| Wuestefeld and Regan (1981) |
Roads between
-0.03 and -0.31 Bridges between -0.15 and -0.31 Average value = -0.21 |
16 tolled
infrastructures in the U.S. (roads, bridges, and tunnels) |
| White (1984), quoted in Oum et al. (1992) |
Peak-hours
between -0.21 and -0.36 Off-peak hours between -0.14 and -0.29 |
Bridge in
Southampton, UK |
| Goodwin (1988), quoted in May (1992) |
Average value =
-0.45 |
Literature
review of a number of previous studies |
| Ribas, Raymond, and Matas (1988) |
Between -0.15
and -0.48 |
Three intercity
motorways in Spain |
| Jones and Hervik (1992) |
Oslo -0.22 Alesund -0.45 |
Toll ring
schemes in Norway |
| Harvey (1994) |
Bridges between
-0.05 and -0.15 Roads -0.10 |
Golden Gate
Bridge, San Francisco Bay Bridge, and Everett Turnpike in New Hampshire
(U.S.). |
| Hirschman, McNight, Paaswell, Pucher, and Berechman (1995) |
Between -0.09
and -0.50 Average value -0.25 (only significant values quoted) |
Six bridges and
two tunnels in the New York City area, U.S. |
| Mauchan and Bonsall (1995) |
Whole motorway
network -0.40 Intercity motorways -0.25 |
Simulation model
of motorway charging in West Yorkshire, UK |
| Gifford and Talkington (1996) |
Own-elasticity
of Friday-Saturday traffic -0.18 Cross-elasticity of Monday-Thursday traffic
with respect to Friday toll -0.09 |
Golden Gate
Bridge, San Francisco, U.S. |
| INRETS (1997), quoted in TRACE (1998) |
Between -0.22
and -0.35 |
French motorways
for trips longer than 100 kilometers |
| Lawley Publications (2000) |
-0.20 |
New Jersey
Turnpike, U.S. |
| Burris, Cain, and Pendyala
(2001) |
Off-peak period
elasticity with respect to off-peak toll discount between -0.03 and -0.36 |
Lee County,
Florida, U.S. |
