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DEA
Congressional Testimony
Statement
by:
John Andrejko
Special Agent in Charge
Atlanta Field Division
Drug Enforcement Administration
Before
the:
Criminal
Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources Subcommittee
Date:
September
18, 2000
Note: This document
may not reflect changes made in actual delivery.
Chairman Mica, distinguished
members of the Committee: I am pleased to have the opportunity to appear
before you to discuss the emerging drug threats facing the youth of America
today. I would first like to thank you personally and the Committee for
it's continued support of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and
overall support of drug law enforcement.
As you are well aware,
the alarming spread of illegal drug abuse by our youth is having a profound
effect in communities throughout the United States. It is fair to say
that the increasing use of synthetic or club drugs such as 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA, aka Ecstasy), GHB, Ketamine, LSD, and methamphetamine by young
adults is quickly becoming one of the most significant law enforcement
and social issues facing our nation today. DEA reporting indicates widespread
abuse within virtually every major city throughout the United States with
indications of trafficking and abuse expanding to smaller cities across
the nation. Perhaps most frightening is the decreased perception of risk
that young teens have regarding the use of these drugs. Many mistakenly
believe they are not as harmful or addictive as mainstream drugs.
One concern is the
recent explosion of Ecstasy seizures and nationwide hospital emergency
room mentions related to Ecstasy. Although available since the 1980s,
its use has escalated in the 1990s among college students and young adults,
particularly those who participate in all-night dance parties called "raves."
Recent statistics indicate that between 1998 and 1999, past year use of
ecstasy rose by a third among 10th graders, and by 56 percent among 12th
graders. The greatest number of MDMA users fell into the 18-25 year old
category with slightly greater than 1.4 million people reporting its use.
Secondly, while methamphetamine
is not an entirely new problem in the United States, about six years ago
an upsurge in methamphetamine trafficking and abuse began taking hold
in many regions of the nation, starting on the West Coast, and rapidly
expanding into the Midwest and Southwestern United States. DEA statistics
indicate that in 1993, DEA seized a total of 218 methamphetamine labs
nationwide. Current DEA statistics indicate that in 1999, DEA alone seized
2,021 clandestine laboratories and that the total number of laboratories
seized by Federal, state, and local law enforcement officers nationwide
was 7,060 (note: 97% of all reported lab seizures were either methamphetamine
or amphetamine labs.
As such, due to the
potential health and safety threat each pose to the general public, and
in particular, America's youth population, I will focus my testimony today
on methamphetamine and MDMA trafficking.
Part I:
Methamphetamine
Nationwide:
Traditionally considered
the "poor-man's" cocaine, methamphetamine is a central nervous system
stimulant. Police reporting clearly indicates that methamphetamine addiction
and trafficking has resulted in increased violence and severely impacted
the quality of life in many American communities. Increasing methamphetamine
production and abuse poses a unique challenge for drug enforcement in
the United States. Law enforcement agencies must now face the burdens
of additional specialized training for officers, hazardous waste disposal,
environmental contamination, and additional public safety issues of fires,
explosions, and poison gas, in addition to the crime, violence, and abuse
problems typically associated with controlled substances.
There are at least
three distinct components to combating the overall methamphetamine problem:
comprehensive domestic and international precursor chemical control and
enforcement, fighting organized, high volume drug traffickers and the
identification and clean up of the growing number of smaller producing,
"mom and pop" laboratories. Over the past several years, established Mexican
drug trafficking organizations operating in Mexico and Southern and Central
California have seized control of the illicit methamphetamine trade. Mexican
drug trafficking organizations have the ability to exploit an existing,
well-established transportation and distribution network, on both sides
of the border, and to illegally secure large amounts of precursor chemicals.
Mexico based, poly-drug trafficking organizations have revolutionized
the production of methamphetamine by operating large-scale laboratories
in Mexico and California that are capable of producing unprecedented quantities
of methamphetamine.
Almost all of the
"super labs" operating in the United States are located in California.
Although Mexican organizations operate only a small percentage of the
total methamphetamine laboratories seized nationally, these "super labs"
produce an estimated 85% of the methamphetamine distributed in the United
States. These criminal organizations have saturated the western United
States market with methamphetamine, established their distribution cells
in other regions of the United States, and are increasingly moving their
methamphetamine to markets in the Midwestern and Eastern United States.
Another reason for
the methamphetamine lab epidemic is the evolution of technology and the
increased use of the Internet. With modern computer technology, and chemists
willing to share their recipes, production information is now available
to anyone with computer access. Aside from marijuana, methamphetamine
is the only illegal drug abused by a noteworthy percentage of the population
that an addict could produce himself or herself. A cocaine or heroin addict
cannot make his own cocaine or heroin, but a methamphetamine addict only
has to turn on their computer to find a recipe that details the chemicals
and process needed. Many addicts have elected
to produce the stimulant themselves.
The growing popularity
of methamphetamine has led to an alarmingly high number of clandestine
laboratory seizures across the country. The number of clandestine labs
(all types of illegal drugs) seized nationwide by DEA has increased from
306 lab seizures in Calendar Year 1994 to 2,021 in 1999, a 569% increase.
The statistics for 1999 also indicate that 97% of the clandestine laboratory
seizures reported to the El Paso Intelligence Center in 1999 were methamphetamine
and/or amphetamine labs. These labs are usually far smaller than the larger
laboratories operated by the major methamphetamine trafficking organizations,
but are equally as dangerous to law enforcement officers who encounter
them.
In 1997, DEA reported
31 fires and 11 explosions associated with the 1,451 clandestine drug
lab seizures in which DEA participated. In 1999, the National Clandestine
Laboratory Database indicated that the number of reported incidents of
fires increased to 64, explosions 101, and labs which had explosives and/or
booby traps, 80. The National Database also revealed 877 incidents in
which children were present during the seizure of a lab in 1999. The Drug
Enforcement Administration and state and local police organizations also
must deal with the dangerous and expensive hazardous waste cleanup problems
created by clandestine labs.
During the last two
years, the national methamphetamine situation has changed significantly.
Until 1999, the methamphetamine problem was increasing at a dramatic rate.
The national purity level for methamphetamine, as well as amphetamine,
has gone down dramatically in 1999-2000. As previously stated, precursor
chemical controls, the international "letter of non-objection" program,
and chemical interdiction, combined with aggressive national and local
law enforcement efforts, have produced positive results. The average purity
of methamphetamine exhibits seized by DEA dropped from 71.9 percent in
1994 to 31.1 percent in 1999. The average purity of amphetamine exhibits
seized by DEA dropped from 40.5 percent in 1994 to only 20.8 percent in
1999. Decreasing purity levels for methamphetamine and amphetamine should
have some effect on the number of emergency room admissions and overdose
deaths related to methamphetamine.
Methamphetamine prices
vary considerably by region. Nationwide, prices range from $3,500 to $30,000
per pound at the distribution level. Retail prices range from $500 to
$2,500 per ounce and $25 to $150 per gram. Arrests in DEA methamphetamine
investigations increased in Fiscal Year (FY) 1999, to 8,680, a 10% percent
increase from the 7,888 arrests in FY 1998, but a 41% increase over the
6,145 arrests in FY 1997, and a significant 113% increase over the 4,069
arrests in FY 1996.
The Methamphetamine
Situation in Georgia:
The majority of methamphetamine
available for consumption in the Southeast area, and specifically in Georgia,
originates in Mexico, California, and Texas and is transported via couriers,
(usually Mexican Nationals), by vehicles, commercial tractor-trailers,
and commercial postal services. In the last few years, the number of methamphetamine
investigations initiated by the DEA Atlanta Field Division increased from
78 in FY 96 to 185 in FY 2000. Increasingly, more violators have also
been arrested. The number of methamphetamine offenders arrested increased
from 307 in 1997 to 521 in FY 2000. In 1996, the DEA Atlanta Field Division
seized a total of 54 pounds of methamphetamine. For the last three fiscal
years, methamphetamine seizures have continued an upward trend. For fiscal
year 1999, DEA Atlanta seized 469 pounds of methamphetamine. Seizures
for FY 2000 are not final but show a slight decrease.
Methamphetamine clandestine
laboratory seizures within the DEA's Atlanta Field Division have also
increased significantly. Five years ago, DEA seized less than five methamphetamine
laboratories in the Northern District of Georgia. In FY 99, a total of
24 laboratories were seized. To date, in the Northern District of Georgia
a total of 44 laboratories have been seized in FY2000.
Congressional
Action (Methamphetamine):
In the last several
years, Congress enacted important legislation to help prevent chemical
methamphetamine manufacture, to deter trafficking in methamphetamine and
its precursor chemicals, and to encourage effective prevention, education,
and treatment of methamphetamine abuse. The regulatory and enforcement
framework for precursor control was established with the "Chemical Diversion
and Trafficking Act of 1988" (Pub. Law100-690). Twelve more chemicals
were added to the regulatory scheme by amendments in the "Crime Control
Act of 1990" (Pub. Law 101-647). The first bill specifically targeting
the illicit production of methamphetamine (and the related drug methcathinone,
which has virtually disappeared as a clandestine product) was the "Domestic
Chemical Diversion Control Act of 1993" (Pub. Law 103-200). The 1993 amendment
began to close the "legal drug exemption" that had allowed traffickers
to avoid regulatory requirements by buying their chemicals through thousands
of "legal" FDA-approved tablets. The bill brought over-the-counter, single-entity
ephedrine products under DEA regulatory control, and permitted DEA to
add other products by regulation. It also required registration of handlers
of "list I" (formerly precursor) chemicals similar to those for controlled
substances. In 1996, Congress enacted a major piece of methamphetamine-related
legislation, the "Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996" (Pub.
Law 104-237), most of which became effective on October 3, 1996. The most
recent enactment, the "Methamphetamine Penalty Enhancement Act of 1998"
(Pub Law 105-277, div.), lowered certain quantity thresholds for mandatory
minimum trafficking penalties.
The Congress has
developed landmark methamphetamine legislation, The Methamphetamine Anti-Proliferation
Act of 1999 [H.R. 2987 and S.486]. This legislation substantially contributes
to national methamphetamine enforcement efforts by directing the Sentencing
Commission to increase base level penalties for amphetamine so they are
commensurate with those for methamphetamine, and setting higher sentencing
thresholds for the manufacture of methamphetamine or amphetamine if it
is determined that the criminal offense creates a substantial risk to
human life or the environment, or if this risk is to a minor.
Part II:
MDMA
Nationwide:
Primarily illicitly
manufactured in and trafficked from Europe, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA), a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substance Act (CSA) is
the most popular of the club drugs. Its origins can be traced to Germany
in 1912 where it was patented but never studied or marketed for human
consumption. In the 1970's and early 1980's some health care professionals
experimented with the drug in "introspective therapy" sessions, outside
of FDA-approved research. DEA reporting indicates widespread abuse of
this drug within virtually every city in the United States. Although it
is primarily abused in urban settings, abuse of this substance also has
been reported in rural communities. Although prices in the United States
generally range from $25 to $40 per dosage unit, prices as high as $50
per dosage unit have been reported in Miami.
The drug is a synthetic,
psychoactive substance possessing stimulant and mild hallucinogenic properties.
Known as the "hug drug" or "feel good" drug, it reduces inhibitions and
produces feelings of empathy for others, the elimination of anxiety, and
extreme relaxation. In addition to chemical stimulation, the drug reportedly
suppresses the need to eat, drink, or sleep. This enables club scene users
to endure all-night and sometimes 2-3 day parties. MDMA is taken orally,
usually in tablet form, and its effects last approximately 4-6 hours.
Taken at raves, the drug may lead to severe dehydration and heat stroke,
since it has the effect of "short-circuiting" the body's temperature signals
to the brain. An MDMA overdose is characterized by rapid heartbeat, high
blood pressure, faintness, muscle cramping, panic attacks, and in more
severe cases, loss of consciousness or seizures. One of the side effects
of the drug is jaw muscle tension and teeth grinding. As a consequence,
MDMA users will often use pacifiers to help relieve the tension. The most
critical, life-threatening response to MDMA is hyperthermia or excessive
body heat. Recent reports of MDMA-related deaths were associated with
core body temperatures ranging from 107 to 109 degrees Fahrenheit. Many
rave clubs now have cooling centers or cold showers designed to allow
participants to lower their body temperatures.
The long-term effects
of MDMA are still under evaluation; however, research by the National
Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1998 directly measured
the effects of the drug on the human brain. The study revealed that the
drug causes damage to the neurons (nerve cells) that utilize serotonin
to communicate with other neurons in the brain, and that recreational
MDMA users risk permanent brain damage that may manifest itself in depression,
anxiety, memory loss, learning difficulties, and other neuropsychiatric
disorders.
MDMA can produce
stimulant effects such as an enhanced sense of pleasure, self-confidence
and increased energy. Its hallucinogenic effects include feelings of peacefulness,
acceptance, and empathy. Users claim they experience feelings of closeness
with others and a desire to touch them. As such, because of the feelings
attained by the MDMA user, there exists a misconception that these drugs
are relatively safe. However, various researchers have shown that use
of club drugs can cause serious health problems and, in some cases, death.
Used in combination with alcohol, some of these club drugs can be even
more dangerous. Furthermore, MDMA's long-term psychological effects can
include confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety, and paranoia.
The ecstasy drug
market in the United States is supplied and controlled by Western European-based
drug traffickers. In recent years, Israeli Organized Crime syndicates;
some composed of Russian émigrés associated with Russian
Organized Crime syndicates, have forged relationships with the Western
European traffickers and gained control over a significant share of the
European market. Moreover, the Israeli syndicates remain the primary source
to the U.S. distribution groups. The increasing involvement of organized
crime syndicates signifies the "professionalization" of the MDMA market.
These organizations have proven to be capable of producing and smuggling
significant quantities of MDMA from source countries in Europe to the
United States. DEA reporting indicates their distribution networks are
expanding from coast to coast, enabling a relatively few organizations
to dominate MDMA markets nationwide.
MDMA is clandestinely
manufactured in Western Europe, primarily in the Netherlands and Belgium.
It is estimated that 90% of MDMA distributed worldwide is produced in
these countries. MDMA production is a relatively sophisticated chemical
process making it difficult for inexperienced individuals to produce MDMA
successfully. However, there are several manufacturing processes for MDMA
and a multitude of "recipes" that are posted on the Internet. Most of
the MDMA laboratories are capable of producing 20-30 kilograms on a daily
basis, although law enforcement authorities have seized some labs with
the capability of producing 100 kilograms per day.
Most often, the MDMA
is manufactured by Dutch chemists and transported and distributed by various
factions of Israeli Organized Crime groups. These groups recruit and utilize
Americans, Israeli and western European nationals as couriers. These couriers
can smuggle anywhere from 10,000 to 20,000 tablets (2.5-5 kilograms) on
their person and up to 50,000 tablets (10 kilograms) in specially designed
luggage. In addition to the use of couriers, these organizations use the
parcel mail, DHL, UPS, and U.S. Postal Service. Due to the size of the
MDMA tablet, concealment is much easier than other traditional drugs smuggled
in kilogram-size packages (cocaine, heroin, and marijuana).
What brings these
Drug Trafficking Organizations together is the enormous profit realized
in these ventures along with the fact that MDMA is not produced in the
United States. Although estimates vary, the cost of producing an MDMA
tablet can run between $.50 - $1.00. The wholesale, or first level price
for MDMA tablets have ranged from $1.00-$2.00 per tablet, contingent on
the volume purchased. This potential four-fold profit provides huge incentives
for the laboratory owner or chemist. Furthermore, manufacturing laboratories
can realize these profits without coming into contact with anyone except
the first level transportation or distribution representatives. Once the
MDMA reaches the United States, a domestic cell distributor will charge
$6-$8 per tablet. The retailer then turns around and distributes it for
$25-$40 per pill. Clearly, there is a tremendous profit realized in each
function in MDMA trafficking from the producer or clandestine laboratory
operator, to the transporter, to the wholesaler, to the retailer, then
on to the consumer.
MDMA
situation in Georgia:
The MDMA situation
in Georgia mirrors National trends. MDMA is very popular among middle-class
college age students who mistakenly perceive this "Designer Drug" to be
harmless. In the Atlanta Metropolitan area, like in many other metropolitan
cities throughout the U.S., MDMA is widely available in the "Nightclub"
scene, (Dance Nightclubs, Adult Entertainment Clubs, Gay Clubs, etc),
" Rave Parties", college campuses and Health Fitness Clubs.
Even though a few
MDMA laboratories have been seized in the Atlanta Field Division, the
bulk of MDMA pills available in the Atlanta Metropolitan area are manufactured
in the Netherlands transported overland to other European cities and transshipped
into this area via Canada and Mexico. The trafficking of MDMA in the Atlanta
area appears to be controlled by local drug traffickers with connections
to Russian/Israeli organized crime members.
Within the last few
months, two major seizures of MDMA have been made in the Atlanta metropolitan
area. One totaled 70,000 pills and the other 30,000 pills. In addition,
approximately 27 kilograms of MDMA destined for distribution in Atlanta
was also seized by DEA.
Overview of Other
"Club" Drugs: An Emerging Epidemic:
The use of synthetic
drugs has become a popular method of enhancing the club and rave experience.
These rave functions, which are parties known for loud techno-music and
dancing at underground locations, regularly host several thousand teenagers
and young adults who use MDMA, LSD, GHB, alone or in various combinations.
Users of drugs such as MDMA report that the effects of the drug heighten
the user's perceptions, especially the visual stimulation. Quite often,
users of MDMA at clubs will dance with light sticks to increase their
visual stimulation. Legal substances such as Vicks VapoRub are often used
to enhance the effects of the drug.
"Club" drugs have
become such an integral part of the rave circuit that there no longer
appears to be an attempt to conceal their use. Rather, drugs are sold
and used openly at these parties. Traditional and non-traditional sources
continue to report the flagrant and open drug use at "raves." Intelligence
indicates that it has also become commonplace for security at these parties
to ignore drug use and sales on the premises. Tragically, many teens do
not perceive these drugs as harmful or dangerous. These drugs are marketed
to teens as "feel good" drugs. The following is a brief summary of other
selected club drugs.
Gamma HydroxyButyrate
(GHB) is easily accessible at rave parties and is currently popular among
teenagers and young adults alike. Commonly referred to as a date rape-drug,
GHB was originally used as a substitute anabolic steroid for strength
training. GHB has been used in the commission of sexual assaults because
it renders the victim incapable of resisting, and may cause memory problems.
GHB costs approximately $10-$20 per dose and is frequently mixed with
alcohol. As of January 2000, DEA documented 60 GHB-related deaths nationwide.
The drug is used predominantly by adolescents and young adults, often
when they attend nightclubs and raves. GHB is often manufactured in homes
with recipes and ingredients found and purchased on the Internet. As a
result of the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prohibition
Act of 2000, GHB was designated a Schedule I drug under the CSA.
Gamma Butyrolactone
(GBL), a List I chemical, is a precursor chemical for the manufacture
of GHB. Several Internet sites offer kits that contain GBL, sodium hydroxide
or potassium hydroxide and directions for the manufacture of GHB. This
process is relatively simple and does not require complex laboratory equipment.
Upon ingestion, GBL is synthesized by the body to produce GHB. As a consequence,
some partygoers drink small quantities of GBL straight. GBL increases
the effects of alcohol, and can cause respiratory distress, seizures,
coma and death.
d-lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD), listed as a Schedule I drug under the CSA, first emerged as a popular
drug of the psychedelic generation in the 1960s. Its popularity appeared
to decline in the late 1970s; an effect attributed to a broader awareness
of its hazardous effects. Over the past decade, there has been a resurgence
of LSD abuse, especially among young adults. Adverse effects of LSD include
panic, confusion, suspicion, and anxiety. Liquid LSD has been seized in
Visine bottles at rave functions. LSD is also sold at raves on very small
perforated paper squares that are either blank or have a cartoon-figure
design. Most users of LSD voluntarily decrease or stop using it over time,
since it does not produce the same compulsive, drug-induced behavior of
cocaine and heroin.
As of August 1999,
Ketamine, also known as "Special K," was placed in Schedule III of the
Controlled Substance Act. Used primarily by veterinarians as an anesthetic,
Ketamine produces hallucinogenic effects similar to PCP with the visual
effects of LSD. Ketamine is diverted in liquid form, dried and distributed
as a powder. Prices average $20 per dosage unit. Ketamine is snorted in
the same manner as cocaine at 5-10 minute intervals until the desired
effect is obtained.
Legislative Efforts:
Ecstasy, as well
as all other club drugs, have been scheduled under the Controlled Substances
Act (CSA), Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control
Act of 1970. Due to the exponential growth and abuse of Ecstasy over the
past year and its devastating and potentially lethal effects, Congressman
Christopher Cannon's methamphetamine bill, H.R. 2987 - The Methamphetamine
Anti-proliferation Act of 1999, incorporates the major provisions of H.R.
4553, The Club Drug Anti-Proliferation Act, sponsored by Congresswoman
Judy Biggert. H.R. 2987 calls for the United States Sentencing Commission
to amend the federal sentencing guidelines to provide for increased penalties
associated with the manufacture, distribution and use of Ecstasy. Those
penalties would be comparable to the base offense levels for offenses
involving any methamphetamine mixture. The bill would also direct that
the guidelines provide that offenses involving GHB or GBL and those involving
a significant quantity of Schedule I and II depressants, including GHB
and its analogues, are subject to greater terms of imprisonment than currently
in place. Further, the bill calls for $5.0 million in funding to the public
health service for school and community-based abuse and addiction prevention
programs aimed at Ecstasy, PMA and related club drugs.
Another bill relating
to club drug abuse, the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape
Prevention Drug Act of l999, (Public Law l06-172), was signed by the President
on February 18, 2000. This legislation directed DEA to place GHB (gamma
hydroxybutyric acid) in Schedule I (the DEA has since done so) and placed
the precursor chemical GBL on chemical List I.
Furthermore, Public
Law l06-172 contains a statutory obligation that requires DEA to establish
a special unit to assess the abuse of and trafficking in GHB, flunitrazepem,
ketamine, and other controlled substances (club or designer drugs) whose
use has been associated with sexual assaults. In addition, the Attorney
General was directed to develop a protocol for the collection of evidence
and the taking of victim statements in connection with violations of the
CSA - which results in or contributes to sexual assault, crimes of violence,
or other crimes involving the abuse of GHB and the other designer drugs.
DEA and the FBI are also obligated to develop model training materials
for law enforcement personnel involved in such investigations, and make
such protocols and training materials available to Federal, state, and
local personnel responsible for such investigations.
Enforcement Initiatives:
In an effort to target
organizations and individuals that distribute and manufacture "club drugs,"
DEA established Operation "Flashback" in July 1997. On July 2, 1998, MDMA
was approved for inclusion under this Special Enforcement Program. Since
February 1998, active investigations have increased from 6 to 140, indicative
of the increased availability, and demand for, and law enforcement emphasis
on, club drugs. Operation "Flashback" seeks to achieve the following five
primary objectives:
- Develop prosecutable
cases against individuals and organizations that manufacture and distribute
so-called club drugs.
- Develop intelligence
links between domestic wholesale distributors and the foreign source
of supply.
- Identify, arrest,
and prosecute violators at a high level of distribution, including the
clandestine lab operators.
- Establish and
coordinate an overall strategy for all domestic and foreign investigative
efforts.
- Identify the command
and control infrastructures of organizations that are distributing so-called
club drugs.
Furthermore, this
Special Enforcement Program provides a mechanism to enforcement components
in the field to fund undercover buys, confidential source payments, installation
of pen registers, and activation of Title III wiretaps. In addition, it
acts as a central depository for any and all information related to club
drugs. This database contains information on targets, organizations, arrests,
seizures, modes of smuggling, types of drugs, and the logos/brand names
they bear.
Presently, DEA has
several ongoing investigations into these trafficking organizations. DEA's
Special Operations Division conducted one particular investigation of
note. The Special Operations Division is a joint national coordinating
and support entity comprised of agents, analysts, and prosecutors from
DOJ, the USCS, the FBI, and DEA. This investigation, entitled Operation
Rave, focused on an MDMA distribution cell that operated throughout the
northeast and Florida. The leader of this organization, an Israeli national,
was responsible for the distribution of approximately 150,000 tablets
of MDMA per week. This and related spin-off investigations resulted in
the arrest of 105 defendants, the seizure of 620,000 tablets of MDMA and
approximately $935,000 in U.S. currency. The significance of this investigation
was the fact that it identified, for the first time, the involvement of
Israeli and Russian crime groups in MDMA trafficking.
Drug trafficking
organizations control their operations through sophisticated networks
of production, distribution, money laundering, and security cells. Prosecuting
the drug kingpins who command and control these organizations requires
law enforcement to find some way to get inside their sophisticated structures
to obtain evidence of their crimes. Often the only feasible means of infiltrating
these structures is through the use of electronic surveillance; primarily
court approved pen registers and trap, trace devices, and wiretaps. To
effectively deploy these methods of court approved surveillance, and to
stay one step ahead of the traffickers, law enforcement must be able to
move on the basis of available information as expeditiously as possible.
Pen registers and
trap and trace devices are used in the early stages of investigations
to develop enough information to obtain a warrant for a wiretap. Trained
investigators can use pen registers to establish a calling pattern, including
information that the suspect telephone has been used in calls with telephones
of other known traffickers. Without such tools, law enforcement will be
unable to penetrate the drug trafficking organizations and will be unable
to obtain the evidence needed to apprehend and prosecute these kingpins
for their crimes.
Demand Reduction
Initiatives:
The increasing power
and diversity of drug trafficking organizations operating throughout the
United States and abroad demands an equally authoritative and creative
response. These drug trafficking organizations seek to entrench criminal
enterprise in modern society; they attempt to lure the youth of this country
into the dark world of drug abuse and crime on a daily basis. As such,
DEA is committed to developing and employing multi-faceted strategies
to combat both drug trafficking and drug abuse. With this in mind, DEA's
Demand Reduction program was created in 1986 in response to the widespread
belief that both law enforcement and drug prevention were necessary components
of a comprehensive attack against the drug problem in the United States.
Given the age of the targeted user population of MDMA, DEA has created
a very aggressive and comprehensive plan to bring this issue to the attention
of the American public. It should be noted that DEA's Operations Division
organized a club drug conference in July 2000 in the Washington, D.C.,
area. Participants included law enforcement personnel from around the
world, leading researchers, clinicians, prevention specialists, educators,
and medical professionals who discussed the alarming resurgence in the
use of MDMA and other club drugs. This conference created a heightened
awareness of these professionals and stimulated much needed communication
between law enforcement, education, and prevention concerning this subject.
Conclusion:
Increasing methamphetamine
production and abuse poses a unique challenge for drug enforcement, both
in Georgia and throughout the nation. Clandestine laboratories represent
a substantial health and safety threat to communities. The flammable,
explosive, toxic, and carcinogenic chemicals used in the manufacturing
process pose an immediate and long-term threat to law enforcement, fire
department, and emergency services personnel, as well as the general public.
Fires and explosions are a constant threat in this type of environment.
Moreover, the threat to the environment is substantial, due to the illegal
and unsafe disposal methods of clandestine methamphetamine operators.
MDMA abuse, although
a relatively new phenomenon has certainly taken parts of this country
by storm. The magnitude of the current MDMA problem cannot be understated.
The media coverage alone is indicative of the impact this drug has had
on the United States. One only has to review the dramatic increase in
seizures over the past twenty-four months to recognize the insidious upsurge
of this drug.
In conclusion, DEA
will continue to utilize a multi-faceted approach employing both prevention
and enforcement strategies in targeting MDMA and methamphetamine trafficking
and abuse. In this regard, DEA is working in conjunction with law enforcement
officials throughout Europe and Israel in an effort to identify, target,
dismantle, and prosecute those organizations responsible for the proliferation
of MDMA throughout the U.S. and Europe. Furthermore, DEA endorsed and
implemented elements of the National Methamphetamine Strategy that focus
on international drug trafficking groups, independent domestic methamphetamine
operations, and rogue chemical companies that are responsible for the
smuggling, production, and distribution of methamphetamine in the United
States. Providing assistance and training to state and local law enforcement
efforts, such as those in Georgia, is vital to DEA's methamphetamine strategy.
I thank you for
providing me the opportunity to address the Committee and I look forward
to taking any questions you may have on this important issue.
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