state supplementation |
---|---|---|---|
Total | $38,888,961 | $34,736,088 | $4,152,873 |
Alabama | 805,370 | 805,370 | |
Alaska | 56,455 | 56,455 | |
Arizona | 506,119 | 506,119 | |
Arkansas | 433,035 | 433,035 | |
California | 8,300,356 | 5,098,651 | 3,201,705 |
Colorado | 278,569 | 278,569 | |
Connecticut | 271,916 | 271,916 | |
Delaware | 69,448 | 68,373 | 1,075 |
District of Columbia | 119,087 | 114,981 | 4,106 |
Florida | 2,128,009 | 2,128,009 | |
Georgia | 985,784 | 985,784 | |
Hawaii | 125,114 | 111,099 | 14,015 |
Idaho | 113,799 | 113,799 | |
Illinois | 1,394,859 | 1,394,859 | |
Indiana | 519,364 | 519,364 | |
Iowa | 203,150 | 198,873 | 4,277 |
Kansas | 194,365 | 194,350 | 15 |
Kentucky | 901,618 | 901,618 | |
Louisiana | 760,132 | 760,132 | |
Maine | 153,051 | 153,051 | |
Maryland | 505,655 | 505,637 | 18 |
Massachusetts | 952,569 | 785,001 | 167,568 |
Michigan | 1,206,441 | 1,183,998 | 22,443 |
Minnesota | 383,026 | 383,026 | |
Mississippi | 588,730 | 588,730 | |
Missouri | 598,130 | 598,130 | |
Montana | 74,296 | 73,355 | 941 |
Nebraska | 108,092 | 108,092 | |
Nevada | 171,488 | 165,919 | 5,569 |
New Hampshire | 72,064 | 72,064 | |
New Jersey | 799,587 | 715,886 | 83,701 |
New Mexico | 263,305 | 263,305 | |
New York | 3,713,730 | 3,146,215 | 567,515 |
North Carolina | 945,195 | 945,195 | |
North Dakota | 35,066 | 35,066 | |
Ohio | 1,346,688 | 1,346,688 | |
Oklahoma | 405,725 | 405,725 | |
Oregon | 314,433 | 314,433 | |
Pennsylvania | 1,757,105 | 1,709,630 | 47,475 |
Rhode Island | 166,179 | 142,639 | 23,540 |
South Carolina | 503,025 | 503,025 | |
South Dakota | 56,900 | 56,897 | 3 |
Tennessee | 783,747 | 783,747 | |
Texas | 2,416,535 | 2,416,535 | |
Utah | 117,489 | 117,409 | 80 |
Vermont | 66,522 | 57,695 | 8,827 |
Virginia | 666,913 | 666,913 | |
Washington | 656,188 | 656,188 | |
West Virginia | 396,292 | 396,292 | |
Wisconsin | 466,399 | 466,399 | |
Wyoming | 27,557 | 27,557 | |
Other: N. Mariana Islands | 4,291 | 4,291 | |
1 Columns do not added to
totals since the totals include a small amount of payments not distributed
by jurisdiction. Source: Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Social Security Bulletin, Annual Statistical Supplement, 2007 (available online at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/). |
Total Recipiency Rate | Rate for Adults 18-64 | Rate for Adults 65 & Over | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percent Change | Percent Change | Percent Change | |||||||
1979 | 2006 | 1979-06 | 1979 | 2006 | 1979-06 | 1979 | 2006 | 1979-06 | |
Alabama | 3.6 | 3.6 | 1 | 1.8 | 3.6 | 97 | 21.0 | 5.5 | -74 |
Alaska | 0.8 | 1.7 | 121 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 196 | 14.0 | 6.7 | -52 |
Arizona | 1.1 | 1.6 | 44 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 69 | 5.0 | 3.0 | -40 |
Arkansas | 3.5 | 3.3 | -6 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 71 | 17.1 | 4.7 | -72 |
California | 3.0 | 3.4 | 13 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 27 | 16.4 | 13.5 | -18 |
Colorado | 1.1 | 1.2 | 9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 43 | 6.7 | 3.0 | -55 |
Connecticut | 0.8 | 1.5 | 100 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 138 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0 |
Delaware | 1.2 | 1.6 | 34 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 60 | 5.4 | 2.1 | -61 |
District of Columbia | 2.3 | 3.7 | 62 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 72 | 8.6 | 5.9 | -31 |
Florida | 1.8 | 2.4 | 35 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 58 | 6.2 | 4.7 | -24 |
Georgia | 2.9 | 2.2 | -23 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 6 | 17.7 | 5.6 | -68 |
Hawaii | 1.1 | 1.8 | 71 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 132 | 7.6 | 4.8 | -37 |
Idaho | 0.8 | 1.6 | 103 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 166 | 3.8 | 1.9 | -50 |
Illinois | 1.1 | 2.0 | 85 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 111 | 4.3 | 3.8 | -11 |
Indiana | 0.8 | 1.6 | 113 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 179 | 3.3 | 1.6 | -52 |
Iowa | 0.9 | 1.5 | 69 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 158 | 3.5 | 1.6 | -54 |
Kansas | 0.9 | 1.4 | 57 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 138 | 3.5 | 1.8 | -48 |
Kentucky | 2.5 | 4.3 | 69 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 151 | 12.5 | 6.2 | -51 |
Louisiana | 3.4 | 3.7 | 10 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 72 | 20.1 | 6.5 | -68 |
Maine | 2.0 | 2.5 | 28 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 101 | 8.6 | 2.8 | -67 |
Maryland | 1.2 | 1.7 | 48 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 70 | 5.4 | 3.8 | -30 |
Massachusetts | 2.2 | 2.7 | 21 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 103 | 10.8 | 5.6 | -48 |
Michigan | 1.3 | 2.2 | 75 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 124 | 5.9 | 2.9 | -50 |
Minnesota | 0.8 | 1.5 | 85 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 155 | 3.7 | 2.7 | -27 |
Mississippi | 4.5 | 4.2 | -6 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 65 | 26.0 | 8.2 | -68 |
Missouri | 1.8 | 2.1 | 19 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 100 | 7.9 | 2.5 | -68 |
Montana | 0.9 | 1.6 | 80 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 150 | 3.8 | 1.9 | -50 |
Nebraska | 0.9 | 1.3 | 48 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 119 | 3.4 | 1.7 | -50 |
Nevada | 0.8 | 1.4 | 67 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 126 | 5.9 | 3.4 | -42 |
New Hampshire | 0.6 | 1.1 | 90 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 195 | 2.5 | 1.1 | -57 |
New Jersey | 1.1 | 1.8 | 58 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 74 | 4.7 | 4.6 | -2 |
New Mexico | 2.0 | 2.8 | 42 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 90 | 12.4 | 6.5 | -47 |
New York | 2.1 | 3.3 | 56 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 70 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 10 |
North Carolina | 2.4 | 2.3 | -4 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 33 | 13.6 | 4.4 | -68 |
North Dakota | 1.0 | 1.3 | 31 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 128 | 5.1 | 1.9 | -62 |
Ohio | 1.1 | 2.2 | 98 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 142 | 4.2 | 2.4 | -42 |
Oklahoma | 2.3 | 2.3 | -1 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 80 | 11.6 | 3.3 | -72 |
Oregon | 0.9 | 1.7 | 98 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 143 | 3.3 | 2.8 | -15 |
Pennsylvania | 1.4 | 2.6 | 86 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 132 | 5.0 | 3.2 | -35 |
Rhode Island | 1.6 | 2.9 | 82 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 159 | 6.4 | 4.9 | -24 |
South Carolina | 2.7 | 2.4 | -11 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 29 | 17.0 | 4.4 | -74 |
South Dakota | 1.1 | 1.6 | 40 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 122 | 5.0 | 2.7 | -46 |
Tennessee | 2.9 | 2.7 | -6 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 44 | 14.8 | 4.5 | -70 |
Texas | 1.9 | 2.2 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 89 | 12.7 | 7.0 | -45 |
Utah | 0.6 | 0.9 | 64 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 96 | 3.0 | 1.8 | -41 |
Vermont | 1.8 | 2.1 | 19 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 76 | 8.1 | 3.0 | -63 |
Virginia | 1.5 | 1.8 | 20 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 57 | 8.5 | 3.9 | -54 |
Washington | 1.2 | 1.9 | 64 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 94 | 4.8 | 3.7 | -23 |
West Virginia | 2.1 | 4.3 | 102 | 1.9 | 4.9 | 163 | 8.0 | 4.3 | -46 |
Wisconsin | 1.4 | 1.7 | 18 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 77 | 6.5 | 2.2 | -66 |
Wyoming | 0.4 | 1.1 | 162 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 314 | 2.7 | 1.3 | -53 |
Total | 1.9 | 2.4 | 30 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 75 | 9.0 | 5.4 | -40 |
Note: Recipiency rates for 2004 are the ratios
of the number of SSI recipients (in the respective age groups) as of the
month of December to the estimated population in the respective age group
as of the month of July; calculations by DHHS. The 1979 rates are based
on the average number of recipients during the year. Source: Social Security Administration, Supplemental Security Income, Annual Statistical Report, 2007 and U.S. Census Bureau (resident population by state available online at http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/state/). |
1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1994 2 | 1998 2 | 2003 2 | 2006 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
Alaska | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
Arizona | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
Arkansas | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.3 |
California | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
Colorado | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
Connecticut | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Delaware | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
District of Columbia | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.7 |
Florida | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
Georgia | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.2 |
Hawaii | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 |
Idaho | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
Illinois | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Indiana | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
Iowa | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
Kansas | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Kentucky | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
Louisiana | 3.9 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
Maine | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 |
Maryland | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
Massachusetts | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.7 |
Michigan | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Minnesota | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
Mississippi | 5.2 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 4.2 |
Missouri | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 |
Montana | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
Nebraska | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
Nevada | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
New Hampshire | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
New Jersey | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 |
New Mexico | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
New York | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
North Carolina | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
North Dakota | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
Ohio | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 |
Oklahoma | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 |
Oregon | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
Pennsylvania | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 |
Rhode Island | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
South Carolina | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
South Dakota | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
Tennessee | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
Texas | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 |
Utah | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Vermont | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
Virginia | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Washington | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
West Virginia | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.3 |
Wisconsin | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
Wyoming | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Total 1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
1 The number of SSI recipients
used to calculate the total recipiency rate includes a certain number of
recipients whose State is unknown. For 1975, 1985, and 1992, the numbers
of unknown (in thousands) were 256, 14, and 71 respectively. 2 For 1975-92 the percentages are calculated as the average number of monthly SSI recipients over the total population of each State in July of that year. For 1994-2003 the number of recipients is from the month of December; calculations by DHHS. Source: Social Security Administration, Supplemental Security Income, Annual Statistical Report, 2007, and U.S. Census Bureau (resident population by state available online at http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/state/). |
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