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Transcript:
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Welcome to CoreFacts, where we're always short on time and big on science. I'm Brian Campbell. Today's question is ...
What are the differences between low pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and how are influenza viruses grouped?
The designation of low or highly pathogenic avian influenza refers to the potential for these viruses to kill domestic poultry. The designation of "low pathogenic" or "highly pathogenic" does not refer to how infectious the viruses may be to humans.
Most strains of avian influenza are not highly pathogenic and cause few signs in infected wild birds; however, in poultry, low pathogenic strains can mutate into a highly pathogenic avian influenza strain that causes extremely contagious, severe illness, and often death, in poultry.
Influenza viruses are also differentiated by two proteins, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), which are found on the surface of the virus. There are 144 theoretical combinations of the 16 different H and 9 different N proteins that make up the subtypes of avian influenza.
These subtypes can be further genetically differentiated into strains. A subtype such as the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus may have multiple strains. These different strains may be more or less pathogenic to domestic poultry, wild birds, and humans.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in poultry are usually H5 or H7 subtypes of Type A influenza, although low pathogenic forms of these H5 and H7 viruses also exist.
If a strain of the highly pathogenic avian influenza mutates to become easily transmissible from human-to-human, the new strain would then be considered a human Type A influenza virus.
And now you know. Join us again every week for a new CoreFact. For other CoreFacts, or for CoreCast, our in-depth science podcast, go to usgs.gov/podcasts. If you'd like to have a question featured on our show, give us an e-mail at corefacts@usgs.gov or a phone call at 703-648-5600. Remember, long distance fees do apply. CoreFacts is a product of the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.
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