Crop residues absorb energy of raindrops to reduce the soil
splash. Plants and close growing crops minimize raindrop
impact as well as hold the soil together and act a filter.
They also reduce the amount of runoff as do subsurface
drainage system.
Cover crops are grasses, legumes, or small grains grown between regular grain production periods for the purpose of protecting and improving the soil. For water erosion control, the winter cover crops hold the soil together until spring, helping to keep nutrients in the land and reduce run off. Cover crops also protect the land from the harsh forces of the wind.
Erosion is a selective process, removing the fine silt, clay, and organic matter at a much faster rate than coarser sands. This can result in poorer soil tillage and lower nutrient- and water-holding capacity if nothing is done about the situation.
Legumes are plants or crops such as soybeans, alfalfa, and clover that are high in nitrogen production and are helpful when replenishing the soil and improving its ability to prevent eventual soil erosion.
Loam is an easily crumbled soil that consists of a varying mixture of clay, silt, and sand.
There are many models that are used to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs. Development of the first model to estimate soil erosion was started in the 1930's. It has been used to predict sediment losses and to plan conservation measures for farms.
Mulch is a type of protective covering such as sawdust,
compost, burlap, shredded wood or paper strips used on the
ground to reduce water evaporation, control weeds, enrich the
soil. It is also very important in preventing water erosion in
newly formed waterways and other areas where vegetation still
has not had enough time to establish itself. The mulch
intercepts the erosive forces of raindrops, thus reducing
erosion until the seeding produces its own protective cover.
Runoff occurs when the rainfall rate exceeds the soil's
infiltration capacity. On sloping areas, runoff is a concern
since it can carry soil particles, nutrients, and other
chemicals with it.
Technical assistance and other information on reducing soil erosion is available at such locations as the local Soil and Water Conservation District and the Agricultual Stabilization & Conservation Service office.