Method no.: |
PV2139 |
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Control no.: |
T-PV2139-01-0408-CH |
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Target Concentration:
NIOSH REL:
ACGIH TLV: |
100 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 200 mg/m3 |
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Procedure: |
Samples are collected by drawing a known
volume of air through glass sampling tubes containing coconut shell
charcoal. Samples are extracted with 99:1 carbon disulfide
(CS2):N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and analyzed by GC using a flame
ionization detector (GC/FID). |
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Recommended sampling time and sampling rate: |
200 min at 0.1 L/min (20 L) |
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Reliable quantitation limit: |
4.79 mg/m3 |
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Status of method: |
Partially validated method. This method has
been subjected to the established evaluation procedures of the Method
Development Team and is presented for information and trial use. |
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September 2004 |
Yogi C. Shah |
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Chromatography Team
Industrial Hygiene Chemistry Division
OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center
Sandy UT 84070-6406
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1. General Discussion
1.1 Background
1.1.1 History
OSHA presently uses NIOSH Method 15501 (Naphtha) for kerosene. That method requires sampling on coconut-shell charcoal, sample extraction
with carbon disulfide, and analysis by GC-FID. Kerosene is defined as "A refined petroleum solvent (predominantly C9-C16 hydrocarbon, which
is typically a mixture of 25% normal paraffins, 11% branched paraffins, 30% monocycloparraffins,12% dicycloparaffins, 1% tricycloparrafins,
16% mononuclear aromatics and 5% dinuclear aromatics"2.
This partially-validated method work was performed to document analytical practices detailed in OSHA Method 483 (Petroleum Distillate
Fractions) for kerosene. An important analytical practice discussed in Method 48 was the use of "non-source" petroleum distillate fractions
(PDF) as analytical standards. Source PDF was defined as the bulk material actually in use at the workplace and that was presumed to be the
source of the workplace contamination. Non-source PDF was defined as a substitute for the same generic PDF, but not the actual material in
use at the workplace. Method 48 showed that non-source PDF can be used as analytical standards in place of source PDF. This is permissible
because similar FID responses are observed for different hydrocarbons. Results presented in Method 48 showed that no significant differences
were obtained in sample analysis when using either a source or non-source PDF to calibrate the FID response.
A single number representing FID response to kerosene is obtained by summing
detector response of GC peaks that elute in the "kerosene envelope". The
kerosene envelope is determined with the professional judgment of the analyst by
comparison of analytical standard chromatograms to air sample chromatograms. Any
major component (or components) observed in air samples can be identified by
GC/MS and then quantitated separately from kerosene. The FID response for this component(s) is then subtracted from the summed response for the air
sample. The FID response of extraction solvent components is also subtracted from the summed response for the air sample and also for the
analytical standards. An in-house computer program has been developed at SLTC for this purpose.
The target level selected for this evolution was 100 mg/m3 (the NIOSH REL) because of kerosene’s designation by ACGIH as an A3 substance,
"Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans"4.
The results of an extraction efficiency study for kerosene extracted from charcoal tubes with 99:1(CS2:DMF) was 98.2%. Kerosene was found to
be well retained on charcoal tubes, with 98.6% retention efficiency after 20 L of air had been drawn through the each tube, and the ambient
storage stability recovery was 98.6% on day 14.
1.1.2 Toxic effects (This section is for information only and should not be taken as the basis of OSHA policy.)5,6
ACGIH lists kerosene as an A3 substance, "Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans". The major effects of exposure to
kerosene are headache, drowsiness, and irritation of the eyes, nose and lungs. Contact dermatitis (skin irritation) may occur with prolonged
and repeated contact. Target organs include the respiratory system, nervous system and mucous membranes. The LD50 is 2835 mg/kg orally in
rabbits.
1.1.3 Workplace exposure7,8
Kerosene is used as a fuel in kerosene lamps, flares, and stoves. It is also used as a degreaser. Kerosene is used as a fuel in
jet-propelled aircraft and also as a fuel in some other engines.
1.1.4 Physical properties and other descriptive information9,10
CAS number: |
8008-20-6 |
IMIS11: |
K107 |
RTECS number: |
OA5500000 |
molecular weight: |
170 (approximately, C9 to C16 hydrocarbons) |
melting point: |
-51 °C |
boiling point: |
175-325 °C |
appearance: |
colorless to pale straw |
density: |
0.8 - 0.81g/mL |
odor: |
odorless |
flash point: |
65-85 °C |
molecular formula: |
C9 to C16 hydrocarbon |
synonyms: |
kerosine; coal oil; fuel oil no.1; range oil |
solubility: |
Insoluble in water, miscible in all
petroleum solvents |
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structural composition: |
composition varies greatly and includes C9 to C16
hydrocarbons (aliphatic and aromatic) with a boiling range of about 175 to
325 °C |
This method was evaluated according to the OSHA SLTC “Evaluation Guidelines for Air sampling Methods utilizing
Chromatographic analysis"12. The Guidelines define analytical parameters, specify required laboratory tests, statistical
calculations and acceptance criteria. The analyte air concentrations throughout this method are based on the recommended sampling and
analytical parameters.
1.2 Detection limit of the overall procedure (DLOP) and reliable quantitation limit (RQL)
Different kerosenes may have similar constituents but not have similar concentrations of these constituents, therefore, no single
representative component can be used to determine DLOP or RQL. The DLOP is measured as mass per sample and expressed as equivalent air
concentrations, based on the recommended sampling parameters. Ten samplers were spiked with equal descending increments of analyte, such
that the highest sampler loading was 200µg of kerosene. These spiked samplers were analyzed with the recommended analytical parameters,
and the data obtained used to calculate the required parameters (standard error of estimate and slope) for the calculation of the DLOP.
The slope was 300 and the SEE was 2875.4. The RQL is considered to be the lower limit for precise quantitative measurements. It is
determined from the regression line parameters obtained for the calculation of the DLOP, providing 75% to 125% of the analyte is recovered.
The DLOP and RQL were 28.8µg and 95.8µg, respectively. The recovery at the RQL was 93.2%.
Table 1.2
DLOP and RQL for Kerosene
|
mass per sample
(µg) |
area counts
(µV•S) |
|
0 |
0 |
40 |
6374 |
60 |
10949 |
80 |
15490 |
100 |
26314 |
120 |
30828 |
140 |
34276 |
160 |
42240 |
180 |
51870 |
200 |
57569 |
|
![For problems with accessibility in using figures and illustrations in this method, please contact the SLTC at (801) 233-4900. For problems with accessibility in using figures and illustrations in this method, please contact the SLTC at (801) 233-4900.](figure121.jpg) |
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Figure 1.2.1 DLOP and RQL for kerosene. |
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Below is a chromatogram of kerosene near the RQL concentration.
![For problems with accessibility in using figures and illustrations in this method, please contact the SLTC at (801) 233-4900. For problems with accessibility in using figures and illustrations in this method, please contact the SLTC at (801) 233-4900.](figure122.jpg) |
Figure 1.2.2 Chromatogram of kerosene near the RQL. (Key: (1) DMF, (2) P-cymene. Kerosene is
the series of unnumbered peaks eluting between 7 and 25 min.) |
2. Sampling Procedure
All safety practices that apply to the work area being sampled should be followed. The sampling equipment should be attached to the worker
in such a manner that it will not interfere with work performance or safety.
2.1 Apparatus
2.1.1 Samples are collected using a personal sampling pump calibrated, with the sampling device attached, to within ±5% of the recommended
flow rate.
2.1.2 Samples are collected with 7-cm x 4-mm i.d. x 7-mm o.d. glass sampling tubes packed with two sections (100/50 mg) of coconut shell
charcoal. The sections are held in place and separated with glass wool plugs. For this evaluation, commercially prepared sampling tubes
were purchased from SKC, Inc. (catalog no. 226-01, lot 2000).
2.2 Reagents
None required
2.3 Technique
2.3.1 Immediately before sampling, break off the ends of the flame-sealed tube to provide an opening approximately half the internal
diameter of the tube. Wear eye protection when breaking tube ends. Use tube holders to minimize the hazard of broken glass. All tubes
should be from the same lot.
2.3.2 The smaller section of the adsorbent tube is used as a back-up and is positioned nearest the sampling pump. Attach the tube holder
to the sampling pump so that the adsorbent tube is in an approximately vertical position with the inlet facing down during sampling.
Position the sampling pump, tube holder and tubing so they do not impede work performance or safety.
2.3.3 Draw air to be sampled directly into the inlet of the tube holder. The air being sampled is not to be passed through any hose or
tubing before entering the sampling tube.
2.3.4 After sampling for the appropriate time, remove the adsorbent tube and seal it with plastic end caps. Seal each sample end-to-end
with an OSHA-21 form as soon as possible.
2.3.5 Submit at least one blank sample with each set of samples. Handle the blank sample in the same manner as the other samples except
draw no air through it.
2.3.6 Record sample air volumes (liters), sampling time (minutes) and sampling rate (L/min) for each sample, along with any potential
interferences on the OSHA-91A form.
2.3.7 Submit the samples to the laboratory for analysis as soon as possible after sampling. If delay is unavoidable, store the samples at
refrigerator temperature. Ship any bulk samples separate from the air samples.
2.4 Extraction efficiency
The extraction efficiency was determined by liquid-spiking front sections of charcoal tubes with kerosene at 0.1 to 2 times the target
concentration. These samples were stored overnight at ambient temperature and then extracted for 30 minutes with occasional shaking, and
analyzed.
The mean extraction efficiency over the studied range was 98.2 %. The wet extraction efficiency was determined at 1 times the target
concentration by liquid spiking the analyte onto charcoal tubes which had 20 L humid air (absolute humidity of 15.9 mg/L of water, about
80% relative humidity at 22.2 °C) drawn through them. The mean recovery for the wet samples was 100.5%.
Table 2.4
Extraction Efficiency (%) of Kerosene
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level
|
sampler number
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x target
concn |
mg per
sample |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
mean |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
96.0 |
98.0 |
93.0 |
95.0 |
95.0 |
95.4 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
97.3 |
99.0 |
98.8 |
100.0 |
97.3 |
98.5 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
100.0 |
100.7 |
99.6 |
100.5 |
99.6 |
100.1 |
1.0 |
2.0 |
99.5 |
99.2 |
99.3 |
99.2 |
95.1 |
98.5 |
2.0 |
4.0 |
101.3 |
95.2 |
100.2 |
100.4 |
95.4 |
98.5 |
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1.0 (wet) |
2.0 |
99.4 |
100.6 |
100.6 |
102.4 |
99.4 |
100.5 |
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2.5 Retention efficiency
Six charcoal tubes were spiked with 4.0 mg of kerosene in the front section of the tubes and allowed to equilibrate for 6 h. The tubes had
20 L humid air (absolute humidity of 15.9 mg/L of water, about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C) pulled through them at 0.1 L/min. The
samples were extracted and analyzed. The mean retention recovery was 98.6%. There was no analyte found on the backup section of any of
the tubes.
Table 2.5
Retention Efficiency (%) of Kerosene |
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sample number
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section |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
mean |
|
front of spiked
tube |
99.8 |
99.0 |
99.2 |
98.6 |
97.2 |
97.8 |
98.6 |
rear of spiked
tube |
0.0 |
00.0 |
00. |
00.0 |
00.0 |
00.0 |
00.0 |
total |
99.8 |
99.0 |
99.2 |
98.6 |
97.2 |
97.8 |
98.6 |
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2.6 Sample storage
Nine charcoal tubes were each spiked with 2.0 mg of kerosene. They were allowed to equilibrate for 6 h, then 20 L of air, with an absolute
humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C), was drawn through them. Three samples were
analyzed immediately, and the rest were sealed and stored at room temperature. Three more were analyzed after 7 days of storage and the
remaining three after 14 days of storage.
Table 2.6
Storage Test for Kerosene (% Recovery)
|
sample number |
time (days) |
1 |
2 |
3 |
mean |
|
0 |
99.4 |
100.9 |
100.6 |
100.3 |
7 |
97.3 |
98.8 |
98.0 |
98.0 |
14 |
99.6 |
96.6 |
99.5 |
98.6 |
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2.7 Recommended air volume and sampling rate
Based on the data collected in this evaluation, 20-L air samples should be collected at a sampling rate of 0.1 L/min for 200 minutes.
2.8 Interferences (sampling)
2.8.1 There are no known compounds that will severely interfere with the collection of kerosene.
2.8.2 Suspected interferences should be reported to the laboratory with submitted samples.
3. Analytical Procedure
Adhere to the rules set down in your Chemical Hygiene Plan. Avoid skin contact and inhalation of all chemicals and review all appropriate
MSDSs.
3.1 Apparatus
3.1.1 A gas chromatograph equipped with an FID. An Agilent 6890 plus Series Gas Chromatograph equipped with a 7683 Automatic Sampler was
used in this evaluation.
3.1.2 A GC column capable of separating kerosene from the extraction solvent, internal standard and any potential interference.
A 60-m x 0.32-mm i.d. capillary RTX Volatiles with a 0.5µm df (Restek Corporation, Bellefonte PA) was used in the evaluation.
3.1.3 An electronic integrator or some other suitable means of measuring peak areas. A Waters Millennium32 Data System was used in this
evaluation. An in-house computer program for summing and subtracting selected solvent peaks was used to calculate kerosene FID
response.
3.1.4 Glass vials with poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-lined caps. Two-mL vials were used in this evaluation.
3.1.5 A dispenser capable of delivering 1.0 mL of extracting solvent to prepare standards and samples. If a dispenser is not available,
a 1.0-mL volumetric pipet may be used.
3.1.6 Volumetric flasks. Ten-milliliter and other convenient sizes for preparing standards.
3.1.7 Calibrated 10-µL syringe for preparing standards.
3.2 Reagents
3.2.1 Kerosene, reagent grade. Aldrich 99% (lot 06411KU ) was used in this evaluation.
3.2.2 Carbon disulfide, reagent grade. Omni-Solv® 99.99% (lot CX0397-3) was used in this evaluation.
3.2.3 N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), reagent grade. Aldrich 99.9% (lot DU010523) was used in this evaluation.
3.2.4 p-Cymene, reagent grade. Aldrich 99% (lot 11703TR) was used in this evaluation.
3.2.5 The extraction solvent was 0.25µL/mL p-cymene as internal standard in CS2/DMF (99/1).
p-Cymene was used as the internal standard because it did not interfere with kerosene peaks. n-Hexyl benzene
was not used as the internal standard because it eluted with kerosene peaks.
3.2.6 GC grade nitrogen, air, and hydrogen.
3.3 Standard preparation
3.3.1 Prepare working analytical standards by injecting microliter amounts of kerosene into volumetric flasks containing the extraction
solvent. An analytical standard at a concentration of 2 mg/mL is equivalent to 100 mg/m3 based on a 20-L air volume.
3.3.2 Bracket sample results with working standard concentrations. If sample concentrations are higher than the concentration range of
prepared standards, prepare and analyze additional standards with at least as high a concentration as the highest sample to confirm the
linearity of response. Otherwise, dilute the sample with extracting solvent to obtain a concentration within the existing standard range.
The range of standards used in this study was from 0.2 to 4 mg/mL, which is equivalent to 0.1 to 2 times target concentration based on a
20-L air sample.
3.4 Sample preparation
3.4.1 Remove the plastic end caps from the sample tubes and carefully transfer the adsorbent sections to separate 2-mL vials. Discard the
glass tube, glass wool and foam plug.
3.4.2 Add 1.0 mL of extraction solvent to each vial using the same dispenser as used for preparation of standards.
3.4.3 Immediately seal the vials with poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-lined caps.
3.4.4 Shake the vials vigorously by hand several times during the next 30 minutes.
3.5 Analysis
3.5.1 Analytical conditions.
GC conditions
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column: |
100 °C for 5 min, 5 °C /min to
220 °C, final time 2 min |
zone temperatures: |
220 °C (injector)
250 °C (detector) |
run time: |
31 min |
column gas flow: |
3.0 mL/min (hydrogen) |
injection size: |
1.0µL (10:1 split) |
column: |
60-m x 0.32-mm i.d. capillary
RTX Volatiles (0.5-µm df) |
retention times: |
3.2 min (carbon disulfide); 4.4
min (benzene contaminate in the carbon disulfide); 7.1 min (DMF); 13.3 min
(p-cymene); (kerosene is the series of unnumbered peaks eluting between 7
and 30 min) |
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FID conditions
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hydrogen flow: |
30 mL/min |
air flow: |
400 mL/min |
makeup flow: |
25 mL/min (nitrogen) |
![For problems with accessibility in using figures and illustrations in this method, please contact the SLTC at (801) 233-4900. For problems with accessibility in using figures and illustrations in this method, please contact the SLTC at (801) 233-4900.](figure351.jpg) |
Figure 3.5.1 Chromatogram of 2.0 mg/mL kerosene in the
extraction solvent. (key: (1) CS2, (2) benzene, (3) DMF, (4) p-cymene) |
3.5.2 Peak areas are measured by an integrator or other suitable means.
3.5.3 An internal standard (ISTD) calibration method is used. A calibration curve can be constructed by plotting ISTD-corrected response of
standard injections versus micrograms of analyte per sample. An in-house computer program for summing of peaks and subtracting solvent peaks
was used to calculate kerosene values. Bracket the samples with freshly prepared analytical standards over a range of concentrations.
3.6 Interferences (analytical)
3.6.1 Any compound that produces a GC response and has a elution time in the kerosene peak envelope is a potential interference. If any
potential interferences were reported, they should be considered before samples are extracted. If any large unknown peak is observed and is
identified, or if a chemical was identified as an interference by the IH, its GC response can be subtracted from the summed kerosene value
and then quantitated as an individual analyte.
3.6.2 When necessary, the identity or purity of an analyte peak may be confirmed by mass spectrometry or by another analytical procedure.
4. Calculations
The amount of analyte per sampler is obtained from the appropriate calibration curve in terms of micrograms per sample, uncorrected for
extraction efficiency. This total amount is then corrected by subtracting the total amount (if any) found on the blank. The air
concentration is calculated using the following formula.
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where: |
CM is concentration by weight (mg/m3) |
M is micrograms per sample |
V is liters of air sampled |
EE is extraction efficiency, in decimal form |
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5. Recommendations for Further Study
Collection, reproducibility, and other detection limit studies need to be performed to make this a fully validated method.
References
1. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health : Cincinnati, OH, Method 1550.
2. NIOSH Pocket Guide, www.cdc.gov (accessed 08/15/04).
3. OSHA Method 48, Petroleum Distillate Fractions, www.osha.gov (accessed 05/15/2003).
4. 2004 TLV and BEIs, Threshold Limit values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents, American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, (ACGIH): Cincinnati, OH, 2004.
5. Budavari,S. Ed, The Merck Index, 12th edition, Merck & Co. Inc., Rawhay, N.J., 1997, p 903.
6. MSDS: Brown oil, www.brownoil.com/msdskerosene.htm (accessed 06/08/2003).
7. Budavari,S. The Merck Index , 12th edition Merck & Co. Inc., Rawhay, N.J., 1997, p 903.
8. MSDS: Brown oil, www.brownoil.com/msdskerosene.htm (accessed 06/02/2004).
9. MSDS: Brown oil, www.brownoil.com/msdskerosene.htm (accessed 06/02/2004).
10. Budavari,S. Ed, The Merck Index , 12th edition Merck & Co. Inc., Rawhay, N.J., 1997, p 903.
11. OSHA Chemical Sampling Information, http://www:osha.gov (accessed 06/02/2004).
12. Burright, D.; Chan, Y.; Eide, M.; Elskamp, C.; Hendricks, W.; Rose, M. C. Evaluation Guidelines For Air Sampling Methods Utilizing
Chromatographic Analysis; OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center, U.S. Department of Labor: Salt Lake City, UT, 1999.
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