USGS Home
SOFIA Home

Tides and Inflows in the Mangrove Ecotone (TIME) Model Development

Metadata also available as - [Outline] - [Parseable text] - [XML]

Frequently-anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Tides and Inflows in the Mangrove Ecotone (TIME) Model Development
Abstract:
The Tides and Inflows in the Mangrove Ecotone (TIME) project entails a study of the transition region using a coupled surface-water/groundwater model and the collection and analysis of data in support of that modeling effort. This project entails incorporation, into the TIME surface-water model, the understandings gleaned from the Southern and Inland Coastal Systems (SICS) study conducted in the Taylor Slough and C-111 Canal basins of Everglades National Park. Specifically, vegetative resistance and meteorological forcing process-study results are being incorporated into the TIME model. Because of the high demand for data in the parameterization of these results, this project also involves the assembly, storage and distribution of all time-variable data sets used to drive, calibrate and test the TIME surface-water model.

The TIME Model Development project is focused on further developing, extending and implementing a mathematical model to study the interaction between wetland sheet flows and dynamic forces in the transition zone between the southern Everglades and its coastal embayments. The model will be used to study and evaluate the combined response of hydroperiods in the wetlands and salinities in the mangrove ecotone to inflow alterations.

The major product of the TIME Model Development project will be a sound, physically-based, fine-resolution (500m) model of the Everglades National Park area of the Everglades consistent with the Across Trophic Level System Simulation models that can be used as a research tool and management model to study and evaluate ecosystem response to regulatory decisions. Through analysis of model results for varied inflows, cause and effect relationships to ecosystem functions and sustainability can be investigated to evaluate and guide restoration actions. Any external dynamic factors that could adversely affect restoration objectives can be identified and demonstrated. Data collected in support of the model development will be made available for dissemination via the Internet and scientific findings will be reported in traditional peer-reviewed literature as appropriate.

Supplemental_Information:
The TIME Database has been discontinued but information is provided for accessing the stations formerly in the database.
  1. How should this data set be cited?

    Raymond Schaffranek (retired) Ami Riscassi (no longer at USGS); Harry Jenter; Kevin Kotun (ENP); Greg Desmond; David Fitterman; E. R. German (retired); Judson Harvey; Clinton Hittle; John W. Jones; Chris Langevin; Victor Levesque; Carole McIvor; Eduardo Patino; James Saiers; Eric Swain, 2008, Tides and Inflows in the Mangrove Ecotone (TIME) Model Development.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.555039
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.304809
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.976713
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.026572

  3. What does it look like?

    <http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/fs-031-01/> (JPEG)
    Satellite image showing TIME model boundary

  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

    Beginning_Date: 01-Oct-1995
    Ending_Date: 30-Sep-2007
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition

  5. What is the general form of this data set?

    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: text files, spreadsheets

  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?

    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?

      Indirect_Spatial_Reference: mangrove ecotone

    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?

  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)

  2. Who also contributed to the data set?

    Past and present project personnel include: Michael Duff, Gordon Anderson, Vince Caruso (retired), Ed Cyran (retired), Maria Deszcz-Pan, Pat Gammon, David Garces, Bob Glover, Chuck Henkle (retired), Sandra Kinnaman, Jim Krest, Al Lombana, David Nowacki (no longer at USGS), Nancy Rybicki, Dan Sechrist, Gordon Shupe (retired), Eddie Simonds, Lars Soderqvist, Marc Stewart, Jean-Claude Thomas (retired), Jessica Thomas Newlin, Craig Thompson, Christa Walker, Kevin Whelan, Melinda Lohmann, and Mark Zucker.

  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?

    Eric D. Swain
    U.S. Geological Survey
    3110 SW 9th Avenue
    Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33315
    USA

    954 377-5925 (voice)
    954 377-5901 (FAX)
    edswain@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

A critical objective of the south Florida ecosystem restoration effort is to create and preserve ecological conditions that are consistent with habitat requirements. Two of the most important requirements for restoration success are an understanding of wetland hydroperiods and coastal embayment salinities. Hydroperiods in the southern Everglades, including duration, timing and extent of wetland inundation, have been distorted substantially in the past as evidenced by observed shifts in zoological and vegetative species. Similarly, embayment salinities have been altered with dramatic ecological effects.

Both regulatory and natural factors contribute to the definition of hydroperiods and salinities, making their precise evaluation and management difficult. The understanding and control of hydroperiods and salinities becomes even more problematic in the mangrove ecotone, the transition zone between the Everglades wetlands and coastal embayments where hydroperiods and salinities are inextricably linked and the mixing of fresh and salt water cannot be ignored. In this region, coastal tides, wetland flows and upstream inflows must be considered concurrently for an accurate understanding of their effects.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

    Date: 2001 (process 1 of 8)
    This project is focused on the translation of findings from hydrologic process studies and results of monitoring efforts from the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) project toward the development of a model encompassing the entire saltwater-freshwater interface zone along the southwest Gulf coast and Florida Bay boundaries of Everglades National Park. The two-dimensional Surface Water Integrated Flow and Transport (SWIFT2D) model is being explicitly coupled to the Modular Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW) model with SEAWAT interface for surface/ground-water solute transport simulation. Extension of the SICS model domain westward and direct coupling of the surface-water and ground-water models is intended to resolve boundary limitation problems and to remove operational constraints of the current SICS model implementation. A website (<http://time.er.usgs.gov>) with a database repository for compilation of input data and sharing of model results has been constructed. Flow data for approximately 70 openings under Tamiami Trail (approximately 60 miles) have been compiled for water years 1987-1999. A numerical algorithm has been designed and developed to link the SWIFT2D model with the SEAWAT transport variant of MODFLOW and a MODFLOW grid and model component is under development for coupling to the SICS grid and mode. A flow monitoring station has been established near the wetland/tidal interface of Shark River to determine the feasibility of long term acoustic Doppler flow measurements in heavily vegetated areas. Initial ground-truthing of vegetation classifications determined from remote sensing imagery has begun. A preliminary and partial land-surface elevation grid of the TIME model domain has been generated from helicopter Aerial Height Finder (AHF) survey data.

    Date: 2002 (process 2 of 8)
    The two-dimensional Surface Water Integrated Flow and Transport (SWIFT2D) model is being coupled to SEAWAT, a variable-density ground water flow model based on the Modular Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW) model, for concurrent simulation of surface and sub-surface flow and salt transport. A multi-layered SEAWAT ground-water model of the Southern Inland and Coastal System (SICS) has been developed for integration with the SICS surface-water model. A numerical algorithm has been developed to synchronize SWIFT2D tidal-compatible time steps with SEAWAT stress periods. The algorithm has undergone successful testing in the coupled SICS model. A report documenting regression techniques developed to correlate gaged and un-gaged culverts for model use has been prepared. A semi-automated procedure has been developed to spatially and temporally interpolate and formulate culvert and structure flows along Tamiami Trail from SFWMD and TIME databases to drive numerical model simulations. Flow monitoring in the wetlands to evaluate forcing effects has continued and a paper documenting thermal convection-driven mixing processes has been submitted for scientific peer-reviewed publication. The SWIFT2D model formulation is currently being extended to incorporate wind-stress sheltering, vegetative-resistance correlation, and energy-dependent evapotranspiration. The partial land-surface elevation grid of the TIME model domain has been extended to include Lostsman’s Slough with the addition of topographic data available in April, 2002. The preliminary version of the TIME model grid has been extended to the Tamiami Trail and Florida Bay boundaries.

    Date: 2004 (process 3 of 8)
    The SWIFT2D surface water model code will be modified to accept vegetation type and density data from John Jones' mapping project (Land Charateristics from Remote Sensing) as an input dataset. The ability to use this dataset to calculate vegetative resistance for the model will be added as well. This resistance will be calculated based on the Stem-Reynolds-Number analysis of Lee, Roig and Jenter and the statistical correlation of Roig, Rybicki and Jenter. Initially, Manning's n values will be calculated in order for the model to maintain its original resistance formulation in unvegetated grid cells. However, a set of simplified model runs with be conducted with a test grid in order to explore alternative resistance formulations such as Darcy-Weisbach or direct specification of the frictional force. A final decision on the formulation to be used in the TIME model will be made in FY2004.

    The model will also be modified to accept hourly time-dependent wind data and to calculate time- and space-dependent wind stress. These data will be interpolated from data archived in the TIME Data System. The model has been modified already to use a wind sheltering coefficient to calculate wind stress based on wind speed, the equivalent wind stress over unvegetated waters and a constant sheltering coefficient from the literature. This formulation will be refined to allow for spatial variation in the sheltering coefficient based on assignment of grid cells using John Jones' vegetation mapping data as input. Assignment will be based on findings from Jenter and Duff (1999) and from information derived from analysis of simultaneously deployed meteorological towers and profiling current meters at two locations within the Everglades: one in Water Conservation Area 3A and one in southern Shark Slough. These sites will be maintained and the data analyzed in order to apply the analysis to the wind sheltering specification in the model. These sites were installed in FY2002 and are expected to yield extremely useful information for the TIME modeling effort.

    Date: 2004 (process 4 of 8)
    The necessary data sets will be produced for the calibration period of the TIME surface-water model. Data from June, 1999 through August, 1999 will be extracted from the TIME Data System (TDS), carefully scrutinized, gaps will be filled through interpolation if necessary, and the data will be formatted for input into the model. All data will be interpolated temporally to match the model time step. Some of the datasets will require spatial interpolation as well. Specifically, maps of hourly wind speed, wind direction and rainfall will be produced from data in the TIME Data System for the calibration period. Project personnel will establish algorithms for this interpolation and will implement those algorithms as computer programs for the automatic creation of model input data. An effort will be made to automate much of the process of extracting data from the TDS, quality assuring, interpolating and reformatting it for use in the model in order to make both the TDS and the model easier to use for future applications. The TDS will be documented thoroughly in a USGS Open-file report in FY2003.

    A secondary goal in FY2003 will be to assure that the entire TDS database from 1995 to present is quality assured and as complete as possible. Each of the over 200 datasets in the TDS will be reviewed. USGS personnel work closely with Everglades National Park personnel to ensure that the NPS data sets in the TDS are as up-to-date as possible. The web interface for the TDS will be modified to allow a simple and concise report of data completeness to be produced for arbitrarily specified time periods. The data-extraction scripts of the TDS will be modified to offer interpolation of missing data so the user can receive a gap-free dataset which can be more easily used as model input or for other purposes.

    Date: 2003 (process 5 of 8)
    The two-dimensional Surface Water Integrated Flow and Transport (SWIFT2D) model has been coupled to SEAWAT, a variable-density groundwater flow model based on the Modular Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW) model, for concurrent simulation of surface and sub-surface flow and salt transport. Flow monitoring in the wetlands to evaluate forcing effects and provide data for model calibration has continued. The SWIFT2D model formulation is currently being extended to incorporate spatial precipitation inputs, wind-stress sheltering, vegetative-resistance terms, and depth-dependent evapotranspiration. A land-surface elevation grid for the entire TIME model domain has been developed and a three-month simulation of the surface-water TIME model has been developed and tested.

    Date: 2005 (process 6 of 8)
    Work planned for FY 2004 includes:

    Incorporation of vegetative resistance and meteorological effects in to the TIME surface-water model

    1. Modification of the SWIFT2D computer code will be made to best simulate vegetative resistance to flow. This will be part of finalization of code modifications to the SWIFT2D configuration applicable to the TIME modeling domain. Vegetative resistance code changes will be based on the published work of J. Lee et al. And Lee, Lai and Jenter. Statistical correlations between depth-averaged velocity data and depth-averaged vegetation data appear to be a potential link between the vegetative resistance work to date and the vegetative mapping work of John Jones. As such, this linkage will be incorporated into SWIFT2D to the extent possible.

    Additionally, final code changes for meteorological forcing inputs will be completed. These will include code modifications for the acceptance of variable wind and NEXRAD rainfall fields. In order to prepare the TIME surface-water model for potential use in future scenario testing, the TIME Data System will be modified to automatically extract and format user-selected data for model input. SWIFT2D’s input processor will be modified to accept these automatically formatted data. Refinement of wind forcing and precipitation forcing algorithms in the model will be completed. These algorithms will be based partially on correlations derived from simultaneous wind and velocity measurements collected during this and previous rainy seasons.

    2. Assembly , storage, and distribution of time-variable datasets for surface water modeling

    The TIME Data System (TDS) will be finalized. All data sets for the time period January 1, 1995 through June 1, 2003 will be archived quality assured. All tools for extracting, viewing, analyzing, archiving and reformatting data for the TDS will be finalized. Final publication of a User’s Manual for the TDS will occur in FY2004. The TDS will be packaged in such a way that it can be directly transferred with the finalized version of SWIFT2D for future scenario testing.

    The TIME project website, <http://time.er.usgs.gov> will be maintained through FY2004 as a gateway for TIME project and other South Florida researchers to download data from the TDS and TIME project reports.

    Date: 2005 (process 7 of 8)
    TIME surface-water model development

    Work being undertaken in FY2005 will include the addition of new, and refinement of existing, numerical procedures and algorithms for representation of hydrologic processes in the SWIFT2D model formulation. Data collected in support of the model development will be quality checked and processed for input to conduct numerical simulations. Advanced visualization methods will be developed using specialized animation software to display simulation results for sensitivity and performance testing, model verification and calibration, and ecosystem analyses.

    Date: 2006 (process 8 of 8)
    The TIME surface-water model has been extended to encompass the entire wetlands of Everglades National Park (ENP). Precipitation, evapotranspiration, frictional-resistance, meteorological, and salinity datasets and hydrologic process formulations have been developed and incorporated into the model to simulate fresh and salt water mixing in the hydrodynamic transition zone connecting the freshwater wetlands of the Everglades with Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The original, provisional, development of the TIME surface-water model has undergone an extensive review and verification. Alternate grid interpolation methods have been evaluated to improve representation of land-surface properties and gradients within the model domain using all available topographic and bathymetric data. Vegetation class assignments for the 500-m grid have been modified to reflect sub-model-grid-scale heterogeneity at the 30.5-m Landsat resolution. This new vegetation technique has improved representation of the spatial variability of frictional-resistance and wind-stress effects in the model. Sensitivity tests on various boundary-condition treatments, empirical coefficient values, and numerical computational-control parameter assignments have been conducted. A comprehensive review of all data used to develop the model has been conducted. A field study of the effects of Park Road (SR 9336) on sheet flow distribution between Taylor and Shark River Sloughs has been undertaken and is providing additional insight into improved representation of the road in the model. Efforts are underway to extend the model calibration and verification period to encompass an entire wet season. Techniques to animate simulation results have been developed and used to calculate model performance, All data collected within the TIME surface-water model development study have been entered into the SOFIA database.

    Person who carried out this activity:

    Eric D. Swain
    U.S. Geological Survey
    3110 SW 9th Avenue
    Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33315
    USA

    954 377-5925 (voice)
    954 377-5901 (FAX)
    edswain@usgs.gov

  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

    Jenter, H. L., 1999, Laboratory experiments for evaluating the effects of wind forcing on shallow waters with emergent vegetation: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report 99-04, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA.

    Jenter, H. L. Duff, M. P., 1999, Locally-forced wind effects on shallow waters with emergent vegetation: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Ecohydraulics none, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Salt Lake City, UT.

    Online Links:

    Stewart, M. A. Bhatt, T. N., Fennema, R. J, 2002, The Road to Flamingo: an Evaluation of Flow Pattern Alterations and Salinity Intrusion in the Lower Glades, Everglades National Park: USGS Open-File Report OFR 02-59, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Ball, M. H. Schaffranek, R. W., 2000, Flow-Velocity Data Collected in the Wetlands Adjacent to Canal C-111 in South Florida during 1997 and 1999: USGS Open-File Report 00-56, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Schaffranek, R, W., 1999, Hydrologic Studies in Support of South Florida Ecosystem Restoration: Proceedings ASCE 2000 Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management none, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Schaffranek, R. W. Ruhl, H. A., Hansler, M. E., 1999, An Overview of the Southern Inland and Coastal System Project of the U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Ecosystem Program: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ecohydraulics none, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Salt Lake City, UT.

    Online Links:

    D, Swain. E. , 1999, Numerical Representation of Dynamic Flow and Transport at the Everglades/Florida Bay Interface: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ecohydraulics none, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Salt Lake City, UT.

    Online Links:

    Langevin, C. D., 2000, Simulation of Ground-Water Discharge to Biscayne Bay, Southeastern Florida: Water Resources Investigations Report WRIR 00-4251, U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL.

    Online Links:

    Riscassi, Ami L. Schaffranek, Raymond, 2002, Flow velocity, water temperature, and conductivity in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, Florida: July 1999-August 2001: USGS Open-File Report OFR 02-159, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Langevin, C. D. Thorne, D. T.,Jr.; Dausman,, 2008, SEAWAT: A Computer Program for Simulation of Three-Dimensional Variable-Density Ground-Water Flow and Transport: computer program SEAWAT Version 4, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    There are three versions of the program: SEAWAT (v2), SEAWAT-2000 (v3), and SEAWAT Version 4. SEAWAT and SEAWAT-2000 are no longer updated, supported, or maintained as SEAWAT Verson 4 is backward compatible with datasets created for SEAWAT-2000.

    The program, source code, user guides, and example problems may be accessed at the website below.

    Langevin, Christian Shoemaker, W. Barclay; Guo, Wei, 2003, MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geolgical Survey Modular Ground-Water Model - Documentation of the SWAWAT-2000 Version with the Variable-Density Flow Process (VDF) and the Integrated MT3DMS Transport Process (IMT): USGS Open-File Report 03-426, U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL.

    Online Links:

    Langevin, Christian D. Swain, Eric D., Wolfert, Me, 2004, Simulation of integrated surface-water/ground-water flow and salinity for a coastal wetland and adjacent estuary: USGS Open-File Report 2004-1097, U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL.

    Online Links:

    Swain, Eric D. Wolfert, Melinda A.; Bales,, 2004, Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of surface-water flow and transport to Florida Bay through the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS): USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4287, U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL.

    Online Links:

    W., Schaffranek. R. , 2004, Simulation of surface-water integrated flow and transport in two dimensions: SWIFT2D user's manual: USGS Techniques and Methods book 6, chapter B-1, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Lee, J. K. Roig, L. C.; Jenter, H. L.;, 2004, Drag coefficients for modeling flow through emergent vegetation in the Florida Everglades: Ecological Engineering v. 22, issues 4-5, Elsevier Science B. V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Other_Citation_Details:
    The abstract is available online from Elsevier Science/Ecological Engineering but the full article must be purchased.
    Riscassi, Ami L. Schaffranek, Raymond W., 2003, Flow velocity, water temperature, and conductivity in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, Florida: August 2001 - June 2002: USGS Open-File Report 03-358, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Riscassi, Ami L. Schaffranek, Raymond W., 2004, Flow velocity, water temperature, and conductivity in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, Florida: June 2002 - July 2003: USGS Open-File Report 2004-1233, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Schaffranek, Raymond W. Riscassi, Ami L., 2004, Flow velocity, water temperature, and conductivity at selected locations in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, Florida: July 1999 - July 2003: USGS Digital Data Series 2004-110, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Langevin, C. D. Thorne, D. T., Jr.; Dausman, 2008, SEAWAT Verson 4: A Computer Program for Simulation of Multi-Species Solute and Heat Transport: USGS Techniques and Methods Book 6, Chapter A22, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?

  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?

  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?

  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?

    See the individual datasets for the parameters collected.

    Not all the USGS sites listed can be positively identified on the Hydrology Data page or in DS 105. The identification of sites listed for other agencies has not been verified.

  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?

    not available

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints: none
Use_Constraints: none

  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 4)

    Heather S.Henkel
    U.S. Geological Survey
    600 Fourth St. South
    St. Petersburg, FL 33701
    USA

    727 803-8747 ext 3028 (voice)
    727 803-2030 (FAX)
    hhenkel@usgs.gov

  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

    Hydrology Data (USGS)

  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

    The data have no implied or explicit guarantees

  4. How can I download or order the data?

  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 2 of 4)

    Heather S.Henkel
    U.S. Geological Survey
    600 Fourth St. South
    St. Petersburg, FL 33701
    USA

    727 803-8747 ext 3028 (voice)
    727 803-2030 (FAX)
    hhenkel@usgs.gov

  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

    Salinity, Discharge, Stage Data

  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

    The data have no implied or explicit guarantees

  4. How can I download or order the data?

  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 3 of 4)

    Heather S.Henkel
    U.S. Geological Survey
    600 Fourth St. South
    St. Petersburg, FL 33701
    USA

    727 803-8747 ext 3028 (voice)
    727 803-2030 (FAX)
    hhenkel@usgs.gov

  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

    Shark River Slough Data

  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

    The data have no implied or explicit guarantees

  4. How can I download or order the data?

  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 4 of 4)

    Eric D. Swain
    U.S. Geological Survey
    3110 SW 9th Avenue
    Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33315
    USA

    954 377-5925 (voice)
    954 377-5901 (FAX)
    edswain@usgs.gov

  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

    TIME Data from ENP, SFWMD, and NOAA

  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

    These data may be subject to significant change and are not citeable until reviewed and approved by the agency responsible for their collection. Check with the individual agencies for status of the data.

  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 11-Mar-2009
Metadata author:
Heather Henkel
U.S. Geological Survey
600 Fourth Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
USA

727 803-8747 ext 3028 (voice)
727 803-2030 (FAX)
sofia-metadata@usgs.gov

Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)

This page is <http://sofia.usgs.gov/metadata/sflwww/TIME_04.faq.html>

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Comments and suggestions? Contact: Heather Henkel - Webmaster
Generated by mp version 2.8.18 on Wed Mar 11 16:17:11 2009