Status of Pollinators in North America
These are exciting times for pollination research, worldwide. The complete
genome for the honey bee was recently sequenced and reported in Nature, as
were the genomes of two major honey bee pathogens, Ascosphaera apisand Paenibacillus larvae. At about the same time, gene sequence data was used to re-evaluate our
previous conceptions of the evolution of bees. IN 2006, a Science
report documented what appears to be a major decline in bees in England
and The Netherlands (possibly a 30% loss in species richness since
1980), especially among specialist bees, and a corollary decline in wild
plant species that require insect-pollination. The U.S. National Academy
of Sciences (NAS) also recently assembled a committee to review the status
of pollinators in N. America. This committee has completed their report,
and published their report in 2007, and can be viewed at the NAS website. Of
course, this is only a fraction of the bee research activities reported;
however, to have so many reports on bees in key scientific journals that
cater to a broad audience is not common in our field. It highlights how
bees, and especially bees as pollinators, are now well recognized as being
very important for both wild ecosystems and agricultural systems, and a
growing concern that we may lose this valuable resource. The NAS report,
Status of Pollinators in North America, highlights areas of concern with
regard to pollinator declines, and recommends continued and increased research
efforts in many areas that relate to PIRU. In particular, they recommend
that USDA: (1) conduct studies to document long-term population trends
in pollinators, especially bumblebees; (2) address the taxonomic impediments
to assessing pollinator status; (3) take measures to prevent pathogen spread
from managed to wild bee populations; (4) identify the effects of habitat
loss and fragmentation on bee populations; (5) establish long-term bee
diversity monitoring projects; and (6) conduct a rapid one-time assessment
of the current status of wild bee populations in N. America.
PIRU is uniquely qualified to address these questions; however, we are
also dedicated to directly assisting agriculturalists with their pollination
needs. To some, these two areas of research may seem dichotomous, and perhaps
even unrelated. They are not unrelated—besides providing an ecosystem function,
wild pollinators provide pollination services to agriculture, and a source
of future crop pollinators, who's populations could be directly managed
for agricultural purposes. Also, by helping agriculturalists meet their
pollination needs, we reduce social and economic pressures that may lead
to the introduction of bees from outside the U.S. Bringing exotic bees
into the U.S. increases our risks to the accidental introduction of bee
diseases and parasites, or the accidental release of bees that may competitively
displace native bees.
1Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium. 2006. Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Nature, 443:931-949.
2Qin, X, Evans, J.D., Aronstein, K.A., Murray, K.D, Weinstock, G.M. (2006)
Genome sequences of the honey bee pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascosphaera
apis, Insect Molecular Biology, 15:715-718.
3Dansforth, B. N., S. Sipes, J. Fang, and S. G. Brady. 2006. The history
of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103:15118-15123
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