The National Cancer Institute (NCI) provides the PDQ pediatric cancer treatment information summaries as a public service to increase the availability of evidence-based cancer information to health professionals, patients, and the public.

Cancer in children and adolescents is rare. Children and adolescents with cancer should be referred to medical centers that have a multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists with experience treating the cancers that occur during childhood and adolescence. This multidisciplinary team approach incorporates the skills of the primary care physician, pediatric surgical subspecialists, radiation oncologist, pediatric hematologist/oncologist, rehabilitation specialist, pediatric nurse specialists, social workers, and others to ensure that children receive treatment, supportive care, and rehabilitation that will achieve optimal survival and quality of life. Refer to the PDQ Supportive Care summaries for specific information about supportive care for children and adolescents with cancer.

Guidelines for pediatric cancer centers and their role in the treatment of pediatric patients with cancer have been outlined by the American Academy of Pediatrics.[1] At these pediatric cancer centers, clinical trials are available for most types of cancer that occur in children and adolescents, and the opportunity to participate in these trials is offered to most patients/families. Clinical trials for children and adolescents with cancer are generally designed to compare potentially better therapy with therapy that is currently accepted as standard. Most of the progress made in identifying curative therapies for childhood cancers has been achieved through clinical trials. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

In recent decades, dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Childhood and adolescent cancer survivors require close follow-up because cancer therapy side effects may persist or develop months or years after treatment. Refer to the PDQ summary on Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer for specific information about the incidence, type, and monitoring of late effects in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors.

Pediatric soft tissue sarcomas are a group of malignant tumors that originate from primitive mesenchymal tissue and account for 7% of all childhood tumors.[2] Rhabdomyosarcomas, tumors of striated muscle, and undifferentiated sarcomas account for more than half of all cases of soft tissue sarcomas in children. (Refer to the PDQ summary on Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment for more information.) The remaining nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTSs) account for approximately 3% of all childhood tumors.[3] This heterogeneous group of tumors includes neoplasms of smooth muscle (leiomyosarcoma), connective tissue (fibrous and adipose), vascular tissue (blood and lymphatic vessels), and the peripheral nervous system.[4] Synovial sarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors predominate in pediatric patients.[5-9]

NRSTSs are more common in adults [4] than in children; therefore, much of the information regarding the treatment and natural history of children with these lesions has been on the basis of findings from adult studies. Pediatric NRSTSs, however, are often associated with a better outcome. This difference is most pronounced for infants and children younger than 4 years with fibrosarcoma that is locally aggressive but not metastatic. These patients have an excellent prognosis when chemosensitive and treated with surgery only.[3,4,10,11] Soft tissue sarcomas in older children and adolescents often behave similarly to those in adult patients.[3,4]

Although they can develop in any part of the body, NRSTSs arise most commonly in the trunk and extremities.[5,6,12] These neoplasms can present initially as an asymptomatic solid mass, or they may be symptomatic because of local invasion of adjacent anatomical structures. Systemic symptoms (e.g., fever, weight loss, and night sweats) are rare. Hypoglycemia and hypophosphatemic rickets have been reported in cases of hemangiopericytoma, whereas hyperglycemia has been noted in patients with fibrosarcoma of the lung.[4]

Genetic and environmental factors influence the development of NRSTS. Heritable cancer-associated changes of the p53 tumor suppressor gene can occur in families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.[13] Members of these families have an increased risk of developing soft tissue tumors, bone sarcomas, breast cancer, brain tumors, and acute leukemia.[3] Approximately 4% of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, which usually develop after a long latency; some patients develop multiple lesions.[4,14,15] Some NRSTSs (particularly malignant fibrous histiocytoma) can develop within a previously irradiated site; others (e.g., leiomyosarcoma) have been linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with AIDS.[3,4,16]

Synovial sarcomas are the most common NRSTS reported in children. The most common location is the lower extremity followed by upper extremity, trunk, abdomen, and head and neck. Approximately 30% of patients with synovial sarcoma are younger than 20 years. The most common site of metastasis is the lung.[17] Factors such as International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III/stage IVA, tumor necrosis, truncal locations, elevated mitotic rate, age, and histologic grade have been associated with a worse prognosis in adults.[18-20]

(Refer to the PDQ summary on Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment for more information. Refer to the PDQ summary on Ewings Family of Tumors Treatment for more information on extraosseous Ewing, peripheral neuroepithelioma, and Askin tumor.)

The prognosis and biology of NRSTS tumors vary greatly depending on the age of the patient, the primary site, tumor size, tumor invasiveness, histologic grade, depth of invasion, and extent of disease at diagnosis. Because long-term related morbidity must be minimized while disease-free survival is maximized, the ideal therapy for each patient must be carefully and individually determined utilizing these prognostic factors before initiating therapy for these patients.[6,10,17,21-23]

References

1. Guidelines for the pediatric cancer center and role of such centers in diagnosis and treatment. American Academy of Pediatrics Section Statement Section on Hematology/Oncology. Pediatrics 99 (1): 139-41, 1997.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
2. Pappo AS, Pratt CB: Soft tissue sarcomas in children. Cancer Treat Res 91: 205-22, 1997.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
3. Miser JS, Triche TJ, Kinsella TJ, et al.: Other soft tissue sarcomas of childhood. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, eds.: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven, 1997, pp 865-888. 
   
   
4. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR: Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, 2001. 
   
   
5. Dillon P, Maurer H, Jenkins J, et al.: A prospective study of nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas in the pediatric age group. J Pediatr Surg 27 (2): 241-4; discussion 244-5, 1992.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
6. Rao BN: Nonrhabdomyosarcoma in children: prognostic factors influencing survival. Semin Surg Oncol 9 (6): 524-31, 1993 Nov-Dec.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
7. Fletcher CD, Dal Cin P, de Wever I, et al.: Correlation between clinicopathological features and karyotype in spindle cell sarcomas. A report of 130 cases from the CHAMP study group. Am J Pathol 154 (6): 1841-7, 1999.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
8. Skytting BT, Bauer HC, Perfekt R, et al.: Clinical course in synovial sarcoma: a Scandinavian sarcoma group study of 104 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 70 (6): 536-42, 1999.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
9. Herzog CE: Overview of sarcomas in the adolescent and young adult population. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 27 (4): 215-8, 2005.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
10. Dillon PW, Whalen TV, Azizkhan RG, et al.: Neonatal soft tissue sarcomas: the influence of pathology on treatment and survival. Children's Cancer Group Surgical Committee. J Pediatr Surg 30 (7): 1038-41, 1995.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
11. Neville H, Corpron C, Blakely ML, et al.: Pediatric neurofibrosarcoma. J Pediatr Surg 38 (3): 343-6; discussion 343-6, 2003.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
12. Zeytoonjian T, Mankin HJ, Gebhardt MC, et al.: Distal lower extremity sarcomas: frequency of occurrence and patient survival rate. Foot Ankle Int 25 (5): 325-30, 2004.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
13. Chang F, Syrjänen S, Syrjänen K: Implications of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene in clinical oncology. J Clin Oncol 13 (4): 1009-22, 1995.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
14. deCou JM, Rao BN, Parham DM, et al.: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2 (6): 524-9, 1995.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
15. Stark AM, Buhl R, Hugo HH, et al.: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours--report of 8 cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143 (4): 357-63; discussion 363-4, 2001.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
16. McClain KL, Leach CT, Jenson HB, et al.: Association of Epstein-Barr virus with leiomyosarcomas in children with AIDS. N Engl J Med 332 (1): 12-8, 1995.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
17. Pappo AS, Fontanesi J, Luo X, et al.: Synovial sarcoma in children and adolescents: the St Jude Children's Research Hospital experience. J Clin Oncol 12 (11): 2360-6, 1994.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
18. Trassard M, Le Doussal V, Hacène K, et al.: Prognostic factors in localized primary synovial sarcoma: a multicenter study of 128 adult patients. J Clin Oncol 19 (2): 525-34, 2001.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
19. Guillou L, Benhattar J, Bonichon F, et al.: Histologic grade, but not SYT-SSX fusion type, is an important prognostic factor in patients with synovial sarcoma: a multicenter, retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 22 (20): 4040-50, 2004.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
20. Ferrari A, Gronchi A, Casanova M, et al.: Synovial sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of 271 patients of all ages treated at a single institution. Cancer 101 (3): 627-34, 2004.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
21. Marcus KC, Grier HE, Shamberger RC, et al.: Childhood soft tissue sarcoma: a 20-year experience. J Pediatr 131 (4): 603-7, 1997.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
22. Pratt CB, Pappo AS, Gieser P, et al.: Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of surgically resected pediatric nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 17 (4): 1219, 1999.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
23. Pratt CB, Maurer HM, Gieser P, et al.: Treatment of unresectable or metastatic pediatric soft tissue sarcomas with surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Med Pediatr Oncol 30 (4): 201-9, 1998.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    

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