Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Robert Halley (1994-2001)

        Dewitt Smith (1994-1999), Mark Hansen (1994-1999), Kim Yates
        (2000-2001)
      Publication_Date: 2001
      Title: Salinity Maps for Florida Bay
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Reports
        Issue_Identification: OFR 95-634, OFR 98-142
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Other_Citation_Details:
        ORF 95-634 contains the salinity maps for November 1994;  January,
        April, June, August, October, and December 1995; and February,
        April, and June 1996.

        OFR 98-142 contains the maps for November 1994: January, April,
        June, August, October, and December 1995;  February, April,  June,
        August, October, and December 1996: January, April, June, August,
        October, and December 1997; and February 1998.

        Bottom salinity maps are available for November 1994; January,
        April, June, August, October, and December 1995; and February,
        April, June, August, October, and December 1996.
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/circulation/data/sal_maps/index.html
  Description:
    Abstract:
      The maps show the surface salinity for Florida Bay at 5ppt salinity
      intervals approximately every other month beginning in November 1994
      through December 2001 and the bottom salinity for 1994-1996.
    Purpose:
      Recent algal blooms and seagrass mortality have raised concerns about
      the water quality of Florida Bay, particularly its nutrient content
      (nitrogen and phosphorous), hypersalinity, and turbidity. Water
      quality is closely tied to sediment transport processes because
      resuspension of sediments increases turbidity, releases stored
      nutrients, and facilitates sediment export to the reef tract.

      The objective of this research is to provide a better understanding of
      how and when sediments within Florida Bay are resuspended and
      deposited, to define the spatial distribution of the potential for
      resuspension, to delineate patterns of potential bathymetric change,
      and to predict the impacts of storms or seagrass die-off on bathymetry
      and circulation within the bay. By combining these results with the
      findings of other research being conducted in Florida Bay, we hope to
      quantify sediment export from the bay, better define the nutrient
      input during resuspension events, and assist in modeling circulation
      and water quality.  Results will enable long-term sediment deposition
      and erosion in various regions of the bay to be integrated with data
      on the anticipated sea-level rise to predict future water depths and
      volumes. Results from this project, together with established sediment
      production rates, will provide the basis for a sediment budget for
      Florida Bay.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 199411
        Ending_Date: 200112
    Currentness_Reference: surface or bottom conditions
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.167
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.33
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.33
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.83
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: sea-level
      Theme_Keyword: circulation
      Theme_Keyword: sediments
      Theme_Keyword: water quality
      Theme_Keyword: hydrology
      Theme_Keyword: salinity
      Theme_Keyword: geology
      Theme_Keyword: chemistry
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
      Theme_Keyword: environment
      Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
      Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters
      Theme_Keyword: 008
      Theme_Keyword: 012
      Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
      Theme_Keyword: 011
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of
        Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, 
        Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington,
        D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: United States
      Place_Keyword: US
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of
        the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the
        United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing
        Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST
      Place_Keyword: Florida
      Place_Keyword: FL
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of
        the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3,
        Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: Monroe County
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System
      Place_Keyword: Everglades National Park
      Place_Keyword: Florida Bay
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: Central Everglades
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: none
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Robert Halley
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Position: Project Chief
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 600 Fourth Street South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3020
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rhalley@usgs.gov
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/halley/locationsalt.html
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Florida Bay Salinity Data Location Map
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF
  Data_Set_Credit:
    Salinity data was collected by R. Halley, K. Ludwig, Kim Yates, Jason
    Greenwood, Yucong Tuo, Rita Byrd, Hilary Stockton, Heather Mounts, K.
    Geraghty, B. Remick, R. Peterson, M. Moyle, L. Roulier, D. Wiese, B,
    Zalew, B.J Reynolds, Nathan Smiley, Chris DuFore, and Nancy DeWitt. 
    Additional data was provided by Everglades National Park, and the South
    Florida Water Management District.
  Native_Data_Set_Environment:
    Maps are available as Adobe PDF files and the raw data as ASCII text
    files.
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Barnes, D. J.
      Publication_Date: 1983
      Title:
        Profiling coral reef productivity and calcification using pH and
        oxygen electrodes
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
        Issue_Identification: 66:149-161
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands
        Publisher: Elsevier Science BV
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Barnes, D. J.

        Devereux, M. J.
      Publication_Date: 1984
      Title:
        Productivity and calcification on a coral reef: a survey using pH
        and oxygen electrode techniques
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
        Issue_Identification: 79:213-231
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands
        Publisher: Elsevier Science BV
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Boscence, D.
      Publication_Date: 1989
      Title: Biogenic carbonate production in Florida Bay
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Bulletin of Marine Science
        Issue_Identification: 44(1): 419-433
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Coral Gables, FL
        Publisher: University of Florida Press
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Frankignoulle, M.
      Publication_Date: 1988
      Title: Field Measurements of air-sea CO2 exchange
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Limnology and Oceanography
        Issue_Identification: 33(3):313-322
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, D.C.
        Publisher: American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Frankignoulle, M.

        Disteche, A.
      Publication_Date: 1984
      Title:
        CO2 chemistry in the water column above a Posidonia seagrass bed and
        related air-sea exchanges
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Oceanologica Acta
        Issue_Identification: 7(2):209-219
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Paris, France
        Publisher: Institute Franceis de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Gattuso, J. P.

        Pichon, M., Delesalle, B., Frankignoulle, M.
      Publication_Date: 1993
      Title:
        Community metabolism and air-sea CO2 fluxes in a coral reef
        ecosystem (Moorea, French Polynesia)
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Marine Ecology Progress Series
        Issue_Identification: 96:259-267
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Oldendorf, Germany
        Publisher: Inter-Research
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Kayanne, H.

        Suzuki,  A., Saito, H.
      Publication_Date: 1995
      Title:
        Diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in coral
        reef water
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Science
        Issue_Identification: 269:214-216
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, DC
        Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Millero, F. J.
      Publication_Date: 1979
      Title: The thermodynamics of the carbonate system in seawater
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
        Issue_Identification: 43:1651-1661
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Oxon, United Kingdom
        Publisher: Geochemical Society (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Smith, S. V.
      Publication_Date: 1973
      Title:
        Carbon dioxide dynamics: a record of organic carbon production,
        respiration, and calcification in the Eniwetok reef flat community
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Limnology and Oceanography
        Issue_Identification: 18(1):106-120
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, DC
        Publisher: American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Smith, S. V.

        Key, G. S.
      Publication_Date: 1975
      Title: 1975  Carbon dioxide and metabolism in marine environments
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Limnology and Oceanography
        Issue_Identification: 20:493-495
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, DC
        Publisher: American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Stockman, K. W.

        Ginsburg, R. N., Shinn, E. A.
      Publication_Date: 1967
      Title: The production of lime mud by algae in South Florida
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology
        Issue_Identification: 37(2):633-648
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Tulsa, OK
        Publisher: S E P M Society for Sedimentary Geology
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Sugiura, Y.

        Ibert, E. R., Hood, D. W.
      Publication_Date: 1963
      Title: Mass transfer of carbon dioxide across sea surfaces
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Marine Research
        Issue_Identification: 21(1):11-24
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: New Haven, CT
        Publisher: Sears Foundation for Marine Research
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Wanninkhof, R.
      Publication_Date: 1992
      Title: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research
        Issue_Identification: 97:7373-7382
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, DC
        Publisher: American Geophysical Union
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Halley, Robert

        Smith, Dewitt Hansen, Mark
      Publication_Date: 1995
      Title: Surface Salinity of Florida Bay
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Reports
        Issue_Identification: 95-634
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/95-634/index.html
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Halley, Robert

        Smith, Dewitt Hanssen, Mark
      Publication_Date: 1998
      Title: Florida Bay Surface Salinities
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Reports
        Issue_Identification: 98-142
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/98-142/index.html
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report:
    The salinity maps for 1994-1997 are based on data gathered by USGS with
    additional data provided by Everglades National Park (ENP) and the South
    Florida Water Management District (SFWMD).  The maps for 1998-2001 use
    only data collected by the USGS.
  Completeness_Report:
    Surface salinity maps are available for November, 1994; January, April,
    June, August, October, and December, 1995, February, April, June,
    August, October, and December, 1996; January, April, June, August,
    October, and December, 1997; and February, April, May, August, October,
    and December, 1998; February, April, June, and August, 1999; December
    2000; and April, June, August, November, and December 2001.

    Bottom salinity maps are available for November 1994; January, April,
    June, August, October and December 1995; and February, April, June,
    August, October and December 1996.
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
        Local information was recorded in the Bay using a DIO-issued
        military style GPSunit - Rockwell Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver
        PLGR+96 with a precision of +/- 10m.
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        The USGS conducted salinity surveys of Florida Bay approximately
        every other month from November 1994 through December 2001.  The
        data collected during the surveys were supplemented with point data
        from Everglades National Park marine monitoring continuous stations
        and the South Florida Water Management District water quality
        monitoring stations collected by the Southeast Environmental
        Research Program at Florida International University from 1994
        through 1997.  The data were assembled and contoured using CPS3
        (Contour Plotting System) software version 4.2 and ARC/INFO 7.0.3 to
        produce maps of the surface salinity in Florida Bay.  Data points
        are shown on the maps.  Surveys typically took between 3 and 5 days,
        depending on weather.  Between 1994 and the summer of 1996 each
        survey collected salinity data at between 250 and 350 stations each
        consisting of a surface measurement 15 cm below the surface and a
        measurement on the bottom.

        During the summer and fall of 1996, the USGS developed a digital
        measuring system so that subsequent surveys collected several
        thousand surface measurements.  Due to the new digital system, the
        USGS no longer uses the South Florida Water Management District data
        nor the Everglades National Park data.  Bottom salinity surveys were
        discontinued after December 1996.

        Mention of specific software or hardware products does not
        constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.
      Process_Date: 2001
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Robert Halley
            Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
          Contact_Position: Project Chief
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: mailing and physical address
            Address: 600 Fourth Street South
            City: St. Petersburg
            State_or_Province: FL
            Postal_Code: 33701
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3020
          Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rhalley@usgs.gov
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Florida Bay
Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Geographic:
      Latitude_Resolution: 0.0001
      Longitude_Resolution: 0.0001
      Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees
    Geodetic_Model:
      Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983
      Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
      Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
      Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      The raw data files contain the following:

      ID, year, month, day, salinity in ppt, longitude and longitude in
      decimal degrees.  Some files also contain the time of the data
      recording, the temperature at the time of the recording, or
      conductivity (an electrical measure of salinity).
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 600 Fourth St. South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov
  Resource_Description: Florida Bay salinity data
  Distribution_Liability: No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: Adobe PDF
        Format_Version_Number: 4.0
        Format_Information_Content:
          Each file contains an image of the salinity map for a specific
          date.
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/circulation/data/sal_maps/index.html
          Access_Instructions: Log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov
    Fees: none
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: ASCII
        Format_Version_Number: unknown
        Format_Information_Content:
          Each file contains the raw salinity data for a data for a specific
          date.
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/circulation/data/sal_maps/index.html
          Access_Instructions: log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov
    Fees: none
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20060210
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 600 Fourth Street South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: Fl
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sofia-metadata@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998