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Last updated: October 11, 2002
South Florida Restoration Science Forum

Aquatic Cycling of Mercury in the Everglades

Part 3


How do mercury and methylmercury vary in water and sediments in the marshes of the Everglades?

Mercury and Methylmercury in Water
(Click on images below for larger versions.)

graphs of mercury and methylmercury in water

Water, a more rapidly changing sample media, shows distinct variations in time.

amount of mercury in sediment

amount of methylmercury in sediment

Sediments, on the other hand, integrate environmental conditions over time, and shows distinct spatial differences.


A Dynamic System: Mercury cycling in the Everglades is in part driven by the biology, which changes night and day.

illustration of night processes
illustration of day processes
At night, oxygen is depleted at the sediment surface. Methylmercury is produced and it moves out of sediments by diffusion and with zooplankton, which seek protection in sediments during the day.
During the day, plankton produce oxygen at the sediment surface and prevent methylmercury from moving out of sediments. Plankton, which move up from the sediment surface, may bring methylmercury to upper waters.


Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Everglades
(Click on images below for larger versions.)

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) influences processes that control mercury cycling in the environment.

Different DOC "teas" influence mercury in different ways.

illustration of dissolved organic carbon processes
cup of tea Dissolved organic carbon is similar to tea. Plants, plant litter, detritus and peat are analagous to tea leaves. Just as different tea leaves give different types of tea, different types of organic matter give different types of DOC.
arrow pointing downward
Everglades teas
"Everglades Teas"

Land use and water movement control the types of DOC throughout the Everglades.

Increased water flows in the conservation areas may change DOC-mercury interactions throughout the Everglades.

How does mercury get into the fish and achieve such high levels in the Everglades?

Unlike most metals, mercury accumulates in fish through their diet. Therefore, it is important to understand the nature of the food web to fully understand the nature of the whole mercury cycle.

Figuring out Who Eats Who?

The visual approach
(Gut content inspection)

Diet of Everglades Gambusia
pie chart of Gambusia diet

Diet of Largemouth Bass
pie chart of Largemouth Bass diet

The chemical approach

graph of N content


(Click on graphs for larger versions.)

The combined use of visual and isotope tracing methods to unravel the complexities of the food web have allowed ACME scientists to better understand the complexities of biotic relationships in the Everglades.

illustration of mercury biomagnification in the foodweb

Because all organisms can accumulate methylmercury and mercury faster than they can rid their bodies of these toxicants, biomagnification and bioaccumulation is dramatic for most food webs.


How do groundwater fluxes affect mercury cycling in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Areas?


(Click on images below for larger versions.)

illustration of ENR Project location

Cells 2 & 4
Downward Water Flux
@ 1.4 cm/day
graph of mercury flux
Contributed by S. King and J. Harvey

flow map
Western and Central
Cells 1 & 3:
Diffusive Flux Only
graph of mercury flux
Eastern Cells 1 & 3:
Upward Water Flux
@ 0.3 cm/day
graph of mercury flux


Acknowledgments

The ACME Project has been supported by financial and logistical support from the following agencies:
  • U.S. Geological Survey, South Florida Ecosystem Program
  • South Florida Water Management District
  • Florida Department of Environmental Protection
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources



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Last updated: 11 October, 2002 @ 09:42 PM (KP)