May 2005 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

NAICS 322100 - Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills

These national industry-specific occupational employment and wage estimates are calculated with data collected from employers of all sizes, in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in every State and the District of Columbia, in NAICS 322100 - Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills.

These and other data elements, including the 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentile wages, are available in the downloadable Excel files (XLS).

NAICS Industry 322100 - Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills is part of: NAICS 322000 - Paper Manufacturing.

Links to OES estimates for other industries

SOC Major Groups in NAICS 322100 - Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills:

NAICS 322100 - Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills

All Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
00-0000 All Occupations 141,920 100.00% $20.54 $22.27 $46,330 1.4 %
 
Management Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
11-0000 Management Occupations (8) (8) $46.62 $50.68 $105,420 4.7 %
11-1011 Chief Executives 180 0.13% (5) $79.68 $165,740 5.2 %
11-2021 Marketing Managers 50 0.04% $41.73 $48.53 $100,930 10.0 %
11-2022 Sales Managers 370 0.26% $54.28 $57.25 $119,080 4.2 %
11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 150 0.11% $39.49 $40.19 $83,590 3.8 %
11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 150 0.11% $43.07 $46.91 $97,580 6.5 %
11-3031 Financial Managers 440 0.31% $45.99 $49.00 $101,920 4.7 %
11-3041 Compensation and Benefits Managers 100 0.07% $40.38 $42.81 $89,050 4.7 %
11-3049 Human Resources Managers, All Other 150 0.11% $41.55 $41.33 $85,960 2.9 %
11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 1,510 1.06% $42.15 $43.71 $90,910 1.6 %
11-3061 Purchasing Managers 270 0.19% $40.13 $41.17 $85,640 2.0 %
11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers 270 0.19% $39.43 $41.57 $86,470 4.5 %
11-9041 Engineering Managers 450 0.32% $46.97 $46.37 $96,440 1.5 %
11-9199 Managers, All Other 380 0.27% $41.89 $42.77 $88,970 2.3 %
 
Business and Financial Operations Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 2,910 2.05% $26.57 $27.60 $57,410 1.0 %
13-1022 Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products 40 0.03% $27.06 $29.77 $61,910 5.6 %
13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products 750 0.53% $25.13 $25.88 $53,830 1.5 %
13-1051 Cost Estimators 100 0.07% $24.46 $25.32 $52,670 2.9 %
13-1072 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 90 0.06% $22.95 $23.91 $49,740 2.2 %
13-1073 Training and Development Specialists 140 0.10% $23.84 $25.23 $52,480 2.7 %
13-1079 Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other 160 0.11% $27.27 $28.43 $59,130 2.3 %
13-1081 Logisticians 150 0.11% $28.30 $29.02 $60,370 2.0 %
13-1111 Management Analysts 190 0.13% $32.18 $31.62 $65,780 2.9 %
13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 460 0.32% $27.33 $28.54 $59,370 2.2 %
13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 670 0.47% $27.01 $28.26 $58,790 1.7 %
13-2051 Financial Analysts 60 0.04% $28.87 $30.24 $62,910 3.6 %
 
Computer and Mathematical Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations (8) (8) $28.66 $29.48 $61,320 1.6 %
15-1031 Computer Software Engineers, Applications 110 0.08% $28.79 $29.97 $62,340 2.3 %
15-1051 Computer Systems Analysts 380 0.27% $31.33 $31.43 $65,370 1.7 %
15-1099 Computer Specialists, All Other 60 0.04% $27.09 $28.60 $59,480 4.1 %
 
Architecture and Engineering Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 4,480 3.16% $33.18 $32.90 $68,430 0.9 %
17-2041 Chemical Engineers 210 0.15% $34.12 $34.57 $71,910 1.6 %
17-2051 Civil Engineers 70 0.05% $32.26 $32.64 $67,880 6.5 %
17-2071 Electrical Engineers 220 0.16% $36.37 $35.83 $74,520 1.6 %
17-2081 Environmental Engineers 250 0.18% $33.23 $32.98 $68,590 2.4 %
17-2111 Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors 60 0.04% $32.40 $32.83 $68,280 2.7 %
17-2112 Industrial Engineers 1,630 1.15% $34.49 $34.64 $72,050 1.1 %
17-2131 Materials Engineers 120 0.08% $33.85 $35.48 $73,800 5.1 %
17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 810 0.57% $35.93 $35.44 $73,720 1.3 %
17-2199 Engineers, All Other (8) (8) $36.85 $35.70 $74,250 1.6 %
17-3013 Mechanical Drafters 30 0.02% $23.03 $22.27 $46,330 2.6 %
17-3023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians 80 0.06% $22.32 $24.10 $50,130 4.3 %
17-3025 Environmental Engineering Technicians 110 0.08% $19.43 $19.92 $41,430 2.9 %
17-3026 Industrial Engineering Technicians 260 0.18% $20.06 $21.65 $45,040 3.4 %
17-3027 Mechanical Engineering Technicians 50 0.04% $20.22 $21.34 $44,390 5.2 %
17-3029 Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other (8) (8) $23.21 $22.90 $47,630 4.1 %
 
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 730 0.51% $24.12 $25.53 $53,100 2.2 %
19-1032 Foresters 160 0.11% $29.17 $28.97 $60,250 2.8 %
19-2031 Chemists 110 0.08% $30.00 $30.55 $63,530 2.3 %
19-4031 Chemical Technicians 160 0.11% $19.12 $19.88 $41,360 4.0 %
19-4091 Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health 80 0.06% $21.04 $21.15 $43,990 3.5 %
19-4099 Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other 40 0.03% $20.80 $22.15 $46,060 6.0 %
 
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
29-0000 Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations 270 0.19% $23.89 $24.74 $51,460 1.4 %
29-1111 Registered Nurses 90 0.06% $24.00 $24.14 $50,210 1.6 %
29-9011 Occupational Health and Safety Specialists 130 0.09% $26.00 $26.98 $56,130 2.1 %
 
Protective Service Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
33-0000 Protective Service Occupations 290 0.20% $16.92 $17.33 $36,050 2.5 %
33-9032 Security Guards 220 0.16% $15.98 $15.95 $33,180 2.5 %
 
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 560 0.39% $14.42 $14.23 $29,590 2.2 %
37-2011 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 500 0.35% $14.51 $14.06 $29,240 2.1 %
 
Sales and Related Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 1,060 0.75% $33.40 $35.29 $73,400 6.2 %
41-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers 40 0.03% $37.23 $40.61 $84,460 6.5 %
41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products 880 0.62% $33.46 $35.69 $74,240 6.8 %
 
Office and Administrative Support Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 10,640 7.50% $17.00 $17.43 $36,260 1.5 %
43-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative Support Workers 530 0.37% $24.88 $25.88 $53,840 1.8 %
43-3021 Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators 250 0.18% $14.55 $14.96 $31,120 1.9 %
43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 810 0.57% $15.70 $15.76 $32,780 1.1 %
43-3051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 270 0.19% $16.51 $16.43 $34,180 1.6 %
43-3061 Procurement Clerks 160 0.11% $16.63 $16.65 $34,630 1.7 %
43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 1,090 0.77% $17.84 $18.36 $38,190 5.6 %
43-4151 Order Clerks 290 0.20% $14.97 $14.63 $30,430 6.1 %
43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 230 0.16% $17.19 $17.41 $36,220 1.8 %
43-4171 Receptionists and Information Clerks 100 0.07% $11.72 $12.14 $25,250 2.3 %
43-4199 Information and Record Clerks, All Other 40 0.03% $15.43 $15.65 $32,560 4.9 %
43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance 30 0.02% $17.82 $18.23 $37,910 4.3 %
43-5061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 1,020 0.72% $20.54 $21.59 $44,910 2.0 %
43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 1,830 1.29% $16.14 $16.15 $33,580 1.7 %
43-5081 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 1,250 0.88% $18.01 $17.06 $35,490 2.3 %
43-5111 Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping 110 0.08% $18.79 $18.29 $38,040 2.9 %
43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants (8) (8) $18.85 $18.78 $39,060 1.8 %
43-6014 Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 490 0.35% $16.04 $16.28 $33,860 1.9 %
43-9011 Computer Operators 100 0.07% $15.82 $15.94 $33,140 7.1 %
43-9051 Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service 30 0.02% $11.38 $11.27 $23,450 3.7 %
43-9061 Office Clerks, General 860 0.61% $13.81 $13.78 $28,650 1.5 %
 
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
45-0000 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations (8) (8) $18.59 $18.48 $38,440 3.3 %
45-4022 Logging Equipment Operators 280 0.20% $18.69 $17.73 $36,880 5.9 %
45-4023 Log Graders and Scalers 150 0.11% $17.26 $18.53 $38,550 4.1 %
45-4029 Logging Workers, All Other 100 0.07% $17.07 $16.84 $35,020 6.3 %
 
Construction and Extraction Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations 4,960 3.49% $23.84 $23.37 $48,610 1.4 %
47-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers 60 0.04% $32.80 $31.59 $65,700 4.6 %
47-2031 Carpenters 50 0.04% $17.76 $18.96 $39,440 5.5 %
47-2073 Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators 180 0.13% $18.88 $17.82 $37,060 4.0 %
47-2111 Electricians 3,100 2.18% $24.11 $23.80 $49,510 1.5 %
47-2141 Painters, Construction and Maintenance 40 0.03% $18.71 $19.19 $39,920 4.0 %
47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 1,380 0.97% $24.14 $23.34 $48,550 1.8 %
 
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 21,130 14.89% $24.12 $24.04 $50,000 1.0 %
49-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 1,960 1.38% $32.55 $32.56 $67,730 1.8 %
49-2092 Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers 250 0.18% $22.71 $21.73 $45,210 4.1 %
49-2094 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment 1,210 0.85% $24.99 $24.82 $51,620 2.1 %
49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 40 0.03% $22.88 $22.04 $45,850 6.5 %
49-9012 Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door 240 0.17% $24.75 $24.18 $50,300 2.8 %
49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 6,070 4.28% $23.53 $23.08 $48,010 1.9 %
49-9042 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 5,800 4.09% $23.70 $22.92 $47,670 1.6 %
49-9043 Maintenance Workers, Machinery 1,220 0.86% $20.61 $20.51 $42,660 2.3 %
49-9044 Millwrights 3,410 2.40% $24.51 $23.91 $49,740 2.4 %
49-9069 Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, All Other 300 0.21% $27.07 $28.70 $59,700 6.1 %
49-9098 Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers 100 0.07% $15.60 $15.43 $32,100 4.6 %
49-9099 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers, All Other 120 0.08% $21.80 $22.12 $46,020 4.1 %
 
Production Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
51-0000 Production Occupations 69,520 48.99% $19.39 $19.88 $41,360 0.9 %
51-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers 4,920 3.47% $30.20 $30.71 $63,870 1.7 %
51-2092 Team Assemblers 1,350 0.95% $15.87 $16.37 $34,050 4.7 %
51-2099 Assemblers and Fabricators, All Other 40 0.03% $14.70 $15.44 $32,120 9.3 %
51-4023 Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic 180 0.13% $20.32 $19.51 $40,570 3.4 %
51-4031 Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic 80 0.06% $18.77 $17.06 $35,490 6.9 %
51-4041 Machinists 760 0.54% $20.83 $21.00 $43,680 2.4 %
51-4111 Tool and Die Makers 30 0.02% $19.29 $19.24 $40,030 3.4 %
51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers (8) (8) $22.52 $20.08 $41,770 5.7 %
51-5022 Prepress Technicians and Workers 100 0.07% $17.78 $18.22 $37,890 2.4 %
51-5023 Printing Machine Operators 770 0.54% $19.65 $19.27 $40,070 4.8 %
51-6061 Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders (8) (8) $23.81 $21.85 $45,460 6.6 %
51-8013 Power Plant Operators 460 0.32% $25.65 $25.33 $52,690 3.3 %
51-8021 Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators 2,600 1.83% $22.02 $22.14 $46,040 1.6 %
51-8031 Water and Liquid Waste Treatment Plant and System Operators 260 0.18% $20.06 $20.53 $42,700 4.1 %
51-8091 Chemical Plant and System Operators 1,340 0.94% $23.50 $23.29 $48,440 1.6 %
51-8099 Plant and System Operators, All Other (8) (8) $22.84 $23.27 $48,390 2.8 %
51-9011 Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders 870 0.61% $21.36 $21.62 $44,970 2.1 %
51-9012 Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 1,490 1.05% $19.95 $20.00 $41,600 2.0 %
51-9021 Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 1,160 0.82% $19.86 $19.88 $41,340 2.5 %
51-9023 Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 2,080 1.47% $19.39 $19.25 $40,050 1.7 %
51-9032 Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 3,910 2.76% $18.44 $18.04 $37,520 1.7 %
51-9041 Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 1,720 1.21% $19.06 $19.04 $39,600 2.8 %
51-9051 Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders 1,280 0.90% $20.13 $20.08 $41,770 2.4 %
51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 2,560 1.80% $18.77 $18.46 $38,400 1.3 %
51-9111 Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders 2,360 1.66% $18.10 $18.57 $38,630 7.4 %
51-9121 Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 2,160 1.52% $18.80 $18.49 $38,450 2.7 %
51-9191 Cementing and Gluing Machine Operators and Tenders 420 0.30% $16.12 $16.61 $34,550 4.4 %
51-9192 Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders 340 0.24% $20.15 $19.63 $40,820 3.4 %
51-9196 Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 23,650 16.66% $19.28 $19.43 $40,420 1.4 %
51-9198 Helpers--Production Workers 5,520 3.89% $15.65 $15.52 $32,270 2.3 %
51-9199 Production Workers, All Other 4,540 3.20% $18.92 $18.95 $39,420 3.9 %
 
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 15,740 11.09% $16.75 $16.71 $34,750 1.3 %
53-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand 300 0.21% $25.83 $26.23 $54,560 3.2 %
53-1031 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators 220 0.16% $26.44 $27.43 $57,050 1.8 %
53-3032 Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer 920 0.65% $17.60 $17.43 $36,240 1.9 %
53-3033 Truck Drivers, Light or Delivery Services 180 0.13% $15.43 $14.88 $30,950 3.4 %
53-4013 Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers 40 0.03% $19.62 $19.03 $39,580 3.1 %
53-4021 Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators 30 0.02% $20.35 $20.56 $42,770 2.5 %
53-7011 Conveyor Operators and Tenders 1,060 0.75% $17.81 $17.85 $37,130 2.2 %
53-7021 Crane and Tower Operators 330 0.23% $21.83 $21.52 $44,760 2.9 %
53-7032 Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators 40 0.03% $19.37 $18.95 $39,410 6.4 %
53-7051 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators 4,070 2.87% $17.51 $17.02 $35,400 1.4 %
53-7061 Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment 30 0.02% $20.49 $20.05 $41,710 3.8 %
53-7062 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 4,280 3.02% $15.38 $15.32 $31,860 2.5 %
53-7063 Machine Feeders and Offbearers 2,900 2.04% $15.58 $16.20 $33,690 3.1 %
53-7064 Packers and Packagers, Hand 930 0.66% $10.45 $11.42 $23,750 4.0 %
53-7121 Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders 70 0.05% $22.94 $23.94 $49,790 4.3 %
53-7199 Material Moving Workers, All Other 200 0.14% $20.21 $20.02 $41,630 5.9 %

About May 2005 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

(1) Estimates for detailed occupations do not sum to the totals because the totals include occupations not shown separately. Estimates do not include self-employed workers.

(2) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

(3) The relative standard error (RSE) is a measure of the reliability of a survey statistic. The smaller the relative standard error, the more precise the estimate.

(5) This wage is equal to or greater than $70.00 per hour or $145,600 per year.

(8) Estimates not released.

(9) Wage data for this occupation were removed because of reporting errors.



Other OES estimates and related information:

May 2005 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

May 2005 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

May 2005 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

May 2005 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

List of Occupations in SOC Code Number Order

List of Occupations in Alphabetical Order

Download May 2005 Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates in Zipped Excel files

Technical notes

 

Last Modified Date: November 10, 2008