Data derived from
|
Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Study |
Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study |
Study population
|
2,852 cases, aged ≥35 years |
4,730 cases, aged 20–54 years |
In situ and invasive cancer |
Invasive cancer |
3,146 controls |
4,688 controls |
Caucasian |
Caucasian |
Annual breast screening |
Not routinely screened |
Family history characteristics
|
First-degree relatives with breast cancer |
First-degree or second-degree relatives with breast cancer |
Age of onset in relatives |
Other characteristics
|
Current age |
Current age |
Age at menarche |
Age at first live birth |
Number of breast biopsies |
Atypical hyperplasia in breast biopsy |
Race (included in the most current version of the Gail model) |
Strengths
|
Incorporates: |
Incorporates: |
Risk factors other than family history |
Paternal as well as maternal history |
Age at onset of breast cancer |
Family history of ovarian cancer |
Limitations
|
Underestimates risk in hereditary families |
May underestimate risk in hereditary families |
Number of breast biopsies without atypical hyperplasia may cause inflated risk estimates |
May not be applicable to all combinations of affected relatives |
Does not include risk factors other than family history |
Does not incorporate: |
|
Paternal family history of breast cancer or any family history of ovarian cancer |
Age at onset of breast cancer in relatives |
All known risk factors for breast cancer [80] |
Best application
|
For individuals with no family history of breast cancer or 1 first-degree
relative with breast cancer, aged ≥50 years |
For individuals with 0, 1, or 2 first-degree or second-degree relatives with breast cancer |
For determining eligibility for chemoprevention studies |