USDA Forest Service Celebrating Wildflowers

USDA Logo and Forest Service Shield

Plant Hardiness Zones

alpine sunflower.
Alpine sunflower. Photo by
James Henderson.

Introduction

The following map was produced in 1990 by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). This version shows in detail the lowest temperatures that can be expected each year in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

These temperatures are referred to as "average annual minimum temperatures" and are based on the lowest temperatures recorded for each of the years 1974 to 1986 in the United States and Canada and 1971 to 1984 in Mexico. The map shows 10 different zones, each of which represents an area of winter hardiness for the plants of agriculture and our natural landscape. It also introduces zone 11 to represent areas that have average annual minimum temperatures above 40 F (4.4 C) and that are therefore essentially frost free.

USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map

This information is provided by the U.S. National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20002. Visit their site for a detailed, interactive version of this map.

For an interactive map, Visit the National Arboretum Website.

How to Use the Map

Zones 2-10 in the map have been subdivided into light- and dark-colored sections (a and b) that represent 5 F (2.8 C) differences within the 10 F (5.6 C) zone.

  • The light color of each zone represents the colder section;
  • the dark color, the warmer section.

Zone 11 represents any area where the average annual minimum temperature is above 40 F (4.4 C).

The map shows 20 latitude and longitude lines. Areas above an arbitrary elevation are traditionally considered unsuitable for plant cropping and do not bear appropriate zone designations. There are also island zones that, because of elevation differences, are warmer or cooler than the surrounding areas and are given a different zone designation. Note that many large urban areas carry a warmer zone designation than the surrounding countryside. The map-contains as much detail as possible, considering the vast amount of data on which it is based and its size.

USDA Hardiness Zones and Average Annual Minimum Temperature Range
Zone Fahrenheit Celsius Example Cities
1
Below -50 F
Below -45.6 C
 Fairbanks, Alaska; Resolute, Northwest Territories (Canada)
2a
-50 to -45 F
-42.8 to -45.5 C
 Prudhoe Bay, Alaska; Flin Flon, Manitoba (Canada)
2b
-45 to -40 F
-40.0 to -42.7 C
 Unalakleet, Alaska; Pinecreek, Minnesota
3a
-40 to -35 F
-37.3 to -39.9 C
 International Falls, Minnesota; St. Michael, Alaska
3b
-35 to -30 F
-34.5 to -37.2 C
 Tomahawk, Wisconsin; Sidney, Montana
4a
-30 to -25 F
-31.7 to -34.4 C
 Minneapolis/St.Paul, Minnesota; Lewistown, Montana
4b
-25 to -20 F
-28.9 to -31.6 C
 Northwood, Iowa; Nebraska
5a
-20 to -15 F
-26.2 to -28.8 C
 Des Moines, Iowa; Illinois
5b
-15 to -10 F
-23.4 to -26.1 C
 Columbia, Missouri; Mansfield, Pennsylvania
6a
-10 to -5 F
-20.6 to -23.3 C
 St. Louis, Missouri; Lebanon, Pennsylvania
6b
-5 to 0 F
-17.8 to -20.5 C
 McMinnville, Tennessee; Branson, Missouri
7a
0 to 5 F
-15.0 to -17.7 C
 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; South Boston, Virginia
7b
5 to 10 F
-12.3 to -14.9 C
 Little Rock, Arkansas; Griffin, Georgia
8a
10 to 15 F
-9.5 to -12.2 C
 Tifton, Georgia; Dallas, Texas
8b
15 to 20 F
-6.7 to -9.4 C
 Austin, Texas; Gainesville, Florida
9a
20 to 25 F
-3.9 to -6.6 C
 Houston, Texas; St. Augustine, Florida
9b
25 to 30 F
-1.2 to -3.8 C
 Brownsville, Texas; Fort Pierce, Florida
10a
30 to 35 F
1.6 to -1.1 C
 Naples, Florida; Victorville, California
10b
35 to 40 F
4.4 to 1.7 C
 Miami, Florida; Coral Gables, Florida
11
above 40 F
above 4.5 C
 Honolulu, Hawaii; Mazatlan, Mexico

Indicator Plant Examples

To examine the native species and their appropriate hardiness zone, the USDA National Arboretum has provided examples of plants by zones and cold hardiness ratings for woody plants. Explore the examples at the links below or visit the National Arboretum site to learn more.

  • Listed by zone - Names of representative plants listed under the coldest zones in which they normally succeed.
  • Listed alphabetically - Cold hardiness ratings (zones) for selected woody plants

In using the map to select a suitable environment for a landscape plant, today's gardeners should keep in mind the following:

Stress Factors: The USDA became aware of additional stresses to plants during the 1970's. Acid rain, gaseous and particulate pollution, security lighting, and toxic wastes, among many other stress factors, have significantly increased the potential for unsatisfactory performance of landscape plants. We need to document the tolerances of plants to these factors.

New Plant Management Systems: New techniques of planting, transplanting, watering, fertilizing, and providing pest control measures have done much to increase the vigor of landscape plants.But used unwisely, these same measures can reduce plant hardiness.

Artificial Environments: As humans, we have pushed the use of plants into totally artificial environments such as expressways, malls, elevated decks, and buildings where plant roots are totally removed from the ground and its warming influence. The assortment of plants that can adapt to such environments is proving to be very restricted. Hardiness ratings alone are inadequate to guide landscapers in selecting the most successful plants.

U.S. Forest Service
Rangeland Management
Botany Program
1400 Independence Ave., SW, Mailstop Code: 1103
Washington DC 20250-1103

USA.gov logo

Location: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/nativegardening/hardinesszones.shtml
Last modified: Tuesday, 24-Jun-2008 21:54:50 EDT