IV.
RESOURCES IN TRANSITION
A
component of addressing the needs of an emerging technology is expansion
of available resources commensurate in scope to the expansion of the technology.
This is particularly true in the people resource intensive profession
of patent examining. Additional resources can only help the Office to
continue to meet its statutory mandates. The key resource is the patent
examiner who is supported by the other resources of the USPTO.
A.
PATENT EXAMINERS
1.
Primary And Non-Primary Patent Examiners
Patent
examining is a profession learned through 5 to 7 years of on the job training
reinforced by classroom training. It is analogous to the master-apprentice
system. Primary Examiners and their managers are the Office’s master patent
professionals. These master professionals are delegated signatory authority
from the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director
of the United States Patent and Trademark Office to grant patents for
the United States. Non-Primary patent examiners are the Office’s apprentices
in the process of learning their profession. All work by a non-Primary
Examiner must be reviewed and signed by a person with signatory authority.
Class 705 began Fiscal 1998 with three Primary Examiners and nine non-Primary
Examiners.
Patent
examiners are the key resource of Class 705. Critical to the managed growth
of this technology is an adequate supply of this key resource.
2.
Internal Transfers
The
first step in expanding the examining resources available to Class 705
was to find individuals with appropriate backgrounds among the current
examining corps. Since late 1997, a number of Examiners volunteered to
transfer to Class 705. This group included several electrical engineers
each with a Masters of Business Administration, an examiner with banking
management experience, and a Ph.D. in Information Science with 30 years
work experience developing business information systems.
B.
HIRING
2000
Hiring - Preparation for Transition
Workgroup
2760 will hire sufficient Class 705 examiners in FY 2000 to cover attrition
and modest expansion. However, expansion of the number of Class 705 examiners
will not be the primary focus for this year.
Class
705 is in the first stage of a transition period. In 1998, the State
Street decision triggered an awareness of the "business method
claim" as a viable form of patent protection. As noted in Section
II above, such patents express the practical application (useful, concrete
and tangible result) of technology that is the essence of an innovation.
This segment of Class 705 is transitioning away from technology towards
the end result the inventor is attempting to achieve with that technology.
Inventors are changing the approach to how they choose to describe their
inventions. This change is in turn driving a shift in the knowledge base
of the Class 705 examiners.
However,
it must be noted that most patent applications being examined in Class
705 still strongly reflect the implementing or enabling engineering (see
Section III B) used to carryout the practical application being claimed.
Databases, communication systems, circuits, and wires (i.e. electrical
and computer engineering) will continue to be a dominant feature of business
data processing for generations to come. A business data processing method
is implemented on a data processing machine which is still reflected in
the patent application. The USPTO will also continue to grant patent protection
for the business data processing machine itself. See Appendix
G for a sample of patents issued on May 30, 2000.
In
FY 2000, the focus for Class 705 is to ensure that high quality is maintained
by its examiners as this transition moves forward. Numerous quality efforts
are being implemented as discussed below. Such quality efforts are resource
intensive. The collective result of these efforts will be proportional
to the USPTO’s ability to marshal the needed resources.
C.
RESULTS TO DATE
1.
Profile - An Appropriate Balance
Today
thirty-eight examiners work in Class 705. This is an increase from twelve
in late 1997. The total number, knowledge, and experience pool has been
increased. Seventeen of the 38 examiners have advanced or multiple degrees.
Of these 4 have an MBA or other business degrees, 4 have a JD degree,
4 have Ph.D. degrees, and 7 have Masters Degrees.
Every
examiner in Class 705 has data processing and computer education or experience.
The majority of examination in Class 705 is still centered on the data
processing and computer technologies used to perform business functions.
See Appendix G.
For
over 100 years the USPTO has maintained quality by adapting its knowledge
base continuously as business technologies have evolved. It has adjusted
the mix of training and experience of its examiners. The USPTO will continue
to maintain an appropriate mix of electrical engineering, computer science,
and business knowledge balanced to the contents of the business data processing
inventions it is asked to examine.
2.
Business Industry Experience - Shifting the Knowledge Base
The
patent applications of Class 705 have begun a transition to become more
business function focused. Although still present in these patent applications,
implementing technologies such as databases, communication systems, and
circuits are becoming less prominent. However, as was previously discussed,
this transition has only begun. As this transition continues the USPTO
is appropriately responding by increasing examiner training and hiring,
particularly by increasing the number of examiners with 3 years of business
industry work experience.
Fourteen
(14) patent examiners working in Class 705 have business industry work
experience that pertains directly to the examination of patent applications
in Class 705. Of these, ten have three or more years of work experience
in various fields including Banking, Securities, Business Development,
Marketing Analysis, Real Estate Analysis, Business Consulting, Management,
Sales, Insurance, Business Information Systems, and Financial Analysis.
This is 26% of the current Class 705 examiners. The combined business
industry work experience of these 14 examiners is over 120 years.
Resources
must be made available to continue to attract and retain greater numbers
of these skilled experts. Without sufficient resources to continue both
training and hiring, it is possible that as business data processing inventions
continue to evolve the USPTO knowledge base will not keep pace with that
change.
D.
SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER – ELECTRONIC INFORMATION
CENTER (STIC – EIC)
Patent
examining in Class 705 is filled with challenges. This class contains
diverse business topics (e.g. insurance and inventory systems). Prior
art references can be found in many diverse sources (e.g. an Internet
web site, a sales brochure, or a 120-year-old textbook). There is poor
tabulation of all the available references for a particular topic (e.g.
not all the insurance prior art is found in one location).
The
STIC – EIC provides search and library support to help examiners meet
these challenges. The professional searchers of the EIC routinely perform
non-patent literature (NPL) searches requested by Class 705 examiners.
The number of EIC professional searchers has expanded from two in 1995
to twelve in FY 2000. Although the EIC provides searching for all 703
examiners in Technology Center 2700, requests from the Class 705 examiners
represented their largest technology specific group of search requests
during FY 1998 and FY 1999. In the first half of FY 2000, this trend continued.
Among
the library support functions currently being performed by the EIC are
the locating of additional electronic business literature sources; the
continued expansion of a conventional library of business books; and the
retrieval of hard copies of pertinent NPL documents requested by examiners.
STIC
is currently working on an initiative to collate examining resources into
a web-based tool for Class 705 examiners. This tool will connect with
databases, web sites, electronic and print literature resources on Class
705 topics.
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