Complainant's Testimony
Complainant testified that for approximately six (6) years
he was employed in the Nuclear Power Industry in quality control
and quality assurances positions (Tr 16). His resume reflects
that he holds a Degree of Associate of Applied Sciences from
Phillips County Community College, Helena, Arkansas, that he is a
graduate of the Nike-Hercules Electronic maintenance School, Fort
Bliss, Texas and that, from 1981 through May 1986, he was
employed at Nuclear Power Plants at Taft, Louisiana, Seabrook,
New Hampshire, Diablo Canyon, California, Perry, Ohio,
Waynesboro, Georgia and Spring City, Tennessee (CX 1). He
initially noted error in the Affidavit attached to the Complaint,
which he filed on January 27, 1987, and stated that he had not
contacted the Tennessee Department of Labor on June 25, 1986, but
did communicate with the U.S. Department of Labor on June 26,
1987 (Tr 19).
Complainant additionally testified that Qualitech Services,
a job placement firm, referred him to EG&G Services and, that
[Page 4]
following a telephone interview with Kent Therp, Project Manager
for EG&G Services, he was informed by Qualitech Services that he
should report for work on February 10, 1986 at the TVA Watts Bar
facility (Tr 22-25). He stated that he was assigned to a special
planning team for the review of procedures for controlling the
safety of welding and construction (Tr 26-27). Complainant
identified a communication dated May 29, 1986 as "my reduction in
work force notice" (CX 2) and he noted that on May 30, 1986 he
"went for exit interviews with TVA and EG&G" which, he
understood, were customarily conducted (Tr 29). He testified that
he informed Rick Cutshaw of TVA's Employee Concerns Program that
"I had problems about my firing, that I felt like I was fired
over quality concerns - also I voiced to him a concern about
Appendix B" (Tr 31). Complainant recalled that Mr. Cutshaw
stated that "it would take between 60 and 90 days before they
could start an investigation because they were backlogged" (Tr
32), but, within 15 minutes thereafter, Mr. Cutshaw informed him
that an investigation would begin immediately because of
Complainant's Appendix B concerns (Tr 33).
Kent Therp conducted the EG&G exit interview and Complainant
said that he told Mr. Therp that "I felt like I was fired over
the quality concern of Appendix B" (Tr 35). It was his testimony
that, approximately every two weeks, he received an update from
TVA and he offered a letter under date of September 2, 1986 to
him from G. G. Brantley, Site Representative, Employee Concern
Program, TVA, as corroborative evidence (CX 3). A letter dated
March 2, 1987 was also produced which discloses that Complainant
was informed by Mr. Brantley that corrective action was taken
with reference to the program procedures and that the Appendix B
concern was referred to the Office of Inspector General for
investigation (CX 4). Complainant additionally identified a
letter dated February 27, 1987, directed to him by Norman A.
Zigrossi, Inspector General, which advises that, since
Complainant was a sub-contract employee, TVA could provide no
appropriate remedy even if Complainant's allegations are
substantiated (CX 5).
Complainant also testified that, about June 16, 1986, he
conferred with Sweetwater, Tennessee Attorney Van Michael because
"I felt like I needed some help on the legal aspect of it" (Tr
45). He admitted that he had no discussion with Mr. Michael about
filing a complaint and he conceded that he "had an idea that I
should go to the Department of Labor for help on this problem we
[Page 5]
had" (Tr 46). Complainant testified that on June 26, 1986 he
telephoned:
1. The Washington, D.C. Wage and Hour Office of the
Department of Labor, reported that he "felt like I
was fired for an improper reason over quality concerns"
and was told "that I had the wrong department" (Tr 48).
2. The Memphis, Tennessee Contract Compliance Office,
Department of Labor and was informed "they did not handle
complaints" (Tr 53).
3. The Memphis, Tennessee Wage and Hour Division of the
Department of Labor and "they said they were not the
ones to receive the complaint" (Tr 55).
4. The Washington, D.C. Office of Inspector General,
Department of Labor and was told by a Ms. Hersey that
"she would look into it" (Tr 56), but that he never again
heard from her.
5. The Atlanta, Georgia Office of the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission and spoke with investigator Larry Robinson
about "my concerns over why I was fired and also the
Appendix B problem" (Tr 59). That, at Mr. Robinson 's
request, he mailed "to him copies of my concerns", but
that he heard nothing from Mr. Robinson (Tr 61).
Complainant then stated that, on June 27, 1986, he telephoned the
U.S. Department of Labor Regional Office in Atlanta, and "voiced
my concerns over my firing and over Appendix B and they said no,
they were not the branch of the Labor Department that would take
the complaint" (Tr 62-63). Received in evidence is a copy of a
record of AT&T communications billing which reflects that on June
29, 1986 seven (7) telephone calls were made to Memphis,
Tennessee, two (2) telephone calls were made to Washington, D.C.
and two (2) telephone calls were made to Atlanta, Georgia, all
from telephone lines listed in the name of Complainant or in the
name of Complainant's step-father (CX 6 & Tr 49).
Direct examination of Complainant concluded with his
testimony that through a Helena, Arkansas newspaper article,
published in December, 1986, he came to file his complaint. That,
prior to December, 1986, he had not been informed of his right to
[Page 6]
file a complaint and that he thought that TVA would investigate
his concerns and "if they were found to be factual they would
alleviate my problems" (Tr 63-64; 66).
On cross-examination Complainant testified that it was his
understanding that his hiring and assignment was because of a
contract between Wiley Labs, Huntsville, Alabama and EG&G
(Idaho). He was always and only paid by Qualitech Services (Tr
68). His admitted that his employment contract was oral and
provided for work as long as six months and possibly as long as
a year" (Tr 69). Complainant also stated that, during April,
1986, he spoke about his Appendix B concerns with Paul O'Leary,
his immediate EG&G supervisor, and with Earl Bradford, Herb
Richardson, Scott McGarvey and Gary Joseph and was told "that
EG&G did not have to work to Appendix B because this was going to
set a new precedent and save nuclear power hundreds of millions
of dollars" (Tr 71). Complainant said that while, on May 30,
1986, he did not use the word retaliation to Kent Therp, he did
say "I felt, like my termination was due to quality concerns" (Tr
72). He also testified that he did nothing about filing a
complaint because "I felt like my complaints were in good hands
with TVA" (Tr 74-75). Complainant agreed that after May 30, 1986,
he had no conversation with anyone from EG&G because "I saw no
point in it" (Tr 75). He testified that he tried to speak with
Attorney Michael every two weeks, that on one occasion Mr.
Michael told him that "Congress was behind me 100% on Appendix
B", but, when asked to file a complainant, Mr. Michael "responded
by saying he did not know who to file against" (Tr 77).
Complainant stated that he could not identify any person with a
Wage and Hour Office with whom he spoke and that he, at no time,
ever went to any Government office to confer with any person
concerning his firing. (Tr 83-84).
Additional cross-examination disclosed that Complainant
spoke only with EG&G employees about his quality and Appendix B
concerns (Tr 85). He also testified that Mr. Cutshaw made no
mention of Department of Labor procedures, that his last contact
with Attorney Michael was sometime in July, 1986 and that between
July, 1986 and January, 1987 he did nothing as "I was looking for
work at the time" (Tr 87).
ISSUES
The issues presented for resolution are:
[Page 7]
1. Whether Respondent Tennessee Valley Authority is entitled to
dismissal as a matter of law.
2. Whether the limitation period of thirty (30) days for the
filing of a complaint has been equitably tolled.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
Issue I
The uncontradicted evidence establishes that, in early
February, 1986, Complainant, pursuant to instructions from
Qualitech, interviewed telephonically with EG&G Idaho Project
Manager, Kent Therp, and, within three (3) or four (4) days
thereafter, was directed by Qualitech to report for work at the
TVA Watts Bar Facility (Tr 22-25). To his Counsel's question,
"I take it at some point later on you left the employment
of EG&G Idaho?"
Complainant responded,
"Yes, I was terminated on May 30th." (Tr 27).
It was the unquestioned testimony of Complainant that, in a
telephone conversation he had with a Washington D.C. Wage and
Hour employee, he related that "I had worked at TVA Watts Bar in
Tennessee for EG&G" (Tr 79). He twice acknowledged that his
termination came by way of memo from Kent Therp of EG&G Idaho
28 & 72).
The evidence additionally reflects Complainant's knowledge
that "Qualitech had a contract with Wiley Labs in Huntsville,
Alabama and Wiley Labs had a contract with EG&G Idaho" (Tr 68).
readily agreed that he understood that EG&G Idaho had a
contractual relationship with the Department of Energy and that
the Department of Energy had a contractural relationship with
Tennessee Valley Authority (Tr 85). Complainant also admitted
that he never voiced any of his Appendix B concerns to TVA
employees and that his complaints were directed solely to EG&G
personnel (Tr 85).
The question for resolution, in light of this evidence,
whether Tennessee Valley Authority is an employer as envision
[Page 8]
by the Act and Regulations. For the following reasons, I find
that it is not.
The evidence provides no hint, much less a reasonable
inference, of what kind and type of relationship, if any, existed
between TVA and EG&G (Idaho). There is nothing which tends to
suggest that TVA subcontracted with EG&G (Idaho) for the
performance of any service and I decline the invitation to
speculate on how it was that EG&G (Idaho) came to evaluate the
welds at the Watts Bar facility. Even without this glaring
evidentiary hole, it is clear from the testimony that Complainant
considered himself as an EG&G employee. That he was accorded a
TVA exit interview neither detracts from the fact that
Complainant worked only for EG&G (Idaho) nor strengthens any
contention that TVA was also his employer. This is so because the
exit interview was simply a customary and usual procedure
accorded to everyone.
None of the Employee Protection Provisions of the various
Acts to which 29 C.F.R Part 24 applies provide a definition of
"Employer." See Safe Drinking Water Act , 42 U.S.C. 300j-9;
Water Pollution Control Act , 33 U.S.C. 1367; Toxic Substances
Control Act , 15 U.S.C. 2622; Solid Waste Disposal Act , 42 U.S.C.
6971; Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7622; Energy Reorganization Act ,
42 U.S.C. 5851. Neither is "Employer defined in 29 C.F.R. Part
24. The Courts, however, have not hesitated to supply that which
the Acts omit. It is generally agreed that an "Employer" is one
who engages the services of another for pay. It is also the
judicial consensus that the test for determining if one is an
Employer and whether the relationship of Employer-Employee exists
is whether or not the Employer exercises or retains the right to
exercise general control as to the time, manner and method of
doing the work. Walling v. Sanders , 136 F.2d 78 (6th Cir. 1943);
Walling v. Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway , 155 F.2d
1016 (6th Cir. 1946); Fruco Construction Co. v. McClelleand , 192
F.2d 241 (8th Cir. 1951); Eagle Star Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Deal ,
474 F.2d 1216 (8th Cir. 1973); Hayes v. Morse , 474 F.2d 1265
(8th Cir. 1973). Complainant has not testified, nor has he
offered any evidence to prove that Respondent Tennessee Valley
Authority exercised or retained the right to exercise any control
over him as to the time, manner and method of performing the work
to which EG&G (Idaho) assigned him. That he was compensated,
neither by EG&G (Idaho) nor by Tennessee Valley Authority, but by
Qualitech, is of no consequence insofar as TVA is concerned. If
[Page 9]
anything, this method of compensation fortifies the conclusion
that TVA was not Complainant's Employer. In like manner, the fact
that Complainant's work was performed at TVA's Watts Bar facility
is no justification for an assertion that he was part and parcel
of the Tennessee Valley Authority's work force. Situs, standing
alone or even when coupled with a customary exit interview, does
not equate to employment.
It is Complainant's position that "TVA only indirectly
employed Mr. Mitchell" and he staunchly opposes any "overly
technical application of the term 'employee'" (CB 3). While I
stand in complete agreement that there should be no "overly"
technical construction of the word "employee", I conclude,
nonetheless, from the evidence before me that a determination
that Complainant, indirectly or otherwise, was a Tennessee Valley
Authority employee grossly distorts the word's legal and common
sense definition and bends it to a shape from whence there is no
return.
Complainant also maintains that Tennessee Valley Authority
was his employer for the reason that this Respondent is a
Commission licensee (CB 4). Since there is no evidence in the
record that such is the case, this contention crumbles under its
own weight.
Respondent, Tennessee Valley Authority, on the other hand,
aptly notes that Complainant has stated no claim for relief
against it (RB-TVA 2). It points to the Complaint, the face of
which shows that one of Complainant's goals is reinstatement to
EG&G (Idaho) at Tennessee Valley Authority. It additionally
asserts that the evidence which Complainant produced is what
unequivocally demonstrates that Tennessee Valley Authority knew
nothing of Complainant's safety concerns and complaints until he
was terminated by EG&G (RB-TVA 3). All and singular, these are
highly persuasive reasons which fortify the conclusion that
Complainant, until the time of Hearing, did not consider himself
a Tennessee Valley Authority employee.
The Notice of Hearing limited the issue for resolution to
that of timeliness. Complainant, however, elected to roam far
beyond that realm. He presented considerable testimony on the
employer issue without objection from Respondents. Only when he
recognized the error of his door-opening ways did he strive,
unsuccessfully, to deny cross examination on the employer issue
[Page 10]
(Tr 68 & 69). He cannot now be heard to complain. He voluntarily
amplified the range and exceeded the scope for which the Hearing
was designed and is bound by the evidence which it produced.
Though it was not initially an issue in this case, Complainant's
procedure made it so and his evidence firmly establishes that
Tennessee Valley Authority was not his employer.
Issue 2
Both the Act (42 U.S.C. § 5851(b)(1) ) and the Regulation
C.F.R. 24.3(b)) mandate filing of a complaint alleging
discriminatory treatment for participating in protected activity
within thirty (30) days after such violation. This thirty (30)
day period is analagous to a statute of limitations and is not a
prerequisite to an exercise of jurisdiction by the Secretary of
Labor. City of Allentown v. Marshall, Secretary of Labor , 657
F.2d 16 (3rd Cir. 1981). Thusly, it must be determined whether
the doctrine of equitable tolling is applicable in light of the
credible evidence received in this case.
Equitable tolling may be appropriate where:
1. a Defendant has actively misled Plaintiff respecting the cause
of action; or
2. a Plaintiff has in some extraordinary way been prevented from
asserting his rights; or
3. a Plaintiff has raised the precise statutory claim in issue
but mistakenly has done so in the wrong forum, although such
filing must be timely. Id. at 20.
The City of Allentown, supra , Court also pointedly observed that
restrictions on equitable tolling must be scrupulously observed
and noted that the tolling exception is not an open-ended
invitation for Courts to disregard limitation periods simply
because they may bar what may be an otherwise meritorious cause.
Id. at 20 .
Equitable tolling has not been a subject of judicial neglect. In
Wood v. Carpenter , 101 U.S. 135 (1879), the United States Supreme
Court held that stale litigation is not to be treated hospitably
and in Guaranty Trust Co. v. United States , 304 U.S. 126 (1938),
the Court stated that a statute of limitations defense is both
[Page 11]
substantial and meritorious. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
v. Merrill , 332 U.S. 380 (1947), which concerned tile failure to
apply for crop insurance within a one (1) year statutory period,
found the Court not only deciding that such failure was fatal,
but adopting the conclusion reached in Rock Island, Arkansas &
Louisiana RR Co. v. United States , 254 U.S. 141, 143 1920
that "Men must turn square corners when they deal with the
Government." In Mohasco Corp. v. Silver , 447 U.S. 807, 826 (1980)
Justice Stevens, writing for the majority held:
"Experience teaches that strict adherence to the
procedural requirements specified by the legislature
is the best guarantee of evenhanded administration
of the law."
A claim of Government failure to advise honorably discharged,
World War II veterans of eligibility for natualization is not
Government affirmative misconduct and does not trigger the
doctrine of estoppel the Court ruled in U.S. Immigration and
Naturalization Service v. Hibi , 414 U.S. 5 (1973). As long ago as
Arkansas Natural Gas Co. v. Carter , 78 F.2d 924 (5th Cir. 1935),
cert. denied , 296 U.S. 656, it was said that if the means of
knowledge exist, if the circumstances are such as to put a man of
ordinary prudence on inquiry, failure to discover one's rights is
attributable to negligence or lack of due diligence.
The Secretary of Labor has also given the doctrine of
equitable tolling its just due. As need be, his case by case
application of the City of Allentown principles has resulted in
decisions finding that the evidence either justifies or prohibits
tolling. See Norman v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp ., 85-ERA-35-36
(1985); Egenrieder v. Metropolitan Edison Company , 85-ERA-23
(1985); Stokes v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co ., 84-ERA-6 (1984);
French v. Tennessee Valley Authority , 86-ERA-14 (1986); Hick v.
Western Concrete Structures , 82-ERA-11 (1983).
I come now to test the credible evidence with each of the
grounds for equitable tolling. For purposes of this discussion it
will be assumed that Tennessee Valley Authority is an Employer
subject to the Act. The questions are:
1. Was Complainant actively misled by Tennessee Valley
Authority and/or by EG&G (Idaho) respecting his cause
of action ?
[Page 12]
For the following reasons, I find that he was not. It is
unquestioned that the date of the alleged violation is May 30,
1986, the day when Complainant was discharged. It is also
conclusively established that Complainant had no contact with
EG&G Idaho after May 30, 1986 (Tr 75). Therefore, there was no
misleading of Complainant by EG&G (Idaho) respecting his cause of
action. Tennessee Valley Authority, however, initiated and
pursued an investigation of Complainant's Appendix B concerns and
it communicated thereon with Complainant (CX 3, 4 & 5).
Nonetheless, there is nothing in Complainant's testimony, nor in
the letters which he received from Tennessee Valley Authority
which reasonably and rationally can be construed as actively
misleading him as to any of his rights. It is also uncontradicted
that, as early as June 16, 1986, Complainant "had an idea that I
should go to the Department of Labor for help" (Tr 46). From this
statement the reasonable inference flows that he was, at least,
generally aware that a remedy was available to him. Frequently in
June, 1986, he conferred with Counsel of his choice about his
discharge. Though he selected a lawyer unfamiliar with the
applicable law, he moved timely and did not sleep on his rights.
His action in seeking legal assistance operates to fortify the
conclusion that nothing done by Tennessee Valley Authority tended
to lull Complainant into a sense of false security or actively to
mislead him. See Miller v. International Tel. & Tel. Corp ., 755
F.2d 20 (2nd Cir. 1985). complainant proved that he is not an
unversed, unskilled, unpolished novice. On his behalf Counsel
struggled valiantly, but in vain, to demonstrate that Tennessee
Valley Authority was the culprit which victimized him and, as
EG&G (Idaho) duly notes, she "ingeniously" hopes to impute any
and all sins of Tennessee Valley Authority to EG&G (Idaho)
(RB-EG&G 10). Despite the admirable legal imagination of
Complainant's Counsel, the contention that Tennessee Valley
Authority led Complainant down a primrose path is a desperate
grasp at a brittle straw. In like vein, there is no misleading which
could be imputed to EG&G (Idaho) even if sanctions might be
imposed "upon one who has not allegedly engaged in the activities
which the Act wag designed to discourage" (RB-EG&G 10). Thusly,
there is no equitable tolling because of what Tennessee Valley
Authority did or what EG&G (Idaho) did not do.
2. Was Complainant in some extraordinary way prevented from
asserting his rights?
For the following reasons, I find that he was not. Again it must
[Page 13]
be emphasized that, after his May 30, 1986 discharge, Complainant
was totally out of contact with EG&G (Idaho) (Tr 75). Thusly, it
cannot be said that EG&G (Idaho) in some extraordinary way
prevented him from asserting his rights after that date.
Moreover, there is no evidence that, at any time, or in any way
prior to May 30, 1986, EG&G (Idaho) did, or failed to do,
anything which could be considered as an extraordinary act which
prevented Complainant from asserting his rights. By the same
token, much of what has heretofore been said concerning me post
May 30, 1986 action of Tennessee Valley Authority applies with
equal force to this equitable tolling ground. At this point,
however, it is prudent to consider the full meaning of the
adjective extraordinary. An act or event is said to be
extraordinary when it is exceptional to a very marked degree,
when it is remarkable, or when it is uncommon and most
noticeable. Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary . A test of
this definition to the writings and sayings of Tennessee Valley
Authority demonstrates that, not only was the extraordinary tier
never approached, but that nothing was done or said which
prevented Complainant from asserting his rights. The letter of
September 2, 1986 merely advises that Complainant's concerns had
been assigned for investigation (CX 3). The March 2, 1987 letter
simply reports that corrective action was taken on Complainant's
Appendix B concerns and that a status report was requested from
the Inspector General on Complainant's discharge complain (CX
4). The communication, under date of February 27, 1987, to
Complainant from the Inspector General advises that, even if
Complainant's allegations were substantiated, no adequate remedy
could be provided by the Tennessee Valley Authority (CX 5).
Cautious review of the Hearing Transcript discloses nothing which
could be considered as dissuading Complainant from asserting any
right, or causing him to conclude that he need have no fear that
his rights were preserved and protected. Thusly, there is no
equitable tolling because of what Tennessee Valley Authority did
or because of what EG&G (Idaho) did or did not do.
3. Did Complainant, mistakenly, but timely, raise the
precise statutory claim in issue in the wrong forum?
For the following reasons, I find that he did not. At the outset
it must not be overlooked that 29 C.F.R. 24.3(c) provides:
No particular form of complaint is required, except
that a complaint must be in writing and should include
a full statement or the acts and ommissions, with
pertinent dates, which are believed to constitute the
violation. (Emphasis Added).
[Page 14]
Nor may it be ignored that Forum has been judicially defined as a
place of jurisdiction, a place of litigation and a place where a
remedy is pursued. Vose v. Philbrook , 28 Fed. Cas. 1293, 3 Story
335; Rubin v. Gallagher , 292 N.W. 584. In cases of this
character, the proper, Congressionally identified Forum is the
Secretary of Labor. 42 U.S.C. 5851(1). Administrative relief for
alleged wrongful discharge from employment is reserved to the
Secretary and he alone can provide a remedy, though his decisions
are judicially reviewable.
The phrase "raise the precise statutory claim" must also be
addressed. While exhaustive research fails to reveal any case
which construes this language, reason and common sense dictate
that there is not an iota of difference between raising the
precise statutory claim and filing a complaint. If there is a
difference, it is without distinction. Thusly, where it is
mandated that a complaint be in writing, it logically follows
that a precise statutory claim is also properly and lawfully
raised when, and only when, it is in writing.
All four (4) telephone contacts Complainant had with the
U.S. Department of Labor on June 26, 1986 were with the right and
not with the wrong forum. While, on each occasion, he may have
orally raised the precise statutory claim, he fails to invoke the
equitable tolling rule because he was in the forum where he
should have been and his presentation was not in writing. Since
he was not in the wrong forum, the equitable tolling principle is
simply inapplicable. Complainant, nonetheless, takes comfort in
both Hick v. Western Concrete Structures, Inc ., 82-ERA-11,
(Recommended Decision and Order, 1983), and in Rose v. Secretary
of Labor , 800 F.2d 563 (6th Cir. 1986) (CB 9 & 11). In Hick the
Administrative Law Judge, without any supporting authority,
fashioned a constructive filing category for the equitable
tolling doctrine. He concluded that, where a Complainant visits a
Wage and Hour Office within the thirty (30) day filing period and
is erroneously informed "that they could not do anything for
him", the "complaint should be deemed to have been constructively
filed on the occasion of his first visit to the Wage and Hour
Division" Id. at 2 . Thorough research, however, conclusively
establishes that the constructive filing finding of Hicks is
ill-conceived and is fraught with error. In every instance where
[Page 15]
the Courts have come to consider either or both the sufficiency
of what was filed or with whom a filing was made, a writing was
involved. There is sparse mention of constructive filing and nothing which
approves, condones or tolerates an oral constructive filing. In
People v. Spencer , 193 Cal. App. 2nd 13, 13 Cal. Rptr, 881-883
(1961), the Court stated that 'the filing of a document with a
person who is the only one available to receive it, though he is
not the designated person to receive it, is a constructive
filing." In forceful terms, the panel in Smith v. United States ,
425 F.2d 173 (9th Cir. 1970), held that an oral notice of appeal
is not the filing of an appeal and to hold otherwise would open a
"Pandora's Box." See also United States v. Hove , 548 F.2d 1271 (6th
Cir. 1977); United States v. Isabella , 251 F.2d 223 (2nd Cir.
1958); People v. Slobodion , 30 Cal. 2d 362, 181 P.2d 868 (1947);
Fallen v. United States . 378 U.S. 139 (1964); Causey v.
Civiletti , 621 F.2d 691 (5th Cir. 1980); United States v. Ward ,
696 F.2d 1315 (11th Cir.) cert. denied 461 U.S. 934 (1983). That
all of the authorities located and cited are criminal cases is
not surprising. The oral constructive filing prohibition is so
basic and firmly implanted that challenges are not raised in
civil or administrative proceedings. I, therefore, reject Hick as
being fatally flawed and decline to follow its holding.
Complainant's reliance upon Rose is misplaced. The case is
not on point and is readily distinguished from the instant
action. In Rose the Area Administrator ignored his regulatory
responsibility in that he did not, in writing, inform the
Complainant of the five (5) day period within which to request a
Formal Hearing. The Court concluded that the Secretary's failure
to follow his own regulations was his undoing and that
Complainant could not be deprived of his right of decision review
when the Area Administrator was the guilty party. In this case,
however, there is no duty assigned by law to anyone to provide
information concerning the thirty (30) days time frame for filing
a complaint. While it is unfortunate and regretable that
Complainant may have been misinformed, he has provided nothing,
legal in nature, which suggests that he should have been, by
someone, informed accurately of his rights. His estoppel argument
(CB 12) must be cast aside in light of Hibi, supra .
The evidence does establish that, on two (2) occasions,
Complainant did place himself in the wrong forum. At the May 30,
1986 TVA exit interview Complainant orally expressed his
"problems about my firing" (Tr 31). While timeliness and wrong
[Page 16]
forum are established, his failure to set forth these problems in
writing prevents invocation of the tolling doctrine. On June 26,
1986, he telephonically conferred with Nuclear Regulatory
Commission Investigator Larry Robinson. In this wrong forum it is
more probable than not that Complainant orally raised the precise
statutory claim. It is also uncontradicted that he complied with
instructions and mailed to Inspector Robinson "copies of my
concerns" (Tr 61). The evidence, however, fails to establish when
this mailing was accomplished. To trigger an application of the
equitable tolling doctrine, it is essential to show that the
filing was timely made. Here, there is no such showing. The
alleged violation occured on May 29, 1986 with the notice of
termination of Complainant's employment. Chardon v. Fernandez ,
454 U.S. 6 (1981); Delaware State College v. Ricks , 449 U.S. 250
(1980). The thirty (30) days filing period, therefore, expired on
June 29, 1986. In the absence of credible proof, it cannot be
assumed that the writings were mailed to Inspector Robinson
within the thirty (30) day period. Time, thusly, cannot be tolled
when such a significent evidentiary hole exists.
The paramount theme of City of Allentown, supra , is that a
jealous guarding of the principles of equitable tolling is
critical to even-handed justice. The Complaint in this case was
filed 213 days after the expiration of the thirty (30) days
filing period established by Congress. This fact strips all
credence from the "diligent efforts" which Complainant is said to
have exhibited (CB 13). Exposure to liability for approximately
seven (7) months without any persuasive demonstration of one or
more of the requisites of tolling shocks the conscience of any
reasonable person. Construing the Motion For Judgment On The
Pleadings, filed by each Respondent, as a Motion To Dismiss, I
find that both the law and fundamental fairness dictate that both
Motions be granted.
RECOMMENDED ORDER
For the reasons herein set forth, it is recommended that the
Complaint, filed on January 27, 1987 by Joseph S. Mitchell, be
DISMISSED as untimely.
BERNARD J. GILDAY, JR.
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
JUDGE
[ENDNOTES]
1 The following abbreviations are
used: Tr = Transcript of
Proceedings; CX = Complainant's Exhibit; CB =
Complainant's Brief; RB-EEG = Respondent's Brief, EG&G
(Idaho); RB-TVA = Respondent's Brief, Tennessee Valley
Authority.