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FHX2 is used extensively to produce fire charts that display the temporal and spatial distribution of fires at a site.


FHX2 has powerful statistical functions that include modeling of fire intervals with the Weibull distribution and various temporal and spatial tests.

FHX2 Fire History Software

Introduction
Payment and Downloading information
How to Cite This Software
Update information
How to Import Graphics to Other Programs
Publications that have Used FHX2
Acknowledgements

Introduction

FHX2 is software that helps analyze fire history using fire scars and other fire-related injuries found in the annual growth rings of trees. FHX2 provides a means for entering, archiving, storing, editing, and manipulation of fire history information from tree rings, which in turn, provides a more efficient mechanism for data storage and exchange. FHX2 creates master fire charts displaying fire chronologies for individual trees or for individual sites. FHX2 has powerful statistical functions for analyzing the seasonality of past fires, temporal changes in fire regimes, or spatial differences in fire occurrence between sites. The software is capable of statistically analyzing and modeling fire interval distributions using the Weibull distribution. FHX2 also provides access to a superposed epoch analysis program for analyzing the relationship between past fire and climate. The Graphics Module creates, displays, and prints master fire charts. Each horizontal line can represent one tree, a sub-site, composite information for an entire site, or an entire region. Each small vertical bar represents a dated fire event. The Main Menu of the Statistics Module shows how FHX2 can analyze fire seasonality, fire intervals, temporal stability, or spatial differences in past fire regimes.

Payment and Downloading information

Download the program EXTRACT.EXE (531 Kb download) into a folder on your hard drive (usually called C:\FHX2). Run the self-extracting program extract.exe and all files will be copied into the folder. If a file already exists with that file name, simply answer "yes" to the question to overwrite the existing file. Be sure to first set the "FHX2 Folder" (usually "c:\fhx2\") and the "Workspace Folder" (something like "c:\fhx2\work\") from the FHX2 main menu before continuing with FHX2.

After downloading, you MUST purchase this software for $129.95. Current paid users can upgrade to the most recent version for $49.95. Click here to purchase the FHX2 software. (Note: a download tracker supplied by my web host allows me to learn where the software has been downloaded!) Feel free to contact me for further information (click on the Contact button to the left).

Proper Citation

As with any software, I expect proper citation to be given to this software when used for your research, just as you would programs ARSTAN and COFECHA, for example. Possible citations include:

Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 1995. Tree-ring reconstructions of climate and fire history at El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 407 pp.

Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 1999. Modeling fire interval data from the American Southwest with the Weibull distribution. International Journal of Wildland Fire 9(1): 37-50.

Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 2001. FHX2 - Software for analyzing temporal and spatial patterns in fire regimes from tree rings. Tree-Ring Research 57(1): 113-122.

Update information

Most recent updates listed first:

  • The range of years that can be examined in all modules has been expanded out to the year 2015 to ensure compatibility for the next 10 years.

  • The lengths of all fields required for entering site information in the Data Entry Module have been increased to accommodate very long entries.

  • The Summary option in the Statistics Module now calculates both the sample depth (number of trees per year) and the sample depth of the recorder years (number of recorder trees per year).
     

  • Added two different calculations of Fire Frequency in the Statistics Module, the traditional fire frequency (1/MFI = mean fire interval) and the Weibull fire frequency (1/WMPI = 1/(Weibull Median Probability Interval)).
     

  • The begin and end comment lines in the header information of the FHX2 file have been updated to preserve any comments manually entered via a text editor. All comments must go in-between the begin and end comment lines.
     

  • The opening menu in FHX2 now features enhanced information for setting both the FHX2 folder (where the FHX2 software resides) and the Workspace folder (where all your work files will reside). Note: both of these must be set for FHX2 to function properly.
     

  • The Maximum Hazard Interval in the Statistics Module is now calculated using the 0.50 cutoff rate, as this is more ecologically reasonable, i.e., once the hazard rate passes 0.50, the probability is high for fire occurrence.
     

  • The Statistics Module contains a new feature. On "Set Range," the user can "lock" the range of years being analyzed, which carries over from one file to the next. This allows you to analyze the same set of years for many different sites with ease.

How to Import Graphics Into Other Programs

One of the most common questions I receive is how to import the FHX2 graphs into other programs. Two methods exist and I'll give some easy solutions below. First, you need to know that the graphics file created by FHX2 (using the Plot option in the Graphics Module) is in HPGL format (Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language), perhaps the most common format when FHX2 was first developed. Second, you should use ONLY "open symbols" in your fire history chart before plotting to a file, rather than "closed symbols." The closed symbols will turn out jagged when imported into other programs.

Method #1:

Many graphics programs can directly import HPGL format, such as CorelDraw (which I use and highly recommend), AutoCAD programs, and Paintshop Pro, to name a few. Once imported, you can then export the graphic to another format, such as JPEG or TIF, which can be directly imported into Microsoft Word or PowerPoint, for example. When you import the graphic, be sure to select all objects and change the color of all objects to black.

Method #2:

Did you know that the MS Office family of products can import HPGL format? That's right! Here's how. Connect to the Microsoft web site to download a program called Hpgl32.exe. Alternatively, you can download the file from my downloads web site. Follow the simple directions on this web page for installing this graphics filter into Microsoft.

Now, open a blank page in Microsoft's PowerPoint (I prefer to import the FHX2 charts into PowerPoint). Select "Insert -- Picture -- From file" then click on "Files of type" and you'll see a selection for "HP Graphics Language." Select this file type. You then will have to manually choose the HPGL file created by FHX2 where it says "File name" because you likely created a plot file ending with the extension "PGL." If PowerPoint asks you again the file format when converting the file, again select "HP Graphics Language." In the Picture Toolbar, select "Recolor picture" and set all colors to black.

You now should have a high-quality FHX2 graphic that you can save and import into other programs. These graphics have been published in a wide number of scientific journals (see below).

Publications

This FHX2 software was used in the following studies:

  • Abolt, R.A.P. 1997. Fire histories of upper elevation forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico via fire scar and stand age structure analyses. M.S. thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 120 pp.
     

  • Abrams, M.D. 2006. Ecological and ecophysiological attributes and responses to fire in eastern oak forests. In: M.B. Dickinson, ed., Fire in Eastern Oak Forests: Delivering Science to Land Managers. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NRS-P-1: 74-89.
     
  • Arabas, K.B., K.S. Hadley, and E.R. Larson 2006. Fire history of a naturally fragmented landscape in central Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 1108-1120.
     

  • Armbrister, M.R. 2002. Changes in fire regimes and the successional status of Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens Lamb.) in the southern Appalachians, USA. M.S. thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 151 pp.
     

  • Baisan, C.H., and T.W. Swetnam. 1997. Interactions of fire regimes and land use in the central Rio Grande Valley. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-RP-330. 20 pp.
     

  • Barton, A.M., T.W. Swetnam, and C.H. Baisan. 2001. Arizona pine (Pinus arizonica) stand dynamics: local and regional factors in a fire-prone Madrean gallery forest of Southeast Arizona, USA. Landscape Ecology 16(4): 351-369.

  • Beaty, R.M., and A.H. Taylor. 2001. Spatial and temporal variation of fire regimes in a mixed conifer forest landscape, Southern Cascades, California, USA. Journal of Biogeography 28(8): 955-966.

  • Brown, P.M. 2003. Fire, climate, and forest structure in ponderosa pine forests of the Black Hills. Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO. 103 pp.
     

  • Brown, P.M. 2006. Climate effects on fire regimes and tree recruitment in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests. Ecology 87(10): 2500-2510.
     

  • Brown, P.M., M.W. Kaye, and D. Buckley. 1999. Fire history in Douglas-fir and coast redwood forests at Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Northwest Science 73(3): 205-216.
     

  • Brown, P.M., M.W. Kaye, L.S. Huckaby, and C.H. Baisan. 2001. Fire history along environmental gradients in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico: influences of local and regional processes. Ecoscience 8(1): 115-126.

  • Brown, P.M., M.G. Ryan, and T.G. Andrews. 2000. Historical surface fire frequency in ponderosa pine stands in research natural areas, central Rocky Mountains and Black Hills, USA. Natural Areas Journal 20: 133-139.
     

  • Brown, P.M., and W.D. Shepperd. 2002. Fire history and fire climatology along a 5° gradient in latitude in Colorado and Wyoming, USA. Palaeobotanist 50: 133-140.
     

  • Brown, P.M., and C.H. Sieg. 1999. Historical variability in fire at the ponderosa pine - Northern Great Plains prairie ecotone, southeastern Black Hills, South Dakota. Ecoscience 6(4): 539-547.

  • Brown, P.M., and R. Wu. 2005. Climate and disturbance forcing of episodic tree recruitment in a southwestern ponderosa pine landscape. Ecology 86(11): 3030-3038.
     

  • Collins, B.M., and S.L. Stephens. 2007. Managing natural wildfires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10(5): 523-527.
     

  • Cseke, J.J. 2003. A dendroecological approach for dating individual small-scale canopy disturbance events, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. M.S. thesis, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 247 pp.

  • Danzer, S.R. 1998. Fire history and stand structure in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona. M.S. thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 110 pp.
     

  • DeWeese, G.G. 2007. Past fire regimes of Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens Lamb.) stands in the central Appalachian Mountains, Virginia, U.S.A. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. 308 pp.

  • Dey, D.C., and R.P. Guyette. 2000. Anthropogenic fire history and red oak forests in south-central Ontario. Forestry Chronicle 76(2): 339-347.

  • Donnegan, J.A., T.T Veblen, and J.S. Sibold. 2001. Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31(9): 1526-1539.
     

  • Everett, R.L., R. Schellhaas, D. Keenum, D. Spurbeck, and P. Ohlson. 2000. Fire history in the ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests on the east slope of the Washington Cascades. Forest Ecology and Management 129: 207-225.

  • Falk, D.A. 2004. Scaling rules for fire regimes. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 305 pp.

  • Falk, D.A., and T.W. Swetnam. 2003. Scaling rules and probability models for surface fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests. In: Fire, Fuel Treatments, and Ecological Restoration: Conference Proceedings. USDA Forest Service, Ft. Collins, CO. Proceedings RMRS-P-29: 301-317.
     

  • Fulé, P.Z., and W.W. Covington. 1997. Fire regimes and forest structure in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico. Acta Botanica Mexicana 41: 43-79.
     

  • Fulé, P.Z., W.W. Covington, and M.M. Moore. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of Southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications 7(3): 895-908.

  • Fulé, P.Z., J.E. Crouse, T.A. Heinlein, M.M. Moore, W.W. Covington, and G. Verkamp. 2003. Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Landscape Ecology 18(5): 465-485.

  • Fulé, P.Z., T.A. Heinlein, W.W. Covington, and M.M. Moore. 2000. Continuing fire regimes in remote forests of Grand Canyon National Park. In: D.N. Cole, S.F. McCool, W.T. Borrie, and J. O'Loughlin, comps., Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference: Volume 5, Wilderness Ecosystems, Threats, and Management. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15, Vol. 5: 242-248.
     

  • Fulé, P.Z., J. Villanueva-Diaz, and M. Ramos-Gomez. 2005. Fire regime in a conservation reserve in Chihuahua, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35(2): 320-330.
     
  • Gayton, D., M.H. Weber, M. Harrington, E.K. Heyerdahl, E.K. Sutherland, B. Brett, C. Hall, M. Hartmann, L. Peterson, and C. Merrel. 2006. Fire history of a western Montana grassland: A pilot study. In: J.H. Speer, ed., Experiential Learning and Exploratory Research: The 13th Annual North American Dendroecological Fieldweek (NADEF). Indiana State University, Department of Geography, Geology, and Anthropology, Professional Paper Series 23: 30-36.
     
  • Grau, H.R., T.A. Easdale, and L. Paolini. 2003. Subtropical dendroecology - dating disturbances and forest dynamics in northwestern Argentina montane ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 177(1-3): 131-143.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 1995. Tree-ring reconstructions of climate and fire history at El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 407 pp.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 1999. Modeling fire interval data from the American Southwest with the Weibull distribution. International Journal of Wildland Fire 9(1): 37-50.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 2001. FHX2 - Software for analyzing temporal and spatial patterns in fire regimes from tree rings. Tree-Ring Research 57(1): 115-124.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D., C.H. Baisan, and T.W. Swetnam. 1994. Fire history and age structure analyses in the mixed-conifer and spruce-fir forests of the Pinaleno Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Final Report, Mt. Graham Red Squirrel Study Committee, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Forest Service, Phoenix, AZ. 73 pp.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D., C.H. Baisan, and T.W. Swetnam. 1995. Fire history in the Pinaleno Mountains of southern Arizona: Effects of human-related disturbances. In L.F. Debano, G.J. Gottfried, R.H. Hamre, C.B. Edminster, P.F. Ffolliott, and A. Ortega-Rubio, eds., Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. Ft. Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-GTR-264: 399-407.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D., H.C. Blount, and A.C. Miller. 2001. Tree-ring dating and the ethnohistory of the naval stores industry in southern Georgia. Tree-Ring Research 57(1): 3-13.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D., C.M. Gentry, S. Croy, J. Hiatt, B. Osborne, A. Stan, and G.G. DeWeese. 2006. Fire history of western Montana forested landscapes via tree-ring analyses. In: J.H. Speer, ed., Experiential Learning and Exploratory Research: The 13th Annual North American Dendroecological Fieldweek (NADEF). Indiana State University, Department of Geography, Geology, and Anthropology, Professional Paper Series 23: 47-56.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D., W.H. Romme, M.L. Floyd-Hanna, and D. Hanna. 2004. Climatic and human influences on fire regimes of the southern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Ecology 85(6): 1708-1724.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D., and T.W. Swetnam. 1995. Effects of habitat diversity on fire regimes in El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico. In J.K. Brown, R.W. Mutch, C.W. Spoon, and R.H. Wakimoto, eds., Proceedings: Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park Management, 1993 March 30-April 1, Missoula, Montana. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320: 195-200.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D., and T.W. Swetnam. 1997. Multi-century history of wildfire in the ponderosa pine forests of El Malpais. In K. Mabery, ed., Natural History of El Malpais National Monument. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 156: 163-171.
     

  • Grissino-Mayer, H.D., and T.W. Swetnam. 2000. Century-scale climate forcing of fire regimes in the American Southwest. The Holocene 19(2): 213-220.

  • Groven, R., and M. Niklasson. 2005. Anthropogenic impact on past and present fire regimes in a boreal forest landscape of southeastern Norway. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35(11): 2719-2726.
     

  • Guyette, R.P., and D.C. Dey. 1995. A presettlement fire history in an oak-pine forest near Basin Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Ontario Forestry Research Institute Forest Research Report 132. 7 pp.
     

  • Guyette, R.P., and D.C. Dey. 1997. Historic shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) abundance and fire frequency in a mixed oak-pine forest (MOFEP, Site 8). In B.L. Brookshire and S.R. Shifley, eds., Proceedings of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project Symposium: An Experimental Approach to Landscape Research. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-193: 136-149.
     

  • Guyette, R.P., D.C. Dey, and C. McDonell. 1995. Determining fire history from old white pine stumps in an oak-pine forest in Bracebridge, Ontario. Ontario Forestry Research Institute Forest Research Report 133. 9 pp.

  • Guyette, R.P., D.C. Dey, and M.C. Stambaugh. 2003. Fire and human history of a barren-forest mosaic in southern Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 149(1): 21-34.

  • Guyette, R.P., R.M. Muzika, and D.C. Dey. 2002. Dynamics of an anthropogenic fire regime. Ecosystems 5(5): 472-486.

  • Hessl, A.E., D. McKenzie, and R. Schellhaas. 2004. Drought and Pacific Decadal Oscillation linked to fire occurrence in the inland Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 14(2): 425-442.
     

  • Hessl, A., J. Miller, J., Kernan, D. Keenum, and D. McKenzie. 2007. Mapping paleo-fire boundaries from binary point data comparing interpolation methods. Professional Geographer 59(1): 87-104.
     
  • Heyerdahl, E.K., and E. Alvarado. 2003. Influence of climate and land use on historical surface fires in pine-oak forests, Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. In: T.T. Veblen, W.L. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam, eds., Fire and Climatic Change in Temperate Ecosystems of the Western Americas. Springer-Verlag, New York: 198-217.
     

  • Jenkins, S.E., R. Guyette, and A.J. Rebertus. 1997. Vegetation-site relationships and fire history of a savanna-glade-woodland mosaic in the Pzarks. In S.G. Pallardy, R.A. Cecich, H.E. Garrett, and P.S. Johnson, eds., Proceedings, 11th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, 1997 March 23-26, Columbia, Missouri. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-188: 172-183.
     

  • Kaib, M. 1998. Fire history in riparian canyon pine-oak forests and the intervening desert grasslands of the Southwest borderlands: A dendroecological, historical, and cultural inquiry. M.S. thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 234 pp.
     

  • Kaib, M., C.H. Baisan, H.D. Grissino-Mayer, and T.W. Swetnam. 1996. Fire history in the gallery pine-oak forests and adjacent grasslands of the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. In P.F. Ffolliott, L.F. DeBano, M.B. Maker, Jr., G.J. Gottfried, G. Solis-Garza, C.B. Edminster, D.G. Neary, L.S. Allen, and R.H. Hamre, R.H., tech. coord., Effects of Fire on Madrean Province Ecosystems: A Symposium Proceedings. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-289: 253-264.
     

  • Kerr, R.T. 1996. The fire regime of Mt. Gleason, California as a function of climate and vegetation. M.A. thesis, California State University, Northridge. 83 pp.

  • Kipfmueller, K.F., and J.A. Kupfer. 2005. Complexity of successional pathways in subalpine forests of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95(3): 495-510.
     

  • Kitzberger, T., and T.T. Veblen. 1997. Influences of humans and ENSO on fire history of Austrocedrus chilensis woodlands in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Ecoscience 4(4): 508-520.
     

  • Lehtonen, H., and P. Huttunen. 1997. History of forest fires in eastern Finland from the fifteenth century AD - the possible effects of slash-and-burn cultivation. The Holocene 7(2): 223-228.
     

  • Lehtonen, H., P. Huttunen, and P. Zetterberg. 1996. Influence of man on forest fire frequency in North Karelia, Finland, as evidenced by fire scars on Scots pine. Annales Botanici Fennici 33: 257-263.

  • Lehtonen, H., and T. Kolström. 2000. Forest fire history in Viena Karelia, Russia. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 15: 585-590.

  • Lewis, D.B. 2003. Fire regimes of forested kipukas at El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico. M.S. thesis, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 145 pp.

  • McCord, V.A.S. 1996. Flood history reconstruction in Frijoles Canyon using flood-scarred trees. In C.D. Allen, ed., Fire Effects in Southwestern Forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286: 33-46.
     

  • McEwan, R.W., T.F. Hutchinson, R.D.  Ford, and B.C.  McCarthy. 2006. An experimental evaluation of fire history reconstruction using dendrochronology in white oak (Quercus alba). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 806-816.
     
  • McEwan, R.W., T.F. Hutchinson, R.P. Long, D.R. Ford, and B.C. McCarthy, B.C. 2007. Temporal and spatial patterns in fire occurrence during the establishment of mixed-oak forests in eastern North America. Journal of Vegetation Science 18: 655-664.
     
  • Miller, A.C. 2007. Fire history of Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis (Griseb.) W.H. Barrett & Golfari) forests on Abaco Island, The Bahamas. M.S. Research Paper, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. 84 pp.
     

  • Miller, R.F., and J.A. Rose. 1999. Fire history and western juniper encroachment in sagebrush steppe. Journal of Range Management 52(6): 550-559.
     

  • Moody, T.J., J. Fites-Kaufman, and S.L. Stephens. 2006. Fire history and climate influences from forests in the northern Sierra Nevada, USA. Fire Ecology 2(1): 115-141.
     

  • Morino, K.A. 1996. Reconstruction and interpretation of historical patterns of fire occurrence in the Organ Mountains, New Mexico. M.S. thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 144 pp.

  • Norman, S., and A.H. Taylor. 1997. Variation in fire-return intervals across a mixed-conifer forest landscape. In: N. Sugihara, ed., Fire in California Ecosystems: Integrating Ecology, Prevention and Management. The Association for Fire Ecology. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1: 170-179.

  • Olson, D.L., and J.K. Agee. 2005. Historical fires in Douglas-fir dominated riparian forests of the southern Cascades, Oregon. Fire Ecology 1(1): 50-74.
     

  • Ortloff, W., J.G. Goldammer, F.H. Schweingruber, and T.W. Swetnam. 1995. Jahrringanalytische Untersuchungen zur Feuergeschichte eines Bestandes von Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. in den Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, USA. Forstarchiv 66: 206-214.
     

  • Pohl, K.A., K.S. Hadley, and K.B. Arabas. 2006. Decoupling tree-ring signatures of climate variation, fire, and insect outbreaks in central Oregon. Tree-Ring Research 62(2): 37-50.
     

  • Psaltis, J. 2001. Climate response, age distribution, and fire history of a corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) stand in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. M.S. thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 83 pp.

  • Rentch, J.S. 2001. Stand dynamics and disturbance history of five oak-dominated old-growth stands in the unglaciated Appalachian Plateau. PhD dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.

  • Rentch, J.S., M.A. Fajvan, and R.R. Hicks, Jr. 2003. Oak establishment and canopy accession strategies in five old-growth stands in the central hardwood forest region. Forest Ecology and Management 184: 286-297.

  • Rentch, J.S., M.A. Fajvan, and R.R. Hicks, Jr. 2003. Spatial and temporal disturbance characteristics of oak-dominated old-growth stands in the central hardwood forest region. Forest Science 49: 778-789.

  • Rentch, J.S., and R.R. Hicks, Jr. 2003. Canopy disturbance intervals, early growth rates, and canopy accession trends of oak-dominated old-growth forests. In: J.W. Van Sambeek, J.O. Dawson, F. Ponder, Jr., E.F. Lowenstein, and J.S. Fralish, eds., Proceedings, 13th Central Hardwood Conference, 2002 April 1-3, Urbana, Illinois. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-234: 323-332.
     

  • Sakulich, J., and A.H. Taylor. 2007. Fire regimes and forest structure in a sky island mixed conifer forest, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 241(1-3): 62-73.

  • Schuler, T.M., and W.R. McClain. 2003. Fire history of a ridge and valley oak forest. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-724: 1-9.
     

  • Seklecki, M.T., H.D. Grissino-Mayer, and T.W. Swetnam. 1996. Fire history and the possible role of Apache-set fires in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. In P.F. Ffolliott, L.F. DeBano, M.B. Maker, Jr., G.J. Gottfried, G. Solis-Garza, C.B. Edminster, D.G. Neary, L.S. Allen, and R.H. Hamre, tech. coord., Effects of Fire on Madrean Province Ecosystems: A Symposium Proceedings. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-289: 238-246.
     

  • Stephens, S.L. 2001. Fire history differences in adjacent Jeffrey pine and upper montane forests in the eastern Sierra Nevada. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10(2): 161-167.

  • Stephens, S.L., C.N. Skinner, and S.J. Gill. 2003. Dendrochronology-based fire history of Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33(6): 1090-1101.
     

  • Sutherland, E.K. 1997. History of fire in a southern Ohio second-growth mixed-oak forest. In S.G. Pallardy, R.A. Cecich, H.E. Garrett, and P.S. Johnson, eds., Proceedings, 11th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, 1997 March 23-26, Columbia, Missouri. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-188: 172-183.
     

  • Swetnam, T.W., and C.H. Baisan. 1996. Historical fire regime patterns in the Southwestern United States since AD 1700. In C.D. Allen, ed., Fire Effects in Southwestern Forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286: 11-32.
     

  • Swetnam, T.W., and C.H. Baisan. 1996. Fire histories of montane forests in the Madrean Borderlands. In P.F. Ffolliott, L.F. DeBano, M.B. Maker, Jr., G.J. Gottfried, G. Solis-Garza, C.B. Edminster, D.G. Neary, L.S. Allen, and R.H. Hamre, tech. coord., Effects of Fire on Madrean Province Ecosystems: A Symposium Proceedings. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-289: 15-36.

  • Swetnam, T.W., and C.H. Baisan. 2003. Tree-ring reconstructions of fire and climate history in the Sierra Nevada and southwestern United States. In: T.T. Veblen, W.L. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam, eds., Fire and Climatic Change in Temperate Ecosystems of the Western Americas. Springer-Verlag, New York: 158-195.
     

  • Swetnam, T.W., C.H. Baisan, and J.M. Kaib. 2001. Forest fire histories of the Sky Islands of La Frontera. In G.L. Webster and C.J. Bahre, eds., Changing Plant Life of La Frontera: Observations on Vegetation in the United States/Mexico Borderlands. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque: 95-123.
     

  • Touchan, R., C.D. Allen, and T.W. Swetnam. 1996. Fire history and climatic patterns in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of the Jemez Mountains, northern New Mexico. In C.D. Allen, ed., Fire Effects in Southwestern Forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286: 33-46.

  • Veblen, T.T., and T. Kitzberger. 2002. Inter-hemispheric comparison of fire history: The Colorado Front Range, U.S.A., and the Northern Patagonian Andes, Argentina. Plant Ecology 163(2): 187-207.
     

  • Veblen, T.T., T. Kitzberger, R. Villalba, and J. Donnegan. 1999. Fire history in northern Patagonia: The roles of humans and climatic variations. Ecological Monographs 69(1): 47-67.
     

  • Veblen, T.T., T. Kitzberger, and J. Donnegan. 2000. Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Ecological Applications 19(4): 1178-1195.

  • Veblen, T.T., T. Kitzberger, E. Raffaele, and D.D. Lorenz. 2003. Fire history and vegetation changes in northern Patagonia, Argentina. In: T.T. Veblen, W.L. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam, eds., Fire and Climatic Change in Temperate Ecosystems of the Western Americas. Springer-Verlag, New York: 265-295.

  • Whitlock, C., C.N. Skinner, P.J. Bartlein, T. Minckley, and J.A. Mohr. 2004. Comparison of charcoal and tree-ring records of recent fires in the eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34(10): 2110-2121.

  • Wieder, W.R., and N.W. Bower. 2004. Fire history of the Aiken Canyon grassland-woodland ecotone in the southern foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Southwestern Naturalist 49(2): 239-298.
     

  • Wilkinson-Kaye, M., T. Swetnam, and C. Baisan. 2006. Borderlands fire regimes. In: P.R. Fish, S.K. Fish, and J.H. Madsen, eds., Prehistory and Early History of the Malpai Borderlands: Archaeological Synthesis and Recommendations. USDA Forest Service  RMRS-GTR-176: 55-61.

  • Wolf, J.J. 1997. Fire history of mixed-conifer forests on the North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park. M.S. thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. 70 pp.
     

  • Wolf, J.J., and J.N. Mast. 1998. Fire history of mixed-conifer forests on the North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Physical Geography 19(1): 1-14.
     

  • Wright, C.S. 1996. Fire history of the Teanaway River drainage, Washington. M.S. thesis, The University of Washington, Seattle. 190 pp.

  • Wright, C.S., and J.K. Agee. 2004. Fire and vegetation history in the eastern Cascade Mountains, Washington. Ecological Applications 14(2): 443-459.
     

  • Wu, R. 1999. Fire history and forest structure in the mixed conifer forests of southwest Colorado. M.S. thesis, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO. 155 pp.

Acknowledgements

Many individuals helped significantly with the development and testing of the FHX2 software. I first must thank the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research for providing me with facilities and computers on which to develop this software. Dr. Thomas W. Swetnam is the driving force behind our fire history/ecology research, and to him I am particularly grateful. Kiyomi Morino offered numerous helpful suggestions in all stages of the development of this software, and this software benefits greatly from her comments, suggestions, and testing. Ramzi Touchan and Craig Allen also tested the software in its earliest stages, and suggested many useful ideas that improved the software. The comments and ideas of Tony Caprio, Chris Baisan, Linda Mutch, Don Falk, and Jeff Balmat are also greatly appreciated. If any users have ideas on how they would like to see this software improved, please drop me a message at the e-mail address on the Contacts page (link in the left column).

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