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Chemical Sampling Information |
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| 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and its salts |
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General Description
Synonyms: 4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl; Dichlorobenzidine base; o,o'-Dichlorobenzidine; 3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diamine; 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-biphenyldiamine; 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 0869
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 91-94-1
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: DD0525000
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts): chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
Health Factors
National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 2B, Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carcinogenic classification: Group B2, Probable human carcinogen.
Potential symptoms: Skin sensitization; dermatitis; headache; cough, sore throat; dizziness; caustic burns; frequent urination, dysuria, hematuria (blood in the urine); GI upset; upper respiratory infection; [potential occupational carcinogen]
Health Effects: Bladder cancer (HE1)
Affected organs: Bladder, liver, lungs, skin, GI tract
Notes:
- 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts) is an OSHA Regulated Carcinogen (29 CFR 1910.1007)
- Mono- and di-N-acetylated metabolites of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine have been identified in urine.
- Adducts of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and N-acetyl-3,3'-dichlorobenzidine to hemoglobin in rats treated with 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine have been quantified as a possible method for biological monitoring of occupational exposure.
- Similar adducts with hepatic lipids were found in rats given a single oral dose of radiolabeled 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine.
- Such adducts are thought to occur with reactive metabolites, possibly nitroso derivatives, formed by the action of cytochrome P450 4B1 or other P450s.
- Absorption of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine applied in acetone to the skin of rats was reported to be about 50% in 24 hours.
Date Last Revised: 11/02/2005
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts).
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine.
- EPA Air Toxics Website: 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
- No Author: 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride, CAS Nos. 91-94-1 and 612-83-9. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005.
- Iba, M.M., Lang, B., Thomas, P.E. and Ghosal, A.: Covalent interaction of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine with hepatic lipids. Enzymatic basis and stability of the adducts. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40(3): 581-587, 1990.
- Imaoka, S., Yoneda, Y., Matsuda, T., Degawa, M., Fukushima, S. and Funae, Y.: Mutagenic activation of urinary bladder carcinogens by CYP4B1 and the presence of CYP4B1 in bladder mucosa. Biochem. Pharmacol. 54(6): 677-683, 1997.
- Joppich-Kuhn, R., Hänggi, R., Sagelsdorff, P., Smith, A.E., Weideli, H.J. and Joppich, M.: Determination of dichlorobendidine-hemoglobin adducts by GC/MS-NCI. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 69(4): 240-246, 1997.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its Salts). In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 804-806.
- Shaw, P.V. and Guthrie, F.E.: Dermal absorption of benzidine derivatives in rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31(1): 73-78, 1983.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Coated Glass Fiber Filters (37 mm) in 3 piece cassette. Coating is Sulfuric Acid.
maximum volume: 100 Liters maximum flow rate: 1.0 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/ECD
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 65)
method classification: Fully Validated
note: Within ten hours after sampling, transfer filter to glass vial containing 2 mL deionized water. Sample must be shipped and stored at 0 deg C or colder. Analyze as soon as possible. Filters may be obtained by OSHA personnel from SLTC.
Wipe Sampling Method:
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sampling media: Glass Fiber Filter.
Bulk method: Limit the amount of bulk submitted to one gram or one mL.
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