The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

General Information

Added text to state that long-term survivors of childhood cancers have a higher burden of morbidity and are at increased risk for premature death, and that the majority of childhood cancer survivors do not receive recommended risk-based care (cited Oeffinger et al., Mertens et al., and Nathan et al. as references 2, 3, and 4, respectively).

Added a link to the Children's Oncology Group long-term follow-up guidelines for specific recommendations for surveillance based on therapeutic exposure.

Common Late Effects of Childhood Cancer by Body System

Added Kiehna et al. as reference 24.

Added text to state that the lack of a significant chemotherapy effect is supported by another report that showed no significant neuropsychological late effects at 4.5 years after diagnosis, except on complex fine-motor functioning (cited Jansen et al. as reference 34).

Added text about a study that evaluated cognitive and academic consequences of stem cell transplantation in children (cited Phipps et al. as reference 36).

Added Hua et al. as reference 60.

Added text to state that asymptomatic cardiotoxicity can be demonstrated in patients who have normal clinical assessments, and that further long-term follow-up will be necessary to determine optimal screening modalities and frequencies (cited Cox et al. as reference 172).

Added text about a report that stated that increased risk of thyroid dysfunction was not different between children receiving total-body irradiation or busulfan-based regimens (cited Sanders et al. as reference 218).

Added text to state that a review of existing data suggest that treatment with growth hormone is not associated with an increased risk of CNS tumor progression or recurrence, or new or recurrent leukemia (cited Bogarin et al. as reference 235).

Added text about a study that evaluated the incidence of osteonecrosis in childhood cancer survivors (cited Kadan-Lottick et al. as reference 254).

Added Garmey et al. as reference 276.

Added text about a study from Denmark that confirms the association of uterine radiation with spontaneous abortion (cited Winther et al. as reference 318).

Second Malignant Neoplasms

This section was extensively revised.

Screening

Added this new section.

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