2002 CFR Title 14, Volume 1

Title 14--Aeronautics and Space CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PART 23--AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
	23.1	Applicability.
	23.2	Special retroactive requirements.
	23.3	Airplane categories.
	23.21	Proof of compliance.
	23.23	Load distribution limits.
	23.25	Weight limits.
	23.29	Empty weight and corresponding center of gravity.
	23.31	Removable ballast.
	23.33	Propeller speed and pitch limits.
	23.45	General.
	23.49	Stalling period.
	23.51	Takeoff speeds.
	23.53	Takeoff performance.
	23.55	Accelerate-stop distance.
	23.57	Takeoff path.
	23.59	Takeoff distance and takeoff run.
	23.61	Takeoff flight path.
	23.63	Climb: General.
	23.65	Climb: All engines operating.
	23.66	Takeoff climb: One-engine inoperative.
	23.67	Climb: One engine inoperative.
	23.69	Enroute climb/descent.
	23.71	Glide: Single-engine airplanes.
	23.73	Reference landing approach speed.
	23.75	Landing distance.
	23.77	Balked landing.
	23.141	General.
	23.143	General.
	23.145	Longitudinal control.
	23.147	Directional and lateral control.
	23.149	Minimum control speed.
	23.151	Acrobatic maneuvers.
	23.153	Control during landings.
	23.155	Elevator control force in maneuvers.
	23.157	Rate of roll.
	23.161	Trim.
	23.171	General.
	23.173	Static longitudinal stability.
	23.175	Demonstration of static longitudinal stability.
	23.177	Static directional and lateral stability.
	23.181	Dynamic stability.
	23.201	Wings level stall.
	23.203	Turning flight and accelerated turning stalls.
	23.207	Stall warning.
	23.221	Spinning.
	23.231	Longitudinal stability and control.
	23.233	Directional stability and control.
	23.235	Operation on unpaved surfaces.
	23.237	Operation on water.
	23.239	Spray characteristics.
	23.251	Vibration and buffeting.
	23.253	High speed characteristics.
	23.301	Loads.
	23.302	Canard or tandem wing configurations.
	23.303	Factor of safety.
	23.305	Strength and deformation.
	23.307	Proof of structure.
	23.321	General.
	23.331	Symmetrical flight conditions.
	23.333	Flight envelope.
	23.335	Design airspeeds.
	23.337	Limit maneuvering load factors.
	23.341	Gust loads factors.
	23.343	Design fuel loads.
	23.345	High lift devices.
	23.347	Unsymmetrical flight conditions.
	23.349	Rolling conditions.
	23.351	Yawing conditions.
	23.361	Engine torque.
	23.363	Side load on engine mount.
	23.365	Pressurized cabin loads.
	23.367	Unsymmetrical loads due to engine failure.
	23.369	Rear lift truss.
	23.371	Gyroscopic and aerodynamic loads.
	23.373	Speed control devices.
	23.391	Control surface loads.
	23.393	Loads parallel to hinge line.
	23.395	Control system loads.
	23.397	Limit control forces and &chyph;torques.
	23.399	Dual control system.
	23.405	Secondary control system.
	23.407	Trim tab effects.
	23.409	Tabs.
	23.415	Ground gust conditions.
	23.421	Balancing loads.
	23.423	Maneuvering loads.
	23.425	Gust loads.
	23.427	Unsymmetrical loads.
	23.441	Maneuvering loads.
	23.443	Gust loads.
	23.445	Outboard fins or winglets.
	23.455	Ailerons.
	23.459	Special devices.
	23.471	General.
	23.473	Ground load conditions and assumptions.
	23.477	Landing gear arrangement.
	23.479	Level landing conditions.
	23.481	Tail down landing conditions.
	23.483	One-wheel landing conditions.
	23.485	Side load conditions.
	23.493	Braked roll conditions.
	23.497	Supplementary conditions for tail wheels.
	23.499	Supplementary conditions for nose wheels.
	23.505	Supplementary conditions for skiplanes.
	23.507	Jacking loads.
	23.509	Towing loads.
	23.511	Ground load; unsymmetrical loads on multiple-wheel units.
	23.521	Water load conditions.
	23.523	Design weights and center of gravity positions.
	23.525	Application of loads.
	23.527	Hull and main float load factors.
	23.529	Hull and main float landing conditions.
	23.531	Hull and main float takeoff condition.
	23.533	Hull and main float bottom pressures.
	23.535	Auxiliary float loads.
	23.537	Seawing loads.
	23.561	General.
	23.562	Emergency landing dynamic conditions.
	23.571	Metallic pressurized cabin structures.
	23.572	Metallic wing, empennage, and associated structures.
	23.573	Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.
	23.574	Metallic damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of commuter category airplanes.
	23.575	Inspections and other procedures.
	23.601	General.
	23.603	Materials and workmanship.
	23.605	Fabrication methods.
	23.607	Fasteners.
	23.609	Protection of structure.
	23.611	Accessibility provisions.
	23.613	Material strength properties and design values.
	23.619	Special factors.
	23.621	Casting factors.
	23.623	Bearing factors.
	23.625	Fitting factors.
	23.627	Fatigue strength.
	23.629	Flutter.
	23.641	Proof of strength.
	23.651	Proof of strength.
	23.655	Installation.
	23.657	Hinges.
	23.659	Mass balance.
	23.671	General.
	23.672	Stability augmentation and automatic and power-operated systems.
	23.673	Primary flight controls.
	23.675	Stops.
	23.677	Trim systems.
	23.679	Control system locks.
	23.681	Limit load static tests.
	23.683	Operation tests.
	23.685	Control system details.
	23.687	Spring devices.
	23.689	Cable systems.
	23.691	Artificial stall barrier system.
	23.693	Joints.
	23.697	Wing flap controls.
	23.699	Wing flap position indicator.
	23.701	Flap interconnection.
	23.703	Takeoff warning system.
	23.721	General.
	23.723	Shock absorption tests.
	23.725	Limit drop tests.
	23.726	Ground load dynamic tests.
	23.727	Reserve energy absorption drop test.
	23.729	Landing gear extension and retraction system.
	23.731	Wheels.
	23.733	Tires.
	23.735	Brakes.
	23.737	Skis.
	23.745	Nose/tail wheel steering.
	23.751	Main float buoyancy.
	23.753	Main float design.
	23.755	Hulls.
	23.757	Auxiliary floats.
	23.771	Pilot compartment.
	23.773	Pilot compartment view.
	23.775	Windshields and windows.
	23.777	Cockpit controls.
	23.779	Motion and effect of cockpit controls.
	23.781	Cockpit control knob shape.
	23.783	Doors.
	23.785	Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses.
	23.787	Baggage and cargo compartments.
	23.791	Passenger information signs.
	23.803	Emergency evacuation.
	23.805	Flightcrew emergency exits.
	23.807	Emergency exits.
	23.811	Emergency exit marking.
	23.812	Emergency lighting.
	23.813	Emergency exit access.
	23.815	Width of aisle.
	23.831	Ventilation.
	23.841	Pressurized cabins.
	23.843	Pressurization tests.
	23.851	Fire extinguishers.
	23.853	Passenger and crew compartment interiors.
	23.855	Cargo and baggage compartment fire protection.
	23.859	Combustion heater fire protection.
	23.863	Flammable fluid fire protection.
	23.865	Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.
	23.867	Electrical bonding and protection against lightning and static electricity.
	23.871	Leveling means.
	23.901	Installation.
	23.903	Engines.
	23.904	Automatic power reserve system.
	23.905	Propellers.
	23.907	Propeller vibration.
	23.909	Turbocharger systems.
	23.925	Propeller clearance.
	23.929	Engine installation ice protection.
	23.933	Reversing systems.
	23.934	Turbojet and turbofan engine thrust reverser systems tests.
	23.937	Turbopropeller-drag limiting systems.
	23.939	Powerplant operating characteristics.
	23.943	Negative acceleration.
	23.951	General.
	23.953	Fuel system independence.
	23.954	Fuel system lightning protection.
	23.955	Fuel flow.
	23.957	Flow between interconnected tanks.
	23.959	Unusable fuel supply.
	23.961	Fuel system hot weather operation.
	23.963	Fuel tanks: General.
	23.965	Fuel tank tests.
	23.967	Fuel tank installation.
	23.969	Fuel tank expansion space.
	23.971	Fuel tank sump.
	23.973	Fuel tank filler connection.
	23.975	Fuel tank vents and carburetor vapor vents.
	23.977	Fuel tank outlet.
	23.979	Pressure fueling systems.
	23.991	Fuel pumps.
	23.993	Fuel system lines and fittings.
	23.994	Fuel system components.
	23.995	Fuel valves and controls.
	23.997	Fuel strainer or filter.
	23.999	Fuel system drains.
	23.1001	Fuel jettisoning system.
	23.1011	General.
	23.1013	Oil tanks.
	23.1015	Oil tank tests.
	23.1017	Oil lines and fittings.
	23.1019	Oil strainer or filter.
	23.1021	Oil system drains.
	23.1023	Oil radiators.
	23.1027	Propeller feathering system.
	23.1041	General.
	23.1043	Cooling tests.
	23.1045	Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes.
	23.1047	Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes.
	23.1061	Installation.
	23.1063	Coolant tank tests.
	23.1091	Air induction system.
	23.1093	Induction system icing protection.
	23.1095	Carburetor deicing fluid flow rate.
	23.1097	Carburetor deicing fluid system capacity.
	23.1099	Carburetor deicing fluid system detail design.
	23.1101	Induction air preheater design.
	23.1103	Induction system ducts.
	23.1105	Induction system screens.
	23.1107	Induction system filters.
	23.1109	Turbocharger bleed air system.
	23.1111	Turbine engine bleed air system.
	23.1121	General.
	23.1123	Exhaust system.
	23.1125	Exhaust heat exchangers.
	23.1141	Powerplant controls: General.
	23.1142	Auxiliary power unit controls.
	23.1143	Engine controls.
	23.1145	Ignition switches.
	23.1147	Mixture controls.
	23.1149	Propeller speed and pitch controls.
	23.1153	Propeller feathering controls.
	23.1155	Turbine engine reverse thrust and propeller pitch settings below the flight regime.
	23.1157	Carburetor air temperature controls.
	23.1163	Powerplant accessories.
	23.1165	Engine ignition systems.
	23.1181	Designated fire zones; regions included.
	23.1182	Nacelle areas behind firewalls.
	23.1183	Lines, fittings, and components.
	23.1189	Shutoff means.
	23.1191	Firewalls.
	23.1192	Engine accessory compartment diaphragm.
	23.1193	Cowling and nacelle.
	23.1195	Fire extinguishing systems.
	23.1197	Fire extinguishing agents.
	23.1199	Extinguishing agent containers.
	23.1201	Fire extinguishing systems materials.
	23.1203	Fire detector system.
	23.1301	Function and installation.
	23.1303	Flight and navigation instruments.
	23.1305	Powerplant instruments.
	23.1307	Miscellaneous equipment.
	23.1309	Equipment, systems, and installations.
	23.1311	Electronic display instrument systems.
	23.1321	Arrangement and visibility.
	23.1322	Warning, caution, and advisory lights.
	23.1323	Airspeed indicating system.
	23.1325	Static pressure system.
	23.1326	Pitot heat indication systems.
	23.1327	Magnetic direction indicator.
	23.1329	Automatic pilot system.
	23.1331	Instruments using a power source.
	23.1335	Flight director systems.
	23.1337	Powerplant instruments installation.
	23.1351	General.
	23.1353	Storage battery design and installation.
	23.1357	Circuit protective devices.
	23.1359	Electrical system fire protection.
	23.1361	Master switch arrangement.
	23.1365	Electric cables and equipment.
	23.1367	Switches.
	23.1381	Instrument lights.
	23.1383	Taxi and landing lights.
	23.1385	Position light system installation.
	23.1387	Position light system dihedral angles.
	23.1389	Position light distribution and intensities.
	23.1391	Minimum intensities in the horizontal plane of position lights.
	23.1393	Minimum intensities in any vertical plane of position lights.
	23.1395	Maximum intensities in overlapping beams of position lights.
	23.1397	Color specifications.
	23.1399	Riding light.
	23.1401	Anticollision light system.
	23.1411	General.
	23.1415	Ditching equipment.
	23.1416	Pneumatic de-icer boot system.
	23.1419	Ice protection.
	23.1431	Electronic equipment.
	23.1435	Hydraulic systems.
	23.1437	Accessories for multiengine airplanes.
	23.1438	Pressurization and pneumatic systems.
	23.1441	Oxygen equipment and supply.
	23.1443	Minimum mass flow of supplemental oxygen.
	23.1445	Oxygen distribution system.
	23.1447	Equipment standards for oxygen dispensing units.
	23.1449	Means for determining use of oxygen.
	23.1450	Chemical oxygen generators.
	23.1451	Fire protection for oxygen equipment.
	23.1453	Protection of oxygen equipment from rupture.
	23.1457	Cockpit voice recorders.
	23.1459	Flight recorders.
	23.1461	Equipment containing high energy rotors.
	23.1501	General.
	23.1505	Airspeed limitations.
	23.1507	Operating maneuvering speed.
	23.1511	Flap extended speed.
	23.1513	Minimum control speed.
	23.1519	Weight and center of gravity.
	23.1521	Powerplant limitations.
	23.1522	Auxiliary power unit limitations.
	23.1523	Minimum flight crew.
	23.1524	Maximum passenger seating configuration.
	23.1525	Kinds of operation.
	23.1527	Maximum operating altitude.
	23.1529	Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.
	23.1541	General.
	23.1543	Instrument markings: General.
	23.1545	Airspeed indicator.
	23.1547	Magnetic direction indicator.
	23.1549	Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments.
	23.1551	Oil quantity indicator.
	23.1553	Fuel quantity indicator.
	23.1555	Control markings.
	23.1557	Miscellaneous markings and placards.
	23.1559	Operating limitations placard.
	23.1561	Safety equipment.
	23.1563	Airspeed placards.
	23.1567	Flight maneuver placard.
	23.1581	General.
	23.1583	Operating limitations.
	23.1585	Operating procedures.
	23.1587	Performance information.
	23.1589	Loading information.