References Cited

Documents used in support of the proposed rule for designation of critical habitat for Steller=s eiders:

Agler, B.A., S.J. Kendall, P.E. Weiser, and D.B. Irons.  1995.  Estimates of marine bird and sea otter abundance in Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska during summer 1993 and winter 1994.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK for Minerals Management Service: OCS Study MMS 94-0063.  124 pp. (Selected pages only).

American Ornithologists= Union.  1983.  Check-list of North American birds.  6^th edition.  American Ornithologists= Union, Washington, DC.  877 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Anderson, R.M.  1913.  Report on the natural history collections of the expedition.  Pages 436- 527 in V. Stefansson.  My life with the Eskimos.  MacMillan Co., New York, NY.  (Selected pages only).

Arneson, P.D.  1980.  Identification, documentation and delineation of coastal migratory bird habitat in Alaska.  In: Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf, Final Reports of Principal Investigators for the year ending December 1981.  Vol. 15.  Biological Studies.  P. 1-363.  (Selected pages only).

Bailey, A.M.  1943.  The birds of Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska.  Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History 18:1-113.  (Selected pages only).

Bee, J.W.  1958.  Birds found on the Arctic Slope of northern Alaska.  University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 10:163-211.  (Selected pages only).

Bellrose, F.C.  1980.  Ducks, geese, and swans of North America.  2^nd edition.  Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA.  540 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Boden, K.  1994.  Comparative results from aerial waterfowl surveys of the Alaska Peninsula.  March-May 1993.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, King Salmon, AK.  11 pp.

Brandt, H.  1943.  Alaska bird trails.  Bird Research Foundation, Cleveland, OH.  464 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Brazil, M.A.  1991.  The birds of Japan.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.  466 pp.

Brooks, W.S.  1915.  Notes on birds from east Siberia and arctic Alaska.  Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 59:359-413.  (Selected pages only).

Conover, H.B.  1926.  Game birds of the Hooper Bay region, Alaska.  Auk 43:162-180.  (Selected pages only).

Cramp, S., K.E.L. Simmons, I.J. Ferguson-Lees, R. Gilmor, P.A.D. Hollom, R. Hudson, E.M. Nicholson, M.A. Ogilvie, P.J. Olney, K.H. Voous, and J. Wattel, eds.  1977.  Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.  Vol. I.  Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.  722 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Dau, C.P.  1987.  Birds in the nearshore waters of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska.  Murrelet 68:12-23.

Dau, C.P.  1999a.  Observations of molting Steller=s eiders.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.  8 pp.

Dau, C.P.  1999b. Observations of wintering Steller=s eiders.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.  9 pp.

Dau, C.P., M.A. Chase.  1995.  Aerial survey of wintering birds and mammals in the Sanak Islands.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cold Bay, AK.  7 pp.

Day, B.  1999.  Steller=s eiders winter distribution in the Gulf of Alaska.  Memorandum with attached maps.

Day, R.H.  1998.  Predator populations and predation intensity on tundra-nesting birds in relation to human development.  Unpubl. report prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK, by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK.  106 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Day, R.H., R.J. Ritchie, and D.A. Flint.  1995.  Spectacled and Steller=s eider surveys at remote Air Force sites in Alaska, 1994.  Unpubl. report prepared for EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Redmond, WA, and the U.S. Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, AK, by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK.  66 pp.

Dement=ev, G.P., and N.S. Gladkov (eds.).  1967.  Birds of the Soviet Union.  vol. IV.  Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. (Selected pages only).

Dick, M.H., and L.S. Dick.  1971.  The natural history of Cape Pierce and Nanvak Bay, Cape Newenham National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bethel, AK.  77 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Ducks Unlimited.  1998.  Waterfowl earth cover selection analysis within the NPR-A.  Final draft report prepared for U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage, AK.  68 pp.

Fairchild, L.A. and M.L. Heer.  1997.  Unalaska winter waterbird surveys-March 1995.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.  5 pp.

Fay, F.H.  1961.  The distribution of waterfowl to St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.  Wildfowl 12:70- 80.  (Selected pages only).

Fay, F.H. and T.J. Cade.  1959.  An ecological analysis of the avifauna of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.  University of California Publications in Zoology 63(2):73-150.  (Selected pages only).

Flint, P.L. and J.B. Grand.  1997.  Survival of spectacled eider adult females and ducklings during brood rearing.  J. Wildl. Manage. 61:217-221.

Flint, P.L., and M.P. Herzog.  1999.  Breeding of Steller=s eiders Polysticta stelleri, on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska.  Canadian Field-Naturalist 113: 306-308.

Flint, P.L., M.R. Petersen, and J.B. Grand.  Exposure of spectacled eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western Alaska.  Can. J. Zool. 75: 439-443.

Forsell, D.J., and P.J. Gould.  1980.  Distribution and abundance of seabirds wintering in the Kodiak area of Alaska.  Unpubl. report prepared for U.S. Bureau of Land Management,  Anchorage, AK by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.  (Selected pages only).

Gabrielson, I.N. and F.C. Lincoln.  1959.  The Birds of Alaska.  The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, PA and Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. (Selected pages only).

Gallant, A.L., E.F. Binnian, J.M. Omernik, and M.B. Shasby.  1995.  Ecoregions of Alaska.  U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1567.  U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.  73 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Gill, R.E., M.R. Petersen, and P.D. Jorgensen.  1981.  Birds of the northcentral Alaska Peninsula, 1978-1980.  Arctic 34:286-306.  (Selected pages only).

Gillham, C.E.  1941.  Report of Alaska Waterfowl Investigations, summer 1941, lower Yukon River, Chevak, Hooper Bay.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, AK.  148 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Herter, D.R.  1991.  Coastal marine birds and mammals.  Chapter 7 in Marine birds and mammals of the Unimak Pass area: abundance, habitat use and vulnerability.  Final report prepared by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., Anchorage, AK.  OCS Study MMS 91-0038.  (Selected pages only). 

Hohenberger, C.J., W.C. Hanson, and E.E. Burroughs.  1994.  Birds of the Prudhoe Bay region, northern Alaska.  Western Birds 25: 73-103.  (Selected pages only).

Jones, R.D., Jr.  1965.  Returns from Steller=s eiders banded in Izembek Bay, Alaska.  Wildfowl Trust Annual Report 16:83-85.

Kertell, K.  1991.  Disappearance of the Steller=s eider from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska.  Arctic 44:177-187.

Kessel, B.  1989.  Birds of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska.  University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, AK.  330 pp.  (Selected pages only).

King, J.G., and C.P. Dau.  1981.  Waterfowl and their habitats in the eastern Bering Sea.  In: D.W.  and J.A. Calder, editors.  The eastern Bering Sea Shelf: oceanography and resources.  Vol. 2.  University of Washington Press, Seattle.  P. 739-753.

Kistchinski, A.A.  1973.  Waterfowl in north-east Asia.  Wildfowl 24:88-102.

Konyukhov, N.B.  1990. [Wintering seabirds on Sirenikovskaya Polynya].  Pages 36-39 in [Study of colonial seabirds in the USSR].  Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Magadan, USSR.

Lance, B.K., D.B. Irons, S.J. Kendall, and L.L. McDonald.  1999.  Marine bird and sea otter population abundance of Prince William Sound, Alaska: Trends following the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill, 1989-98.  Unpubl. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project annual report for Restoration Project 98159 prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK and West Inc., Cheyenne, WY.  117 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Larned, W.W.  1998.  Steller=s eider spring migration surveys, southwest Alaska, 1998.  Unpubl. progress report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.  41 pp.

Larned, W.  2000.  (Information on Steller=s eider distribution in southwest Alaska).  Memorandum to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Larned, W.W., W.I. Butler, and G.R. Balogh.  1994.  Steller=s eider migration surveys, 1992- 1993.  Unpubl. progress report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.  55 pp.

Larned, W.W., and D. Zwiefelhofer.  1995.  Distribution and abundance of Steller=s eiders (Polysticta stelleri) in the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska: March 1994.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.  18 pp.

Laubhan, M.K., and K.A. Metzner.  1999.  Distribution and diurnal behavior of Steller=s eiders wintering on the Alaska Peninsula.  Condor.  101:694-698.

McCaffery, B.J., and C.M. Harwood.  1997.  Results of the 1996 avifaunal inventory, Cape Romanzof Long Range Radar Site, Alaska.  Unpubl. final report (Project No. 9510096) prepared for U.S. Air Force, Elmendorf AFB, AK, by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bethel, AK.  46 pp.

Metzner, K.A.  1993.  Ecological strategies of wintering Steller=s eiders on Izembek Lagoon and Cold Bay, Alaska.  M.S. thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.  193 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Murie, O.J.  1924.  Report on investigations of birds and mammals of the Hooper Bay section of Alaska during the spring and summer of 1924.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Biological Survey, Washington, DC.   109 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Murie, O.J., and V.B. Scheffer.  1959.  Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, with notes on the invertebrates and fishes collected in the Aleutians, 1936-38.  North American Fauna No. 61.  406 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Myres, M.  1999.  Eiders.  Memorandum to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Nygard, T., B. Frantzen, and S. Svazas.  1995.  Steller=s eiders Polysticta stelleri wintering in Europe: numbers, distribution, and origin.  Wildfowl 46:140-155.

Oates, R.M.  1997.  Attached memo regarding Cook Inlet Aerial Survey.  Memorandum with attached memorandum from B. Larned and B. Eldridge to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Palmer, R.S., ed.  1976.  Handbook of North American birds.  Vol. 3.  Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.  560 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Petersen, M.R.  1980.  Observations of wing-feather moult and summer feeding ecology of Steller=s eiders at Nelson lagoon, Alaska.  Wildfowl 31:99-106.

Petersen, M.R.  1981.  Populations, feeding ecology and molt of Steller=s eiders.  Condor 83:256- 262.

Petersen, M.R., and M.J. Sigman.  1977.  Field studies at Cape Pierce, Alaska-1976.  In: Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf, Annual Reports of Principal Investigators, Vol. 4.  NOAA, Boulder, CO.  Pages 633-693.

Petersen, M.R., D.N. Weir, and M.H. Dick.  1991.  Birds of the Kilbuck and Ahklun Mountain Region, Alaska.  North American Fauna No. 76.  158 pp. (Selected pages only).

Portenko, L.A.  1989.  Birds of the Chukchi Peninsula and Wrangel Island. Vol I.  Smithsonian Inst. and Nat. Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.  1989.  (Selected pages only).

Quakenbush, L.T., R.H. Day, B.A. Anderson, F.A. Pitelka, and B.J. McCaffery.  In Prep.  The historical and present distribution and abundance of Steller=s eiders in Alaska.  Unpubl. draft paper prepared for journal submission.

 Quakenbush, L., R. Suydam, K.M. Fluetsch, and C.L. Donaldson.  1995.  Breeding biology of Steller=s eiders nesting near Barrow, Alaska, 1991-1994.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, AK.  53 pp.

Rosenberg, D.H., and M.J. Petrula.  1998.  Status of harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 1995-1997.  Unpubl. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project final report for Restoration Project 97427 prepared by Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK.  (Selected pages only with accompanying memorandum).

Solovieva, D.V.  1997.  Timing, habitat use, and breeding biology of Steller=s eider in the Lena Delta, Russia.  Wetlands International Seaduck Specialist Group, Bulletin No. 7:35-39.

Swarth, H.S.  1934.  Birds of Nunivak Island, Alaska.  Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 22.  64 pp.  (Selected pages only).

Troy, D.  1999.  Steller=s eiders east of the Colville River.  Memorandum to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Troy, D.M., and S.R. Johnson.  1987.  Marine birds.  In:  J.C. Truett, editor.  Environmental characterization and biological utilization of the North Aleutian Shelf nearshore zone.  Environmental Assessment of the Outer Continental Shelf, Final Reports of Principal Investigators.  Vol 60.  NOAA, Boulder, CO.  Pages 355-453.

Trust, K.A., J.F. Cochrane, and J.H. Stout.  1997.  Environmental contaminants in three eider species from Alaska and Arctic Russia.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.  Technical report WAES-TR-97-03.  44 pp.

U.S. Department of Interior.  1998.  Northeast National Petroleum Reserve, final Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement.  Vol. 1 prepared by Bureau of Land Management in cooperation with Minerals Management Service.  (Selected pages only).

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  1998.  Steller=s eider recovery plan.  Unpubl. review draft 2.  151 pp. plus appendices.  (Selected pages only).

Wilk, R.J., K.I. Wilk, and R.C. Kuntz, II.  1986.  Abundance, age composition and observations of emperor geese in Cinder Lagoon, Alaska Peninsula, 17 September-10 October 1986.  Unpubl. report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, King Salmon, AK.  41 pp.  (Selected pages only).  

Zweifelhofer, D.  1999.  (Steller=s eider) information (for the Kodiak Archipelago).  Memorandum to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service