![[logo] US EPA](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20081105162143im_/http://www.epa.gov/epafiles/images/logo_epaseal.gif){kind=logo}
Final Report: Biosurfactant Produced from Used Vegetable Oil for removal of Metals From Wastewaters and Soils
EPA Grant Number: R828598C787Subproject: this is subproject number 787 , established and managed by the Center Director under grant R828598
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
Center: Gulf Coast HSRC (Lamar)
Center Director: Ho, Tho C.
Title: Biosurfactant Produced from Used Vegetable Oil for removal of Metals From Wastewaters and Soils
Investigators: Vipulanandan, C. , Mohanty, Kishore K.
Institution: University of Houston - University Park
EPA Project Officer: Krishnan, Bala S.
Project Period: September 1, 2000 through August 31, 2004
RFA: Gulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center (Lamar University) (1996)
Research Category: Hazardous Waste/Remediation , Targeted Research
Description:
Objective:The objective of this research project was to determine the selectivity for metals in contaminated water and the desorption of lead (Pb) from soils for the biosurfactant, developed in the University of Houston (UH) laboratory. The performance of UH-biosurfactant was compared to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100. The specific objectives of the research project were as follows:
Objective 1: Surfactant Characterization. Determine the surface tension in terms of surfactant concentration, pH, salt content, and temperature (Phase 1).
Objective 2: Complexation (metal) and Sorption (soil). Interaction of biosurfactant with various metals will be quantified (partition coefficient) based on the pH of the solution. Sorption isotherms for the biosurfactant and metals with various soil constituents (sand, clay, organic matter) will be developed. Mechanisms of metal removal by the surfactants will be investigated (Phase 2).
Objective 3: Removal of Metals. Evaluate the potential of using the UH-biosurfactant for removing trace metals from wastewater and Pb-contaminated soils. Optimization of the metal removal conditions (Phase 3).
Summary/Accomplishments (Outputs/Outcomes):Completing this research project resulted in: (1) quantification of the selectivity of UH-biosurfactant (produced from used vegetable oil) to bind Pb in contaminated water and soil under such environmental conditions as pH and soil type; and (2) determination of the mechanism of Pb removal by the biosurfactant.
Materials and Methods
Lead Solution. Commercially available standard reference Pb solution (1,000 ppm ± 1%) was used in this study. Lead solutions were mixed with surfactants in beakers and continuously stirred for several minutes, and the pH was adjusted using 1N NaOH solution.
Biosurfactant. A continuously stirred batch reactor with a capacity of 2 L was used in the biosurfactant production. Flavobacterium spp., which were isolated from a contaminated field sample, first were acclimated to the used vegetable oil (Vipulanandan and Ren, 2000). The mineral medium used was: K2HPO4 (1.0 g/L), KH2PO4 (0.5 g/L), KCl (0.1 g/L), MgSO4 (0.5 g/L), NaNO3 (2.0 g/L), and yeast extract (0.5 g/L) (Vipulanandan and Ren, 2000). Used vegetable oil (up to 2%, by volume) was obtained from a local restaurant and used to produce biosurfactant under nonaseptic conditions. The broth was tested for surface tension, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and critical micelle dilution (CMD) during the production of biosurfactant. After 4 days of fermentation, the broth was extracted using 1N NaOH. After 24 hours of extraction, the suspension was filtrated through on a 0.45 mm Whatman filter paper. The collected solid was dried at 60 °C overnight and biosurfactant powder was used in this research.
Chemical Surfactants. Commercially available chemical surfactants, SDS (CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3Na) and Triton X-100(C8H17C6H4(OCH2CH2)10OH) were used for comparative study. SDS was selected because it is a popular anionic surfactant used in various investigations. The Triton X-100 was selected to represent a nonionic surfactant.
Surface Tension Measurements. The surface tension of samples was measured using the Du-Nouy Interfacial Tensiometer. Surface tension of water was 72 dynes/cm at room temperature of 23 ± 2°C and was used to check the Tensiometer before using it for surface tension measurements. After each measurement, the platinum ring (1.9 cm diameter) was cleaned with acetone and deionized water. The surface tension was determined as an average of five readings.
Separation. The surfactant solution with Pb was filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter to separate the Pb containing micelles from the water-soluble Pb ions. The filter was then acid washed using a concentrated nitric acid to recover the Pb in the micelle phase. Lead removal efficiency (Rw) in wastewater was defined as:
,
and the micelle partition coefficient, Kdmic is represented as follows:
,
,
where Ce is the amount of Pb in the filtrate and Cm is amount of Pb retained in the filter (micelle phase).
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Lead concentrations in the filtrate and in the filter were measured by using a PerkinElmer atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy equipped with a flow spoiler (air-acetylene flame, wave length, λ = 217 nm). All tests were performed in triplicate.
Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Analysis. Changes in the chemical structure of the biosurfactant were investigated using the PerkinElmer FTIR in AgCl pellets in the range of 4,000-400 cm-1 (wavenumber) at a 4 cm-1 resolution, and the band intensities were expressed in terms of transmittance.
Contaminated Soil. Kaolinite clay was used as soil. Hydrite-R kaolinite was purchased from DBK Kaolin Company® of Dry Branch, Georgia. Kaolinite is composed mainly of alumino-silicates. The isomorphous substitution of Al(III) for Si(IV), and Mg(II) substituting for Al(III) can give rise to a net negative charge on its surface.
Desorption Study. In the desorption study, the soil was artificially contaminated with Pb (Pb(NO3)2) at three different concentrations: 100, 1,000, and 3,000 mg/kg Pb. The Pb solution was added to the soil with 10 percent water content. The spiked soils were air-dried and allowed to age for 2 months. For the desorption study, soil to solution ratio of 1:20 (2g soil + 40 mL solution) was used, and the samples were placed in glass tubes that were taped to mechanical shakers. The control test on the Pb solution showed negligible adsorption of Pb by the glass tube for the testing period. After placing the sample for 24 hours on a shaker at 200 rpm, samples were centrifuged for 30 minutes at 9,000 rpm to separate the liquid and soil. The Pb concentration in the supernatant (Ce) was measured using AA.
Results and Discussions
The UH-biosurfactant has been produced successfully from used vegetable oil (domestic and restaurant waste) under technically simple nonaseptic conditions using Pseudomonas spp. in continuously stirred batch reactors.
Cost Analysis. To determine the cost of producing and using the UH-biosurfactant, cost analysis was done and compared to two chemical surfactants based on performance and cost of production. Cost for biosurfactant was based on laboratory-scale production that might be higher than a large-scale production operation. The costs that were included in the biosurfactant production are materials, reactor operation, and purification (most of the cost). Biosurfactant can be used without purification in contaminant treatment applications. For example, to achieve 35 dynes/cm reduction per liter (L) of solution, the cost of using SDS is $0.10/L, and for the biosurfactant it is less than $0.02/L. It must be noted that SDS cannot reduce the surface tension by more than 35 dynes/cm, but the UH-biosurfactant can reduce it by more than 40 dynes/cm. Based on the solubilization of trichloroethylene in a liter of solution, the UH-biosurfactant was the least costly. Biosurfactant cost can be reduced further by recycling the mineral solutions used in the production process and also scaling up the operation.
Metal Removal from Wastewater. Metal removal from various solutions (Pb, Cr, Cu, Ca, Zn, Ni, Cd, Si, Al, and Fe) were investigated using the surfactants at low (pH 2.5 to 3) and high pH (pH 12). The metal concentration in the solution was measured, before and after the addition of surfactants, by using the AA analysis method (American Water Works Association Method 3500). Based on the type of metal, the biosurfactant formed an off-white colored precipitate with metal ions. The precipitate was easily removed by filtration through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter. At 10 critical micelle concentration (CMC) of biosurfactant concentration, more than 70 percent of Pb and Ca were removed from 100 mg/L solution at a pH of 12. The biosurfactant was 100 percent effective in removing Fe from the solution. Similar performance was observed with Si. For Cr, biosurfactant and Triton X-100 had similar removal efficiency of over 50 percent. SDS showed less than 40 percent removal. The removal efficiency with 10 mg/L of Pb solution was 40 percent for biosurfactant, which was the highest among the surfactants studied. Effectiveness of rhamnolipid, a commercially available surfactant, also was studied.
Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were used to represent the partition in Pb in the surfactant solutions.
FTIR Project. Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify the presence of certain functional groups in a molecule. In this study, FTIR was performed to determine the interaction between Pb and biosurfactant. The functional groups identified were a very broad O-H stretch bond (3,160-3,660 cm-1) that overlaps the C-H absorption, C=C (2,095 cm-1), O-C=O asymmetric stretch (near 1,600 cm-1), and O-C=O symmetric stretch (1,433 cm-1). The broad and strong absorption of O-H stretch bond indicated that certain bonds in the biosurfactant structure may have been hydrolyzed during the NaOH extraction process.
In the FTIR spectrum of biosurfactant, the asymmetric stretching carboxyl group O-C=O bond was shifted (1,706 to 1,656 cm-1) as a result of the addition of Pb into the UH-biosurfactant solution. This was the result of the complexation of Pb by the carboxyl group in the UH-biosurfactant, similar to what was observed by few other researchers.
Metal Desorption. Sorption isotherms for surfactants with Pb and various soil components have been developed. Projects are underway to develop desorption isotherm for metal removal from contaminated soils (sand, clay, organic matter). Kaolinite clay contaminated at 100, 1,000 and 10,000 mg/kg were used in this research project. The results showed that biosurfactant was effective in desorping Pb and Zn from 1,000 mg/kg contaminated soils, and the isotherms are linear (Cs = [Kd]Ce). For Pb-contaminated soil, the partition coefficient, Kd, for water was 344 L/kg. In the case of 1 CMC solutions, Kd were 106, 91, and 90 L/kg for SDS, Triton X-100, and biosurfactant, respectively. Biosurfactant showed the highest efficiency in removing Pb from the kaolinite soil at 10 CMC with a Kd of 51.
Conclusions:Based on the experimental study and analysis, the following conclusions can be advanced:
- UH-biosurfactant had the best removal efficiency for Pb, Fe, Ca, Cr, Zn, and Si from wastewater of the four surfactants studied.
- Lead removal efficiency from wastewater depended on the surfactant type, concentration, and Pb concentration in the solution. Biosurfactant removed more than 75 percent of Pb from 100 mg/L Pb-contaminated water at 10 CMC. For maximum removal of Pb, the optimum Pb-biosurfactant ratio was 0.01.
- Partitioning of Pb in the surfactant solutions was represented by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Micelle partitioning coefficients for various surfactants have been quantified. Of the surfactant studied, biosurfactant had the highest micelle partitioning for Pb.
- Linear isotherm can be used to represent desorption of Pb from Pb-contaminated kaolinite clay by surfactants. Biosurfactant had the lowest desorption partition coefficient.
- FTIR studies showed that the carboxyl group in the biosurfactant was effective in removing the Pb from the solution.
Several journal publications and presentations on the findings of this research project are planned.
References:
Vipulanandan C, Ren XP. Enhanced solubility and biodegradation of naphthalene with biosurfactant. Journal of Environmental Engineering-ASCE 2000;126(7):629-634.
Journal Articles:No journal articles submitted with this report: View all 2 publications for this subproject
Supplemental Keywords:pollution prevention, waste treatment, site remediation, advanced treatment technologies, bioremediation, hazardous waste treatment, HSRC,
,
Water, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, TREATMENT/CONTROL, Scientific Discipline, Waste, RFA, Remediation, Waste Treatment, Ecological Risk Assessment, Hazardous Waste, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Contaminated Sediments, Hazardous, Environmental Monitoring, Treatment Technologies, risk assessment, treatment, hazadous waste streams, soil washing, metal release, contaminated sediment, remediation technologies, heavy metals transport, hazardous waste management, hazardous waste characterization, in situ washing, advanced treatment technologies, cleanup, hazardous waste treatment, sediment treatment, technology transfer
Relevant Websites:
http://cigmat.cive.uh.edu 
http://dept.lamar.edu/gchsrc/
Progress and Final Reports:
2001 Progress Report
Original Abstract
Main Center Abstract and Reports:
R828598 Gulf Coast HSRC (Lamar)
Subprojects under this Center:
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
R822721C529 Environmentally Acceptable Endpoints: Risk Based Remediation Using Bioremediation
R822721C552 Degradative Solidification/Stabilization Technology for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
R822721C569 Treatment and Product Recovery: Supercritical Water Oxidation of Nylon Monomer Manufacturing Waste
R822721C620 Colloidal Fouling of Membranes: Implications in the Treatment of Textile Dye Wastes and Water Reuse
R822721C626 Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chlorinated Organics
R822721C627 The Interaction of Microbial Activity and Zero Valent Iron Permeable Barrier Technology
R822721C630 Microbial Cometabolism of Recalcitrant Chemicals in Contaminated Air Streams
R822721C633 Catalyst Lifetime Studies for Chlorocarbon Steam Reforming
R822721C635 Electrokinetic/Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Pollutants in Low Permeability Subsurface Environments
R822721C636 Transformation Reactions of Nitroaromatic and Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds on Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Surfaces: Enhancement of GAC Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems
R822721C640 Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R822721C645 Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Model to Facilitate Risk-Based Corrective Action at Superfund Sites
R822721C651 Adjustable Biopolymer Chelators for Cadmium, Lead and Mercury
R822721C653 New Electrochemically Smart Catalysts for Hazardous Waste Management and Development of Capillary Electrophoresis for Analysis of their Products
R822721C655 Soil Sampling in South Alabama Oil Fields
R822721C659 Subsurface Contamination Site Characterization via a Computer-Aided Visual Tool
R822721C661 New Insoluble supports for Protein Immobilization for Use in Metalloprotein Affinity Metal Chromatography
R822721C663 Soil Remediation with Ultra-High-Efficiency Hydrocyclones
R822721C669 Solid Acid Catalyzed Alkylation in Supercritical Fluids
R822721C679 Regeneration/Reactivation of Carbon Adsorbents by Radio Frequency (RF) Induction Heating
R822721C687 Improved Halogen Resistance of Catalytic Oxidation
R822721C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R822721C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R822721C700 Effects of Natural and Cyclic Variations on Contaminant Fate and Transport
R822721C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R826694C620 Colloidal Fouling of Membranes: Implications in the Treatment of Textile Dye Wastes and Water Reuse
R826694C625 Enhanced Treatment of DNAPLs Contaminated Soils and Groundwater Using Biosurfactants: In-Situ Bioremediation
R826694C626 Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chlorinated Wastes
R826694C627 The Interaction of Microbial Activity and Zero Valent Iron Permeable Barrier Technology
R826694C629 Biofiltration of BTEX in Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Remediation Off-Gas
R826694C630 Microbial Cometabolism of Recalcitrant Chemicals in Contaminated Air Streams
R826694C633 Catalyst Lifetime Studies for Chlorocarbon Steam Reforming
R826694C635 Electrokinetic/Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Pollutants in Low Permeability Subsurface Environments
R826694C636 Transformation Reactions of Nitroaromatic and Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds on Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Surfaces: Enhancement of GAC Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems
R826694C640 Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R826694C645 Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Model to Facilitate Risk-Based Corrective Action at Superfund Sites
R826694C651 Adjustable Biopolymer Chelators for Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Remeidation
R826694C659 Subsurface Contamination Site characterization Via a Computer-Aided Visual Tool
R826694C661 New Insoluble supports for Protein Immobilization for Use in Metalloprotein Affinity Metal Chromatography
R826694C669 Solid Acid Catalyzed Alkylation in Supercritical Reaction Media
R826694C679 Regeneration and Reactivation of Carbon Adsorbents by Radio Frequency Induction Heating
R826694C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R826694C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R826694C700 Effects of Natural Cyclic Variations on Contaminated Fate and Transport
R826694C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R826694C705 A Pilot Plant for Producing Mixed Ketones from Waste Biomass
R826694C722 The Effects of an Oily-Phase on VOC Emissions from Industrial Wastewater
R826694C724 Mercury Removal from Stack Gas by Aqueous Scrubbing
R826694C725 Transport, Fate and Risk Implications of Environmentally Acceptable Endpoint Decisions
R826694C731 Development and Application of a Real-Time Optical Sensor for Atmospheric Formaldehyde
R826694C734 An Advanced System for Pollution Prevention in Chemical Complexes
R828598C001 Field Study Abstract: A Model of Ambient Air Pollution in Southeast Texas Using Artificial Neural Network Technology
R828598C002 Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactors for Treating Water and Air Streams Contaminated with Chlorinated Solvents
R828598C003 Fugitive Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from On-Site Industrial Sewers
R828598C004 Biofiltration Technology Development
R828598C005 A Risk-Based Decision Analysis Approach for Aquifers Contaminated with DNAPLs
R828598C006 In-Situ Remediation for Contaminated Soils Using Prefabricated Vertical Drains
R828598C007 Membrane Technology Selection System for the Metal Finishing Industry
R828598C008 Sequential Environments for Enhanced Bioremediation of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
R828598C009 Waste Minimization in the Magnetic Tape Industry: Waterborne Coating Formulations for Magnetic Tape Manufacture
R828598C010 Soil Remediation by Agglomeration with Petroleum Coke
R828598C011 Recovery of Dilute Phosphoric Acid in Waste Streams Using Waste Gas Ammonia: The Regenerative MAP/DAP Process
R828598C012 Stochastic Risk Assessment for Bioremediation
R828598C013 Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Chelation in Supercritical Fluids
R828598C014 Optimization of Treatment Technologies for Detoxification of PCB Contaminated Soils
R828598C015 Wastewater Remediation by Catalytic Wet Oxidation
R828598C016 Permanence of Metals Containment in Solidified and Stabilized Wastes
R828598C017 Combustion Enhancement by Radial Jet Reattachment - Low Generation of Hazardous Gases and High Thermal Efficiency
R828598C018 A Process To Convert Industrial Biosludge and Paper Fines to Mixed Alcohol Fuels
R828598C019 Homogeneous Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
R828598C020 Ultrasonic Enhancement of the Removal of Heavy Metals
R828598C021 The Binding Chemistry and Leaching Mechanisms of Advanced Solidification/Stabilization Systems for Hazardous Waste Management
R828598C022 Development of an Air-Stripping and UV/H2O2 Oxidation Integrated Process To Treat a Chloro-Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Ground Water
R828598C023 A Comparative Study of Siting Opposition in Two Counties
R828598C024 Sonochemical Treatment of Hazardous Organic Compounds II: Process Optimization and Pathway Studies
R828598C025 Laser Diagnostics of the Combustion Process within a Rotary Kiln Incinerator
R828598C026 Use of Inorganic Ion Exchangers for Hazardous Waste Remediation
R828598C027 Kaolinite Sorbent for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Incinerated Lubricating Oils
R828598C028 Destruction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Process Streams Using Catalytic Steam Reforming
R828598C029 Integrated Process Treatment Train (Bioremediation {Aerobic/Anaerobic} and Immobilization) for Texas Soils Contaminated with Combined Hazardous Wastes
R828598C030 Photo-Oxidation by H2O2/VisUV of Off-Gas Atmospheric Emissions from Industrial and Environmental Remediation Sources
R828598C031 Concentrated Halide Extraction and Recovery of Lead from Soil
R828598C032 Biodegradable Surfactant for Underground Chlorinated Solvent Remediation
R828598C033 A Software Guidance System for Choosing Analytical Subsurface Fate and Transport Models Including a Library of Computer Solutions for the Analytical Models
R828598C034 Hydrodynamic Modeling of Leachate Recirculating Landfill
R828598C035 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer Rate in Soil Matrices
R828598C036 Sorbent Technology for Multipollutant Control During Fluidized Bed Incineration
R828598C037 Pollution Prevention by Process Modification Using On-Line Optimization
R828598C038 Pollution Prevention by Process Modification
R828598C039 Water Solubility and Henry's Law Constant
R828598C040 Transferring Technical Information on Hazardous Substance Research by Publishing on the World Wide Web
R828598C041 Stress Protein Responses to Multiple Metal Exposure in Grass Shrimp
R828598C042 Life-Cycle Environmental Costing for Managing Pollution Prevention in the Chemical and Petroleum Refining Industries: A Cross-Border Approach
R828598C687 Improved Halogen Resistance of Catalytic Oxidation Through Efficient Catalyst Testing
R828598C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R828598C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R828598C700 Effects of Natural Cyclic Variations on Contaminated Fate and Transport
R828598C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R828598C705 A Pilot Plant for Producing Mixed Ketones from Waste Biomass
R828598C722 The Effects of an Oily-Phase on VOC Emissions from Industrial Wastewater
R828598C724 Mercury Removal from Stack Gas by Aqueous Scrubbing
R828598C725 Transport, Fate and Risk Implications of Environmentally Acceptable Endpoint Decisions
R828598C731 Development and Application of a Real Time Optical Sensor for Atmospheric Formaldehyde
R828598C734 An Advanced System for Pollution Prevention in Chemical Complexes
R828598C743 Field Demonstration of Ultrasound Enhancement of Permeable Treatment Walls
R828598C744 Optical Fibers Coated With Titania Membrane/UV-Generating Crystal in a Distributed-Light Photoreactor for VOC Oxidation
R828598C749 Characterization and Modeling of Indoor Particulate Contaminants In a Heavily Industrialized Community
R828598C753 Adsolubilization and Photocatalysis in a Semiconducting Monolithic Reactor for Wastewater Treatment
R828598C754 Remote Detection of Gas Emissions in Industrial Processes
R828598C759 Searching for Optimum Composition of Phosphogypsum: Fly ash: Cement Composites for Oyster Culch Materials
R828598C761 Development of a Phytologically-Based Biosorptive Water Treatment Process
R828598C766 Chlorinated Solvent Impact and Remediation Strategies for the Dry Cleaning Industry
R828598C769 Soil/Sediment Remediation by Hot Water Extraction Combined with In-Situ Wet Oxidation
R828598C771 Fluoracrylate Polymer Supported Ligands as Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R828598C774 The Feasibility of Electrophoretic Repair of Impoundment Leaks
R828598C777 Surfactant Enhanced Photo-oxidation of Wastewaters
R828598C778 Stationary Power Generation Via Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Response to Pollution and Global Warming
R828598C786 Photocatalytic Recovery of Sulfur and Hydrogen From Hydrogen Sulfide
R828598C787 Biosurfactant Produced from Used Vegetable Oil for removal of Metals From Wastewaters and Soils
R828598C789 Genetic Engineering of Enzymatic Cyanide Clearance
R828598C791 Characterizing the Intrinsic Remediation of MTBE at Field Sites
R828598C799 Simultaneous Water Conservation/Recycling/Reuse and Waste Reduction in Semiconductor Manufacturing
R828598C801 Building Defined Mixed Cultures To Biodegrade Diverse Mixtures Of Chlorinated Solvents
R828598C802 Engineering of Nanocrystal Based Catalytic Materials for Hydroprocessing of Halogenated Organics
R828598C807 Commercial Demonstration of Hydrogen Peroxide Injection to Control NOx Emissions from Combustion Sources
R828598C809 Evaluating Source Grouting and ORC for Remediating MTBE Sites
R828598C810 Application of Total Cost Assessment To Process Design In the Chemical Industry
R828598C846 Quantitative Demonstration of Source-Zone Bioremediation in A Field-Scale Experimental Controlled Release System
R831276C001 DNAPL Source Control by Reductive Dechlorination with Fe(II)
R831276C002 Arsenic Removal and Stabilization with Synthesized Pyrite
R831276C003 A Large-Scale Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Ethanol on Groundwater Contamination
R831276C004 Visible-Light-Responsive Titania Modified with Aerogel/Ferroelectric Optical Materials for VOC Oxidation
R831276C005 Development of a Microwave-Induced On-Site Regeneration Technology for Advancing the Control of Mercury and VOC Emissions Employing Activated Carbon
R831276C006 Pollution Prevention through Functionality Tracking and Property Integration
R831276C007 Compact Nephelometer System for On-Line Monitoring of Particulate Matter Emissions
R831276C008 Effect of Pitting Corrosion Promoters on the Treatment of Waters Contaminated with a Nitroaromatic Compounds Using Integrated Reductive/Oxidative Processes
R831276C009 Linear Polymer Chain and Bioengineered Chelators for Metals Remediation
R831276C010 Treatment of Perchlorate Contaminated Water Using a Combined Biotic/Abiotic Process
R831276C011 Rapid Determination of Microbial Pathways for Pollutant Degradation
R831276C012 Simulations of the Emission, Transport, Chemistry and Deposition of Atmospheric Mercury in the Upper Gulf Coast Region
R831276C013 Reduction of Environmental Impact and Improvement of Intrinsic Security in Unsteady-state
R831276C014 Integrated Chemical Complex and Cogeneration Analysis System: Greenhouse Gas Management and Pollution Prevention Solutions
R831276C015 Improved Combustion Catalysts for NOx Emission Reduction
R831276C016 A Large-Scale Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Ethanol on Groundwater Contamination
R831276C017 Minimization of Hazardous Ion-Exchange Brine Waste by Biological Treatment of Perchlorate and Nitrate to Allow Brine Recycle
R831276C018 Integrated Chemical Complex and Cogeneration Analysis System: Greenhouse Gas Management and Pollution Prevention Solutions