[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 8]
[Revised as of July 1, 2007]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR61.67]
[Page 58-63]
TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED)
PART 61_NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
--Table of Contents
Subpart F_National Emission Standard for Vinyl Chloride
Sec. 61.67 Emission tests.
(a) Unless a waiver of emission testing is obtained under Sec.
61.13, the owner or operator of a source to which this subpart applies
shall test emissions from the source,
(1) Within 90 days of the effective date in the case of an existing
source or a new source which has an initial startup date preceding the
effective date, or
(2) Within 90 days of startup in the case of a new source, initial
startup of which occurs after the effective date.
(b) The owner or operator shall provide the Administrator at least
30 days prior notice of an emission test to afford the Administrator the
opportunity to have an observer present during the test.
[[Page 59]]
(c) Any emission test is to be conducted while the equipment being
tested is operating at the maximum production rate at which the
equipment will be operated and under other relevant conditions as may be
specified by the Administrator based on representative performance of
the source.
(d) [Reserved]
(e) When at all possible, each sample is to be analyzed within 24
hours, but in no case in excess of 72 hours of sample collection. Vinyl
chloride emissions are to be determined within 30 days after the
emission test. The owner or operator shall report the determinations to
the Administrator by a registered letter dispatched before the close of
the next business day following the determination.
(f) The owner or operator shall retain at the plant and make
available, upon request, for inspection by the Administrator, for a
minimum of 3 years, records of emission test results and other data
needed to determine emissions.
(g) Unless otherwise specified, the owner or operator shall use the
test methods in appendix B to this part for each test as required by
paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (g)(3), (g)(4), and (g)(5) of this section,
unless an alternative method has been approved by the Administrator. If
the Administrator finds reasonable grounds to dispute the results
obtained by an alternative method, he may require the use of a reference
method. If the results of the reference and alternative methods do not
agree, the results obtained by the reference method prevail, and the
Administrator may notify the owner or operator that approval of the
method previously considered to be alternative is withdrawn. Whenever
Method 107 is specified, and the conditions in Section 1.2,
``Applicability'' of Method 107A are met, Method 107A may be used.
(1) Method 106 is to be used to determine the vinyl chloride
emissions from any source for which an emission limit is prescribed in
Sec. 61.62(a) or (b), Sec. 61.63(a), or Sec. 61.64(a)(1), (b), (c),
or (d), or from any control system to which reactor emissions are
required to be ducted in Sec. 61.64(a)(2) or to which fugitive
emissions are required to be ducted in Sec. 61.65(b)(1)(ii), (b)(2),
(b)(5), (b)(6)(ii), or (b)(9)(ii).
(i) For each run, one sample is to be collected. The sampling site
is to be at least two stack or duct diameters downstream and one half
diameter upstream from any flow disturbance such as a bend, expansion,
contraction, or visible flame. For a rectangular cross section, an
equivalent diameter is to be determined from the following equation:
Equivalent diameter = 2(length)(width)/(length + width)
The sampling point in the duct is to be at the centroid of the cross
section. The sample is to be extracted at a rate proportional to the gas
velocity at the sampling point. The sample is to contain a minimum
volume of 50 liters (1.8 ft\3\) corrected to standard conditions and is
to be taken over a period as close to 1 hour as practicable.
(ii) Each emission test is to consist of three runs. For the purpose
of determining emissions, the average of results of all runs is to
apply. The average is to be computed on a time weighted basis.
(iii) For gas streams containing more that 10 percent oxygen, the
concentration of vinyl chloride as determined by Method 106 is to be
corrected to 10 percent oxygen (dry basis) for determination of
emissions by using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR17OC00.474
Where:
Cb(corrected) = The concentration of vinyl chloride in the
exhaust gases, corrected to 10 percent oxygen.
Cb = The concentration of vinyl chloride as measured by
Method 106.
20.9 = Percent oxygen in the ambient air at standard conditions.
10.9 = Percent oxygen in the ambient air at standard conditions, minus
the 10.0 percent oxygen to which the correction is being made.
Percent O2 = Percent oxygen in the exhaust gas as measured by
Method 3 of appendix A of part 60 of this chapter.
(iv) For those emission sources where the emission limit is
prescribed in terms of mass rather than concentration, mass emissions
are to be determined using the following equation:
[[Page 60]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR17OC00.475
Where:
CBX = Vinyl chloride emissions, g/kg (lb/lb) product.
Cb = Concentration of vinyl chloride as measured by Test
Method 106, ppmv.
DVC = Density of vinyl chloride at standard conditions, 2.60
kg/m\3\ (0.162 lb/ft\3\).
Q = Volumetric flow rate as determined by Method 2 of appendix A to part
60 of this chapter, m\3\/hr (ft\3\/hr).
K = Unit conversion factor, 1,000 g/kg (1 lb/lb).
10-6 = Conversion factor for ppm.
Z = Production rate, kg/hr (lb/hr).
(2) Method 107 or Method 601 (incorporated by reference as specified
in Sec. 61.18) is to be used to determine the concentration of vinyl
chloride in each inprocess wastewater stream for which an emission limit
is prescribed in Sec. 61.65(b)(9)(i).
(3) When a stripping operation is used to attain the emission limits
in Sec. 61.64(e) and (f), emissions are to be determined using Method
107 as follows:
(i) The number of strippers (or reactors used as strippers) and
samples and the types and grades of resin to be sampled are to be
determined by the Administrator for each individual plant at the time of
the test based on the plant's operation.
(ii) Each sample is to be taken immediately following the stripping
operation.
(iii) The corresponding quantity of material processed by each
stripper (or reactor used as a stripper) is to be determined on a dry
solids basis and by a method submitted to and approved by the
Administrator.
(iv) At the prior request of the Administrator, the owner or
operator shall provide duplicates of the samples required in paragraph
(g)(3)(i) of this section.
(4) Where control technology other than or in addition to a
stripping operation is used to attain the emission limit in Sec.
61.64(e), emissions are to be determined as follows:
(i) Method 106 is to be used to determine atmospheric emissions from
all of the process equipment simultaneously. The requirements of
paragraph (g)(1) of this section are to be met.
(ii) Method 107 is to be used to determine the concentration of
vinyl chloride in each inprocess wastewater stream subject to the
emission limit prescribed in Sec. 61.64(e). Vinyl chloride mass
emissions are to be determined using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR17OC00.476
Where:
CBX = Vinyl chloride emissions, g/kg (lb/lb) product in each
inprocess wastewater stream.
Crvc = Concentration of vinyl chloride in wastewater, as
measured by Method 107, ppmw.
Dwater = Density of wastewater, 1.0 kg/m\3\ (0.0624 lb/
ft\3\).
Qwater = Wastewater flow rate, determined in accordance with
a method which has been submitted to and approved by the Administrator,
m\3\/hr (ft\3\/hr).
K = Unit conversion factor, 1,000 g/kg (1 lb/lb).
10-6 = Conversion factor for ppm.
Z = Production rate, kg/hr (lb/hr), determined in accordance with a
method which has been submitted to and approved by the Administrator.
(5) The reactor opening loss for which an emission limit is
prescribed in Sec. 61.64(a)(2) is to be determined. The number of
reactors for which the determination is to be made is to be specified by
the Administrator for each individual plant at the time of the
determination based on the plant's operation.
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(5)(ii) of this section, the
reactor opening loss is to be determined using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR17OC00.477
Where:
CBX = Vinyl chloride emissions, g/kg (lb/lb) product.
Cb = Concentration of vinyl chloride, in ppmv, as determined
by Method 106 or a portable hydrocarbon detector which measures
hydrocarbons with a sensitivity of at least 10 ppmv.
VR = Capacity of the reactor, m\3\ (ft\3\).
DVC = Density of vinyl chloride at standard conditions, 2.60
kg/m\3\ (0.162 lb/ft\3\).
K = Unit conversion factor, 1,000 g/kg (1 lb/lb).
10-6 = Conversion factor for ppm.
[[Page 61]]
Z = Production rate, kg/hr (lb/hr).
(A) If Method 106 is used to determine the concentration of vinyl
chloride (Cb), the sample is to be withdrawn at a constant
rate with a probe of sufficient length to reach the vessel bottom from
the manhole. Samples are to be taken for 5 minutes within 6 inches of
the vessel bottom, 5 minutes near the vessel center, and 5 minutes near
the vessel top.
(B) If a portable hydrocarbon detector is used to determine the
concentration of vinyl chloride (Cb), a probe of sufficient
length to reach the vessel bottom from the manhole is to be used to make
the measurements. One measurement will be made within 6 inches of the
vessel bottom, one near the vessel center and one near the vessel top.
Measurements are to be made at each location until the reading is
stabilized. All hydrocarbons measured are to be assumed to be vinyl
chloride.
(C) The production rate of polyvinyl chloride (Z), which is the
product of the average batch weight and the number of batches produced
since the reactor was last opened to the atmosphere, is to be determined
by a method submitted to and approved by the Administrator.
(ii) A calculation based on the number of evacuations, the vacuum
involved, and the volume of gas in the reactor is hereby approved by the
Administrator as an alternative method for determining reactor opening
loss for postpolymerization reactors in the manufacture of bulk resins.
Calculation methods based on techniques other than repeated evacuation
of the reactor may be approved by the Administrator for determining
reactor opening loss for postpolymerization reactors in the manufacture
of bulk resins.
(6) For a reactor that is used as a stripper, the emissions of vinyl
chloride from reactor opening loss and all sources following the reactor
used as a stripper for which an emission limit is prescribed in Sec.
61.64(f) are to be determined. The number of reactors for which the
determination is to be made is to be specified by the Administrator for
each individual plant at the time of the determination based on the
plant's operation.
(i) For each batch stripped in the reactor, the following
measurements are to be made:
(A) The concentration of vinyl chloride in resin after stripping,
measured according to paragraph (g)(3) of this section;
(B) The reactor vacuum at end of strip from plant instrument; and
(C) The reactor temperature at the end of strip from plant
instrument.
(ii) For each batch stripped in the reactor, the following
information is to be determined:
(A) The vapor pressure of water in the reactor at the end of strip
from the following table:
Metric Units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reactor vapor Reactor vapor Reactor vapor H2O vapor
temperature H2O vapor temperature H2O vapor pressure temperature pressure (mm
([deg]C) pressure (mm Hg) ([deg]C) (mm Hg) ([deg]C) Hg)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
40 55.3 62 163.8 84 416.8
41 58.3 63 171.4 85 433.6
42 61.5 64 179.3 86 450.9
43 64.8 65 187.5 87 468.7
44 68.3 66 196.1 88 487.1
45 71.9 67 205.0 89 506.1
46 75.6 68 214.2 90 525.8
47 79.6 69 223.7 91 546.0
48 83.7 70 233.7 92 567.0
49 88.0 71 243.9 93 588.6
50 92.5 72 254.6 94 610.9
51 97.2 73 265.7 95 633.9
52 102.1 74 277.2 96 657.6
53 107.2 75 289.1 97 682.1
54 112.5 76 301.4 98 707.3
55 118.0 77 314.1 99 733.2
56 123.8 78 327.3 100 760.0
57 129.8 79 341.0
58 136.1 80 355.1
59 142.6 81 369.7
[[Page 62]]
60 149.4 82 384.9
61 156.4 83 400.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
English Units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reactor vapor H2O vapor Reactor vapor Reactor vapor
temperature pressure temperature H2O vapor pressure temperature H2O vapor
([deg]F) (psia) ([deg]F) (psia) ([deg]F) pressure (psia)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
104 1.07 144 3.167 183 8.060
106 1.13 145 3.314 185 8.384
108 1.19 147 3.467 187 8.719
109 1.25 149 3.626 189 9.063
111 1.32 151 3.792 190 9.419
113 1.39 153 3.964 192 9.786
115 1.46 154 4.142 194 10.17
117 1.54 156 4.326 196 10.56
118 1.62 158 4.519 198 10.96
120 1.70 160 4.716 199 11.38
122 1.79 162 4.923 201 11.81
124 1.88 163 5.138 203 12.26
126 1.974 165 5.360 205 12.72
127 2.073 167 5.590 207 13.19
129 2.175 169 5.828 208 13.68
131 2.282 170 6.074 210 14.18
133 2.394 172 6.329 212 14.70
135 2.510 174 6.594
136 2.632 176 6.866
138 2.757 178 7.149
140 2.889 180 7.443
142 3.024 181 7.746
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) The partial pressure of vinyl chloride in reactor at end of
strip from the following equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR17OC00.478
Where:
PPVC = Partial pressure of vinyl chloride, mm Hg (psia)
PATM = Atmospheric pressure at 0 [deg]C (32 [deg]F), 760 mm
Hg (14.7 psia)
PRV = Absolute pressure of reactor vacuum, mm Hg (psia)
PW = Vapor pressure of water, mm Hg (psia)
(C) The reactor vapor space volume at the end of the strip from the
following equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR17OC00.479
Where:
VRVS = Reactor vapor space volume, m\3\ (ft\3\)
VR = Reactor capacity, m\3\ (ft\3\)
VW = Volume of water in reactor from recipe, m\3\ (ft\3\)
WPVC = Dry weight of polyvinyl chloride in reactor from
recipe, kg (lb)
DPVC = Typical density of polyvinyl chloride, 1,400 kg/m\3\
(87.4 lb/ft\3\)
(iii) For each batch stripped in the reactor, the combined reactor
opening loss and emissions from all sources following the reactor used
as a stripper is to be determined using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR17OC00.480
[[Page 63]]
Where:
CBX = Vinyl chloride emissions, g/kg (lb/lb) product.
PPMVC = Concentration of vinyl chloride in resin after
stripping, ppmw
K1 = Conversion factor from ppmw to units of emission
standard, 0.001 (metric units) = 0.002 (English units)
PPVC = Partial pressure of vinyl chloride determined
according to paragraph (g)(6)(ii)(B) of this section, mm Hg (psia)
VRVS = Reactor vapor space volume determined according to
paragraph (g)(6)(ii)(C) of this section, m\3\ (ft\3\)
RVC = Ideal gas constant for vinyl chloride, 1,002 g-[deg]K/
(mm Hg-m\3\) [5.825 lb-[deg]R/(psia-ft\3\)]
MPVC = Dry weight of polyvinyl chloride in reactor from
recipe, kg (lb)
TR = Reactor temperature, [deg]C ( [deg]F)
KT = Temperature conversion factor for [deg]C to [deg]K, 273
( [deg]F to [deg]R, 460)
(h)(1) Each piece of equipment within a process unit that can
reasonably contain equipment in vinyl chloride service is presumed to be
in vinyl chloride service unless an owner or operator demonstrates that
the piece of equipment is not in vinyl chloride service. For a piece of
equipment to be considered not in vinyl chloride service, it must be
determined that the percent vinyl chloride content can be reasonably
expected not to exceed 10 percent by weight for liquid streams or
contained liquid volumes and 10 percent by volume for gas streams or
contained gas volumes, which also includes gas volumes above liquid
streams or contained liquid volumes. For purposes of determining the
percent vinyl chloride content of the process fluid that is contained in
or contacts equipment, procedures that conform to the methods described
in ASTM D2267-68, 78, or 88 or D4420-94 (incorporated by reference as
specified in Sec. 61.18) shall be used.
(2)(i) An owner or operator may use engineering judgment rather than
the procedures in paragraph (h)(1) of this section to demonstrate that
the percent vinyl chloride content does not exceed 10 percent by weight
for liquid streams and 10 percent by volume for gas streams, provided
that the engineering judgment demonstrates that the vinyl chloride
content clearly does not exceed 10 percent. When an owner or operator
and the Administrator do not agree on whether a piece of equipment is
not in vinyl chloride service, however, the procedures in paragraph
(h)(1) of this section shall be used to resolve the disagreement.
(ii) If an owner or operator determines that a piece of equipment is
in vinyl chloride service, the determination can be revised only after
following the procedures in paragraph (h)(1) of this section.
(3) Samples used in determining the percent vinyl chloride content
shall be representative of the process fluid that is contained in or
contacts the equipment.
[41 FR 46564, Oct. 21, 1976, as amended at 42 FR 29007, June 7, 1977; 47
FR 39486, Sept. 8, 1982; 50 FR 46295, Nov. 7, 1985; 51 FR 34912, Sept.
30, 1986; 65 FR 62152, Oct. 17, 2000]