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2001 Progress Report: Biosurfactant Produced from Used Vegetable Oil for removal of Metals From Wastewaters and Soils
EPA Grant Number: R828598C787Subproject: this is subproject number 787 , established and managed by the Center Director under grant R828598
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
Center: Gulf Coast HSRC (Lamar)
Center Director: Ho, Tho C.
Title: Biosurfactant Produced from Used Vegetable Oil for removal of Metals From Wastewaters and Soils
Investigators: Vipulanandan, C. , Mohanty, Kishore K.
Institution: University of Houston - University Park
EPA Project Officer: Krishnan, Bala S.
Project Period: September 1, 2000 through August 31, 2004
Project Period Covered by this Report: September 1, 2000 through August 31, 2001
RFA: Gulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center (Lamar University) (1996)
Research Category: Hazardous Waste/Remediation , Targeted Research
Description:
Objective:The objective of this study is to determine the UH-biosurfactant selectivity for metals, both singly and in mixtures, as well as to investigate the biosurfactant-facilitated desorption of metals from soils and transport of heavy metals through soils. Also of interest is to recover the complexed/precipitated metal and recycling of the UH-biosurfactant.. The performance will be compared to SDS and Triton X-100. Specific objectives are as follows:
(1)Surfactant Characterization: Determine the surface tension in terms of surfactant concentration. Effect of pH, salt content, and temperature on surfactant behavior. (PHASE 1)
(2)Complexation (metal) and Sorption (soil): Interaction of biosurfactant with various metals (single components) will be quantified (partition coefficient) based on the micelle size and pH. Sorption isotherms for biosurfactant and metals with various soil constituents (sand, clay, organic matter) will be developed. (PHASE 2)
(3)Removal of Metals: Evaluate the potential of using the UH-biosurfactant for removing trace metals from wastewater (mixture of metals) and metal contaminated soils. Optimization of application conditions. (PHASE 3)
(4)Recover and Recycle: Methods of recovering the metals from the biosurfactant complexes/precipitation will be investigated. Also, methods to recycle and reuse the biosurfactant will be investigated and a comparative cost analysis will be done on using the biosurfactant and chemical surfactants to remove metals. (PHASE 4)
Successful completion of the work proposed herein will result in several significant contributions. Some of the expected contributions include:
(1) information on the ability and selectivity of UH-biosurfactant (produced from used vegetable oil) to bind metals under such environmental conditions as pH and ionic strength and soil type,
(2) details on the potential of biosurfactant to transport heavy metals through soil and
(3) methods of recovering the metals and recycling the biosurfactant for further use.
Progress Summary:The research work was started in September, 2001 and some of the test results obtained during the past eight months of the investigation are reported. The main focus during this period of study was to produce and characterize the UH-biosurfactant for metal removal application (PHASE 1). Wastewaters with Pb, Cr (VI), Cu, Fe, Si and Al were used in the initial investigation. (a) Production and Characterization of Biosurfactant: Biosurfactant has been successfully produced from used vegetable oil (domestic and restaurant waste) under technically-simple non-aseptic conditions using Pseudomonas sp. in continuously stirred batch reactors. The broth (mixture of used vegetable oil, microorganism and mineral medium) was filtered and the filtrate was mixed with a sodium hydroxide solution to precipitate out the biosurfactant. The precipitate was dried and the powder was used in all the testing. This approach of producing biosurfactant will result in lower material and processing cost and make UH-biosurfactant attractive for large scale applications. UH-Biosurfactant had a surface tension of 29 dynes/cm with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.7 g/L. Compared to the commercially available surfactants, UH-biosurfactant had lower surface tension at CMC. Of the surfactants tested (SDS, Triton X-100), the UH-biosurfactant showed the greatest change in the surface tension in the pH range tested. The Triton X-100 showed the least dependency on the pH. (b) Pb Removal from Wastewater: Lead removal from Pb(NO3)2 solutions was investigated using the surfactants. The lead concentration in the solution was measured, before and after the addition of surfactants, by using the AA method (AWWA Method 3500-Pb). The biosurfactant formed an off-white colored precipitate with lead ions. The precipitate was easily removed by filtration through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter. At 2 g/L and 10 g/L concentrations of biosurfactatant over 70 and 90% of Pb were removed from the solution respectively. The performance of the UH-biosurfactant was better than sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100. The study will be continued with higher concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 solutions. (c) Cr(VI) Removal from Wastewater: Chromium removal from potassium chromate (K2CrO4) solution was investigated using the surfactants. The Cr(VI) concentration in the solution was measured, before and after the addition of surfactants, by using the AA method (AWWA Method 3500-Cr). The surfactant - chromate solution was first filtered through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter and then analyzed for Cr(VI). Both, biosurfactant and Triton X-100 had similar removal efficiency of over 50%. SDS showed less than 40% removal . Also the removal efficiency was independent of the surfactant concentration. The study will be continued with higher concentrations of chromate solutions. (d) Cu(II) Removal from Wastewater: Copper removal from copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution was investigated using the surfactants. The Cu(II) concentration in the solution was measured, before and after the addition of surfactants, by using the AA method (AWWA Method 3500-Cu). The surfactant - copper sulfate solution was first filtered through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter and then analyzed for Cr(VI). The Triton X-100 had the highest removal efficiency of 35%. Biosurfactant removal efficiency was about 15% and reduced with increased surfactant concentration. While Triton X-100 removal efficiency was independent of the surfactant concentration, for the other two surfactants the removal efficiency reduced with increased surfactant concentration. Studies are underway with higher concentrations of copper sulfate solutions. (e) Fe(III) Removal from Wastewater: Iron removal from ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) solution was investigated using the surfactants. The Fe(III) concentration in the solution was measured, before and after the addition of surfactants, by using the AA method (AWWA Method 3500-Fe). The surfactant - iron nitrate solution (100 mg/L) was first filtered through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter and then analyzed for Fe. Biosurfactant removal efficiency increased with biosurfactant concentration to 100% at 10 CMC. Studies are underway with lower concentrations of iron nitrate solutions. (f) Al Removal from Wastewater: Aluminum removal from aluminum chloride (AlCl3) solution was investigated using the surfactants. The Al(III) concentration in the solution was measured, before and after the addition of surfactants, by using the AA method (AWWA Method 3500-Al). The surfactant - iron nitrate solution (100 mg/L) was first filtered through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter and then analyzed for Al. Biosurfactant removal efficiency increased with biosurfactant concentration to 30% at 10 CMC. Studies are underway with lower concentrations of iron nitrate solutions. (g) Si Removal from Wastewater: Silica removal from sodium silicate solution was investigated using the surfactants. The Si(IV) concentration in the solution was measured, before and after the addition of surfactants, by using the AA method (AWWA Method 3500-Si). The surfactant - silicate solution (100 mg/L) was first filtered through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter and then analyzed for Al. Biosurfactant removal efficiency increased with biosurfactant concentration to 20% at 10 CMC. Studies are underway with lower concentrations of silica nitrate solutions. Summary: Properties of the biosurfactant have been determined under various application conditions. UH-biosurfactant had the lowest surface tension above the CMC of the surfactants investigated. UH-biosurfactant had the best Pb(II) removal efficiency of the three surfactants studied (>90%). UH-biosurfactant removal efficiency of Cr(VI) was comparable to Triton X-100 (>50%). UH-biosurfactant removal efficiency for Fe (III), Cu(II) Al and Si were 100, 15 30% and 20% respectively.
Future Activities:
The experimental program will be continued to achieve the stated objectives. Some of the test variables to be investigated are summarized in Table 1. Single metal concentrations up to 500 mg/L will be investigated. Metal mixtures will also be studied and the concentrations will selected based on literature review and initial test results. Every effort will be made to investigate the various metal removal mechanisms with the surfactants. Table 1. Summary of Possible Materials and Applications Parameters Soil/ Waste Materials Materials Metals: Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, mixtures Soils: Sand, clay, organic matter, mixtures Surfactants Biosurfactant (produced at UH from used vegetable oil) SDS and Triton X-100 (for comparison purposes) Applications Metal complexation/precipitation in wastewater Removal of metals from soils Recovery/recycle technology Second Year: The study will be focused on determining the partition coefficients, adsorption/desorption isotherms for surfactants and metals with various soil types will be determined (PHASE 2). Also methods of recovering the metals and surfactants will be investigated (PHASE 4). Number of Tests and Summary: It is expected that more than 60 batch tests will be performed to quantify the partition coefficient and isotherms. Limited tests are also planned with SDS and Triton X-100 for comparison. Over 24 tests are planned for recovering the metals and UH-biosurfactant. Third Year: Based on the test results two metals will be selected for the column study. Two metal concentrations will be studied. Both batch and column studies will be determined. Cost for producing and using biosurfactant to remove metals will be determined; the cost will be compared to the performance of the chemical surfactant. (PHASE 3). Number of Tests and Summary: It is expected that more than 20 batch and column tests will be performed to quantify the effectiveness of the UH-biosurfactant.
Journal Articles:No journal articles submitted with this report: View all 2 publications for this subproject
Supplemental Keywords:Biosurfactant, metal removal, wastewater, contaminated soils. , Water, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, TREATMENT/CONTROL, Scientific Discipline, Waste, RFA, Remediation, Waste Treatment, Ecological Risk Assessment, Hazardous Waste, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Contaminated Sediments, Hazardous, Environmental Monitoring, Treatment Technologies, risk assessment, treatment, hazadous waste streams, soil washing, metal release, contaminated sediment, remediation technologies, heavy metals transport, hazardous waste management, hazardous waste characterization, in situ washing, advanced treatment technologies, cleanup, hazardous waste treatment, sediment treatment, technology transfer
Relevant Websites:
Progress and Final Reports:
Original Abstract
Final Report
Main Center Abstract and Reports:
R828598 Gulf Coast HSRC (Lamar)
Subprojects under this Center:
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
R822721C529 Environmentally Acceptable Endpoints: Risk Based Remediation Using Bioremediation
R822721C552 Degradative Solidification/Stabilization Technology for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
R822721C569 Treatment and Product Recovery: Supercritical Water Oxidation of Nylon Monomer Manufacturing Waste
R822721C620 Colloidal Fouling of Membranes: Implications in the Treatment of Textile Dye Wastes and Water Reuse
R822721C626 Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chlorinated Organics
R822721C627 The Interaction of Microbial Activity and Zero Valent Iron Permeable Barrier Technology
R822721C630 Microbial Cometabolism of Recalcitrant Chemicals in Contaminated Air Streams
R822721C633 Catalyst Lifetime Studies for Chlorocarbon Steam Reforming
R822721C635 Electrokinetic/Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Pollutants in Low Permeability Subsurface Environments
R822721C636 Transformation Reactions of Nitroaromatic and Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds on Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Surfaces: Enhancement of GAC Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems
R822721C640 Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R822721C645 Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Model to Facilitate Risk-Based Corrective Action at Superfund Sites
R822721C651 Adjustable Biopolymer Chelators for Cadmium, Lead and Mercury
R822721C653 New Electrochemically Smart Catalysts for Hazardous Waste Management and Development of Capillary Electrophoresis for Analysis of their Products
R822721C655 Soil Sampling in South Alabama Oil Fields
R822721C659 Subsurface Contamination Site Characterization via a Computer-Aided Visual Tool
R822721C661 New Insoluble supports for Protein Immobilization for Use in Metalloprotein Affinity Metal Chromatography
R822721C663 Soil Remediation with Ultra-High-Efficiency Hydrocyclones
R822721C669 Solid Acid Catalyzed Alkylation in Supercritical Fluids
R822721C679 Regeneration/Reactivation of Carbon Adsorbents by Radio Frequency (RF) Induction Heating
R822721C687 Improved Halogen Resistance of Catalytic Oxidation
R822721C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R822721C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R822721C700 Effects of Natural and Cyclic Variations on Contaminant Fate and Transport
R822721C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R826694C620 Colloidal Fouling of Membranes: Implications in the Treatment of Textile Dye Wastes and Water Reuse
R826694C625 Enhanced Treatment of DNAPLs Contaminated Soils and Groundwater Using Biosurfactants: In-Situ Bioremediation
R826694C626 Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chlorinated Wastes
R826694C627 The Interaction of Microbial Activity and Zero Valent Iron Permeable Barrier Technology
R826694C629 Biofiltration of BTEX in Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Remediation Off-Gas
R826694C630 Microbial Cometabolism of Recalcitrant Chemicals in Contaminated Air Streams
R826694C633 Catalyst Lifetime Studies for Chlorocarbon Steam Reforming
R826694C635 Electrokinetic/Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Pollutants in Low Permeability Subsurface Environments
R826694C636 Transformation Reactions of Nitroaromatic and Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds on Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Surfaces: Enhancement of GAC Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems
R826694C640 Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R826694C645 Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Model to Facilitate Risk-Based Corrective Action at Superfund Sites
R826694C651 Adjustable Biopolymer Chelators for Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Remeidation
R826694C659 Subsurface Contamination Site characterization Via a Computer-Aided Visual Tool
R826694C661 New Insoluble supports for Protein Immobilization for Use in Metalloprotein Affinity Metal Chromatography
R826694C669 Solid Acid Catalyzed Alkylation in Supercritical Reaction Media
R826694C679 Regeneration and Reactivation of Carbon Adsorbents by Radio Frequency Induction Heating
R826694C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R826694C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R826694C700 Effects of Natural Cyclic Variations on Contaminated Fate and Transport
R826694C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R826694C705 A Pilot Plant for Producing Mixed Ketones from Waste Biomass
R826694C722 The Effects of an Oily-Phase on VOC Emissions from Industrial Wastewater
R826694C724 Mercury Removal from Stack Gas by Aqueous Scrubbing
R826694C725 Transport, Fate and Risk Implications of Environmentally Acceptable Endpoint Decisions
R826694C731 Development and Application of a Real-Time Optical Sensor for Atmospheric Formaldehyde
R826694C734 An Advanced System for Pollution Prevention in Chemical Complexes
R828598C001 Field Study Abstract: A Model of Ambient Air Pollution in Southeast Texas Using Artificial Neural Network Technology
R828598C002 Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactors for Treating Water and Air Streams Contaminated with Chlorinated Solvents
R828598C003 Fugitive Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from On-Site Industrial Sewers
R828598C004 Biofiltration Technology Development
R828598C005 A Risk-Based Decision Analysis Approach for Aquifers Contaminated with DNAPLs
R828598C006 In-Situ Remediation for Contaminated Soils Using Prefabricated Vertical Drains
R828598C007 Membrane Technology Selection System for the Metal Finishing Industry
R828598C008 Sequential Environments for Enhanced Bioremediation of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
R828598C009 Waste Minimization in the Magnetic Tape Industry: Waterborne Coating Formulations for Magnetic Tape Manufacture
R828598C010 Soil Remediation by Agglomeration with Petroleum Coke
R828598C011 Recovery of Dilute Phosphoric Acid in Waste Streams Using Waste Gas Ammonia: The Regenerative MAP/DAP Process
R828598C012 Stochastic Risk Assessment for Bioremediation
R828598C013 Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Chelation in Supercritical Fluids
R828598C014 Optimization of Treatment Technologies for Detoxification of PCB Contaminated Soils
R828598C015 Wastewater Remediation by Catalytic Wet Oxidation
R828598C016 Permanence of Metals Containment in Solidified and Stabilized Wastes
R828598C017 Combustion Enhancement by Radial Jet Reattachment - Low Generation of Hazardous Gases and High Thermal Efficiency
R828598C018 A Process To Convert Industrial Biosludge and Paper Fines to Mixed Alcohol Fuels
R828598C019 Homogeneous Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
R828598C020 Ultrasonic Enhancement of the Removal of Heavy Metals
R828598C021 The Binding Chemistry and Leaching Mechanisms of Advanced Solidification/Stabilization Systems for Hazardous Waste Management
R828598C022 Development of an Air-Stripping and UV/H2O2 Oxidation Integrated Process To Treat a Chloro-Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Ground Water
R828598C023 A Comparative Study of Siting Opposition in Two Counties
R828598C024 Sonochemical Treatment of Hazardous Organic Compounds II: Process Optimization and Pathway Studies
R828598C025 Laser Diagnostics of the Combustion Process within a Rotary Kiln Incinerator
R828598C026 Use of Inorganic Ion Exchangers for Hazardous Waste Remediation
R828598C027 Kaolinite Sorbent for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Incinerated Lubricating Oils
R828598C028 Destruction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Process Streams Using Catalytic Steam Reforming
R828598C029 Integrated Process Treatment Train (Bioremediation {Aerobic/Anaerobic} and Immobilization) for Texas Soils Contaminated with Combined Hazardous Wastes
R828598C030 Photo-Oxidation by H2O2/VisUV of Off-Gas Atmospheric Emissions from Industrial and Environmental Remediation Sources
R828598C031 Concentrated Halide Extraction and Recovery of Lead from Soil
R828598C032 Biodegradable Surfactant for Underground Chlorinated Solvent Remediation
R828598C033 A Software Guidance System for Choosing Analytical Subsurface Fate and Transport Models Including a Library of Computer Solutions for the Analytical Models
R828598C034 Hydrodynamic Modeling of Leachate Recirculating Landfill
R828598C035 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer Rate in Soil Matrices
R828598C036 Sorbent Technology for Multipollutant Control During Fluidized Bed Incineration
R828598C037 Pollution Prevention by Process Modification Using On-Line Optimization
R828598C038 Pollution Prevention by Process Modification
R828598C039 Water Solubility and Henry's Law Constant
R828598C040 Transferring Technical Information on Hazardous Substance Research by Publishing on the World Wide Web
R828598C041 Stress Protein Responses to Multiple Metal Exposure in Grass Shrimp
R828598C042 Life-Cycle Environmental Costing for Managing Pollution Prevention in the Chemical and Petroleum Refining Industries: A Cross-Border Approach
R828598C687 Improved Halogen Resistance of Catalytic Oxidation Through Efficient Catalyst Testing
R828598C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R828598C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R828598C700 Effects of Natural Cyclic Variations on Contaminated Fate and Transport
R828598C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R828598C705 A Pilot Plant for Producing Mixed Ketones from Waste Biomass
R828598C722 The Effects of an Oily-Phase on VOC Emissions from Industrial Wastewater
R828598C724 Mercury Removal from Stack Gas by Aqueous Scrubbing
R828598C725 Transport, Fate and Risk Implications of Environmentally Acceptable Endpoint Decisions
R828598C731 Development and Application of a Real Time Optical Sensor for Atmospheric Formaldehyde
R828598C734 An Advanced System for Pollution Prevention in Chemical Complexes
R828598C743 Field Demonstration of Ultrasound Enhancement of Permeable Treatment Walls
R828598C744 Optical Fibers Coated With Titania Membrane/UV-Generating Crystal in a Distributed-Light Photoreactor for VOC Oxidation
R828598C749 Characterization and Modeling of Indoor Particulate Contaminants In a Heavily Industrialized Community
R828598C753 Adsolubilization and Photocatalysis in a Semiconducting Monolithic Reactor for Wastewater Treatment
R828598C754 Remote Detection of Gas Emissions in Industrial Processes
R828598C759 Searching for Optimum Composition of Phosphogypsum: Fly ash: Cement Composites for Oyster Culch Materials
R828598C761 Development of a Phytologically-Based Biosorptive Water Treatment Process
R828598C766 Chlorinated Solvent Impact and Remediation Strategies for the Dry Cleaning Industry
R828598C769 Soil/Sediment Remediation by Hot Water Extraction Combined with In-Situ Wet Oxidation
R828598C771 Fluoracrylate Polymer Supported Ligands as Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R828598C774 The Feasibility of Electrophoretic Repair of Impoundment Leaks
R828598C777 Surfactant Enhanced Photo-oxidation of Wastewaters
R828598C778 Stationary Power Generation Via Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Response to Pollution and Global Warming
R828598C786 Photocatalytic Recovery of Sulfur and Hydrogen From Hydrogen Sulfide
R828598C787 Biosurfactant Produced from Used Vegetable Oil for removal of Metals From Wastewaters and Soils
R828598C789 Genetic Engineering of Enzymatic Cyanide Clearance
R828598C791 Characterizing the Intrinsic Remediation of MTBE at Field Sites
R828598C799 Simultaneous Water Conservation/Recycling/Reuse and Waste Reduction in Semiconductor Manufacturing
R828598C801 Building Defined Mixed Cultures To Biodegrade Diverse Mixtures Of Chlorinated Solvents
R828598C802 Engineering of Nanocrystal Based Catalytic Materials for Hydroprocessing of Halogenated Organics
R828598C807 Commercial Demonstration of Hydrogen Peroxide Injection to Control NOx Emissions from Combustion Sources
R828598C809 Evaluating Source Grouting and ORC for Remediating MTBE Sites
R828598C810 Application of Total Cost Assessment To Process Design In the Chemical Industry
R828598C846 Quantitative Demonstration of Source-Zone Bioremediation in A Field-Scale Experimental Controlled Release System
R831276C001 DNAPL Source Control by Reductive Dechlorination with Fe(II)
R831276C002 Arsenic Removal and Stabilization with Synthesized Pyrite
R831276C003 A Large-Scale Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Ethanol on Groundwater Contamination
R831276C004 Visible-Light-Responsive Titania Modified with Aerogel/Ferroelectric Optical Materials for VOC Oxidation
R831276C005 Development of a Microwave-Induced On-Site Regeneration Technology for Advancing the Control of Mercury and VOC Emissions Employing Activated Carbon
R831276C006 Pollution Prevention through Functionality Tracking and Property Integration
R831276C007 Compact Nephelometer System for On-Line Monitoring of Particulate Matter Emissions
R831276C008 Effect of Pitting Corrosion Promoters on the Treatment of Waters Contaminated with a Nitroaromatic Compounds Using Integrated Reductive/Oxidative Processes
R831276C009 Linear Polymer Chain and Bioengineered Chelators for Metals Remediation
R831276C010 Treatment of Perchlorate Contaminated Water Using a Combined Biotic/Abiotic Process
R831276C011 Rapid Determination of Microbial Pathways for Pollutant Degradation
R831276C012 Simulations of the Emission, Transport, Chemistry and Deposition of Atmospheric Mercury in the Upper Gulf Coast Region
R831276C013 Reduction of Environmental Impact and Improvement of Intrinsic Security in Unsteady-state
R831276C014 Integrated Chemical Complex and Cogeneration Analysis System: Greenhouse Gas Management and Pollution Prevention Solutions
R831276C015 Improved Combustion Catalysts for NOx Emission Reduction
R831276C016 A Large-Scale Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Ethanol on Groundwater Contamination
R831276C017 Minimization of Hazardous Ion-Exchange Brine Waste by Biological Treatment of Perchlorate and Nitrate to Allow Brine Recycle
R831276C018 Integrated Chemical Complex and Cogeneration Analysis System: Greenhouse Gas Management and Pollution Prevention Solutions