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§ 901. Short title
This Act may be cited as "Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation
Act."
§ 902. Definitions
When used in this Act
(1) The term "person" means individual, partnership, corporation, or
association.
(2) The term "injury" means accidental injury or death arising out of
and in the course of employment, and such occupational disease or infection as
arises naturally out of such employment or as naturally or unavoidably results
from such accidental injury, and includes an injury caused by the willful act
of a third person directed against an employee because of his employment.
(3) The term "employee" means any person engaged in maritime
employment, including any longshoreman or other person engaged in longshoring
operations, and any harbor-worker including a ship repairman, shipbuilder, and
ship-breaker, but such term does not include
(A) individuals employed exclusively to perform office clerical,
secretarial, security, or data processing work;
(B) individuals employed by a club, camp, recreational operation,
restaurant, museum, or retail outlet;
(C) individuals employed by a marina and who are not engaged in
construction, replacement, or expansion of such marina (except for routine
maintenance);
(D) individuals who (i) are employed by suppliers, transporters, or
vendors, (ii) are temporarily doing business on the premises of an employer
described in paragraph (4), and (iii) are not engaged in work normally
performed by employees of that employer under this Act;
(E) aquaculture workers;
(F) individuals employed to build, repair, or dismantle any
recreational vessel under sixty-five feet in length;
(G) a master or member of a crew of any vessel; or
(H) any person engaged by a master to load or unload or repair any
small vessel under eighteen tons net;
if individuals described in clauses (A) through (F) are subject to
coverage under a State workers' compensation law.
(4) The term "employer" means an employer any of whose employees are
employed in maritime employment, in whole or in part, upon the navigable waters
of the United States (including any adjoining pier, wharf, dry dock, terminal,
building way, marine railway, or other adjoining area customarily used by an
employer in loading, unloading, repairing, or building a vessel).
(5) The term "carrier" means any person or fund authorized under
section 32 [33 USC § 932] to insure under this Act and includes
self-insurers.
(6) The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Labor.
(7) The term "deputy commissioner" means the deputy commissioner having
jurisdiction in respect of an injury or death.
(8) The term "State" includes a Territory and the District of Columbia.
(9) The term "United States" when used in a geographical sense means
the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia, including the
territorial waters thereof.
(10) "Disability" means incapacity because of injury to earn the wages
which the employee was receiving at the time of injury in the same or any other
employment; but such term shall mean permanent impairment, determined (to the
extent covered thereby) under the guides to the evaluation of permanent
impairment promulgated and modified from time to time by the American Medical
Association, in the case of an individual whose claim is described in section
10(d)(2) [33 USC § 910(d)(2)];
(11) "Death" as a basis for a right to compensation means only death
resulting from an injury.
(12) "Compensation" means the money allowance payable to an employee or
to his dependents as provided for in this Act, and includes funeral benefits
provided therein.
(13) The term "wages" means the money rate at which the service
rendered by an employee is compensated by an employer under the contract of
hiring in force at the time of the injury, including the reasonable value of
any advantage which is received from the employer and included for purposes of
any withholding of tax under subtitle C of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954
[26 USC §§ 3101 et seq.] (relating to employment taxes). The term
wages does not include fringe benefits, including (but not limited to) employer
payments for or contributions to a retirement, pension, health and welfare,
life insurance, training, social security or other employee or dependent
benefit plan for the employee's or dependent's benefit, or any other employee's
dependent entitlement.
(14) "child" shall include a posthumous child, a child legally adopted
prior to the injury of the employee, a child in relation to whom the deceased
employee stood in loco parentis for at least one year prior to the time of
injury, and a stepchild or acknowledged illegitimate child dependent upon the
deceased, but does not include married children unless wholly dependent on him.
"Grandchild" means a child as above defined of a child as above defined.
"Brother" and "sister" include stepbrothers and stepsisters, half brothers and
half sisters, and brothers and sisters by adoption, but does not include
married brothers nor married sisters unless wholly dependent on the employee.
"Child", "grandchild", "brother", and "sister" include only a person who is
under eighteen years of age, or who, though eighteen years of age or over, is
(1) wholly dependent upon the employee and incapable of self-support by reason
of mental or physical disability, or (2) a student as defined in paragraph (19)
[(18)] of this section.
(15) The term "parent" includes step-parents and parents by adoption,
parents-in-law, and any person who for more than three years prior to the death
of the deceased employee stood in the place of a parent to him, if dependent on
the injured employee.
(16) The terms "widow or widower" includes only the decedent's wife or
husband living with or dependent for support upon him or her at the time of his
or her death; or living apart for justifiable cause or by reason of his or her
desertion at such time.
(17) The terms "adoption" or "adopted" mean legal adoption prior to the
time of the injury.
(18) The term "student" means a person regularly pursuing a full-time
course of study or training at an institution which is
(A) a school or college or university operated or directly supported
by the United States, or by any State or local government or political
subdivision thereof,
(B) a school or college or university which has been accredited by a
State or by a State recognized or nationally recognized accrediting agency or
body,
(C) a school or college or university not so accredited but whose
credits are accepted, on transfer, by not less than three institutions which
are so accredited, for credit on the same basis as if transferred from an
institution so accredited, or
(D) an additional type of educational or training institution as
defined by the Secretary,
but not after he reaches the age of twenty-three or has completed four
years of education beyond the high school level, except that, where his
twenty-third birthday occurs during a semester or other enrollment period, he
shall continue to be considered a student until the end of such semester or
other enrollment period. A child shall not be deemed to have ceased to be a
student during any interim between school years if the interim does not exceed
five months and if he shows to the satisfaction of the Secretary that he has a
bona fide intention of continuing to pursue a full-time course of education or
training during the semester or other enrollment period immediately following
the interim or during periods of reasonable duration during which, in the
judgment of the Secretary, he is prevented by factors beyond his control from
pursuing his education. A child shall not be deemed to be a student under this
Act during a period of service in the Armed Forces of the United States.
(19) The term "national average weekly wage" means the national average
weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonagricultural payrolls.
(20) The term "Board" shall mean the Benefits Review Board.
(21) Unless the context requires otherwise, the term "vessel" means any
vessel upon which or in connection with which any person entitled to benefits
under this Act suffers injury or death arising out of or in the course of his
employment, and said vessel's owner, owner pro hac vice, agent, operator,
charter or bare boat charterer, master, officer, or crew member.
(22) The singular includes the plural and the masculine includes the
feminine and neuter.
§ 903. Coverage
(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, compensation shall be
payable under this Act in respect of disability or death of an employee, but
only if the disability or death results from an injury occurring upon the
navigable waters of the United States (including any adjoining pier, wharf, dry
dock, terminal, building way, marine railway, or other adjoining area
customarily used by an employer in loading, unloading, repairing, dismantling,
or building a vessel).
(b) No compensation shall be payable in respect of the disability or
death of an officer or employee of the United States, or any agency thereof, or
of any State or foreign government, or any subdivision thereof.
(c) No compensation shall be payable if the injury was occasioned
solely by the intoxication of the employee or by the willful intention of the
employee to injure or kill himself or another.
(d)(1) No compensation shall be payable to an employee employed at a
facility of an employer if, as certified by the Secretary, the facility is
engaged in the business of building, repairing, or dismantling exclusively
small vessels (as defined in paragraph (3) of this subsection), unless the
injury occurs while upon the navigable waters of the United States or while
upon any adjoining pier, wharf, dock, facility over land for launching vessels,
or facility over land for hauling, lifting, or drydocking vessels.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), compensation shall be payable to an
employee
(A) who is employed at a facility which is used in the business of
building, repairing, or dismantling small vessels if such facility receives
Federal maritime subsidies; or
(B) if the employee is not subject to coverage under a State workers'
compensation law.
(3) For purposes of this subsection, a small vessel means
(A) a commercial barge which is under 900 lightship displacement tons;
or
(B) a commercial tugboat, towboat, crew boat, supply boat, fishing
vessel, or other work vessel which is under 1,600 tons gross as measured under
section 14502 of title 46, or an alternate tonnage measured under section 14302
of that title as prescribed by the Secretary under section 14104 of that title.
(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any amounts paid to an
employee for the same injury, disability, or death for which benefits are
claimed under this Act pursuant to any other workers' compensation law or
section 20 of the Act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat. 1185, chapter 153; 46 U.S.C.
688) [46 USC Appx § 688] (relating to recovery for injury to or death of
seamen) shall be credited against any liability imposed by this Act.
§ 904. Liability for compensation
(a) Every employer shall be liable for and shall secure the payment to
his employees of the compensation payable under sections 7, 8, and 9 [33 USC
§§ 907, 908, 909]. In the case of an employer who is a subcontractor,
only if such subcontractor fails to secure the payment of compensation shall
the contractor be liable for and be required to secure the payment of
compensation. A subcontractor shall not be deemed to have failed to secure the
payment of compensation if the contractor has provided insurance for such
compensation for the benefit of the subcontractor.
(b) Compensation shall be payable irrespective of fault as a cause for
the injury.
§ 905. Exclusiveness of liability
(a) The liability of an employer prescribed in section 4 [33 USC §
904] shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of such employer to
the employee, his legal representative, husband or wife, parents, dependents,
next of kin, and anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages from such
employer at law or in admiralty on account of such injury or death, except that
if an employer fails to secure payment of compensation as required by this Act,
an injured employee, or his legal representative in case death results from the
injury, may elect to claim compensation under the Act, or to maintain an action
at law or in admiralty for damages on account of such injury or death. In such
action the defendant may not plead as a defense that the injury was caused by
the negligence of a fellow servant, or that the employee assumed the risk of
his employment, or that the injury was due to the contributory negligence of
the employee. For purposes of this subsection, a contractor shall be deemed the
employer of a subcontractor's employees only if the subcontractor fails to
secure the payment of compensation as required by section 4 [33 USC § 904]
(b) In the event of injury to a person covered under this Act caused by
the negligence of a vessel, then such person, or anyone otherwise entitled to
recover damages by reason thereof, may bring an action against such vessel as a
third party in accordance with the provisions of section 33 of this Act [33 USC
§ 933], and the employer shall not be liable to the vessel for such
damages directly or indirectly and any agreements or warranties to the contrary
shall be void. If such person was employed by the vessel to provide stevedoring
services, no such action shall be permitted if the injury was caused by the
negligence of persons engaged in providing stevedoring services to the vessel.
If such person was employed to provide shipbuilding, repairing, or breaking
services and such person's employer was the owner, owner pro hac vice, agent,
operator, or charterer of the vessel, no such action shall be permitted, in
whole or in part or directly or indirectly, against the injured person's
employer (in any capacity, including as the vessel's owner, owner pro hac vice,
agent, operator, or charterer) or against the employees of the employer. The
liability of the vessel under this subsection shall not be based upon the
warranty of seaworthiness or a breach thereof at the time the injury occurred.
The remedy provided in this subsection shall be exclusive of all other remedies
against the vessel except remedies available under this Act.
(c) In the event that the negligence of a vessel causes injury to a
person entitled to receive benefits under the Act by virtue of section 4 of the
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1333) [43 USC § 1333], then
such person, or anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages by reason thereof,
may bring an action against such vessel in accordance with the provisions of
subsection (b) of this section. Nothing contained in subsection (b) of this
section shall preclude the enforcement according to its terms of any reciprocal
indemnity provision whereby the employer of a person entitled to receive
benefits under this Act by virtue of section 4 of the Outer Continental Shelf
Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1333) [43 USC § 1333] and the vessel agree to defend
and indemnify the other for cost of defense and loss or liability for damages
arising out of or resulting from death or bodily injury to their employees.
§ 906. Compensation
(a) Time for commencement. No compensation shall be allowed for the
first three days of the disability, except the benefits provided for in section
7 [33 USC § 907]: Provided, however, That in case the injury results in
disability of more than Fourteen days the compensation shall be allowed from
the date of the disability.
(b) Maximum rate of compensation.
(1) Compensation for disability or death (other than compensation for
death required by this Act to be paid in a lump sum) shall not exceed an amount
equal to 200 per centum of the applicable national average weekly wage, as
determined by the Secretary under paragraph (3).
(2) Compensation for total disability shall not be less than 50 per
centum of the applicable national average weekly wage determined by the
Secretary under paragraph (3), except that if the employee's average weekly
wages as computed under section 10 are less than 50 per centum of such national
average weekly wage, he shall receive his average weekly wages as compensation
for total disability.
(3) As soon as practicable after June 30 of each year, and in any event
prior to October 1 of such year, the Secretary shall determine the national
average weekly wage for the three consecutive calendar quarters ending June 30.
Such determination shall be the applicable national average weekly wage for the
period beginning with October 1 of that year and ending with September 30 of
the next year. The initial determination under this paragraph shall be made as
soon as practicable after the enactment of this subsection.
(c) Applicability of determinations. Determinations under subsection
(b)(3) with respect to a period shall apply to employees or survivors currently
receiving compensation for permanent total disability or death benefits during
such period, as well as those newly awarded compensation during such period.
(d) [Redesignated]
§ 907. Medical services and supplies
(a) General requirement. The employer shall furnish such medical,
surgical, and other attendance or treatment, nurse and hospital service,
medicine, crutches, and apparatus, for such period as the nature of the injury
or the process of recovery may require.
(b) Physician selection; administrative supervision; change of
physicians and hospitals. The employee shall have the right to choose an
attending physician authorized by the Secretary to provide medical care under
this Act as hereinafter provided. If, due to the nature of the injury, the
employee is unable to select his physician and the nature of the injury
requires immediate medical treatment and care, the employer shall select a
physician for him. The Secretary shall actively supervise the medical care
rendered to injured employees, shall require periodic reports as to the medical
care being rendered to injured employees, shall have authority to determine the
necessity, character, and sufficiency of any medical aid furnished or to be
furnished, and may, on his own initiative or at the request of the employer,
order a change of physicians or hospitals when in his judgment such change is
desirable or necessary in the interest of the employee or where the charges
exceed those prevailing within the community for the same or similar services
or exceed the provider's customary charges. Change of physicians at the request
of employees shall be permitted in accordance with regulations of the
Secretary.
(c) List of unauthorized physicians and health care providers; posting;
reasons for inclusion.
(1) (A) The Secretary shall annually prepare a list of physicians and
health care providers in each compensation district who are not authorized to
render medical care or provide medical services under this Act. The names of
physicians and health care providers contained on the list required under this
subparagraph shall be made available to employees and employers in each
compensation district through posting and in such other forms as the Secretary
may prescribe.
(B) Physicians and health care providers shall be included on the list
of those not authorized to provide medical care and medical services pursuant
to subparagraph (A) when the Secretary determines under this section, in
accordance with the procedures provided in subsection (j), that such physician
or health care provider
(i) has knowingly and willfully made, or caused to be made, any false
statement or misrepresentation of a material fact for use in a claim for
compensation or claim for reimbursement of medical expenses under this Act;
(ii) has knowingly and willfully submitted, or caused to be
submitted, a bill or request for payment under this Act containing a charge
which the Secretary finds to be substantially in excess of the charge for the
service, appliance, or supply prevailing within the community or in excess of
the provider's customary charges, unless the Secretary finds there is good
cause for the bill or request containing the charge;
(iii) has knowingly and willfully furnished a service, appliance, or
supply which is determined by the Secretary to be substantially in excess of
the need of the recipient thereof or to be of a quality which substantially
fails to meet professionally recognized standards;
(iv) has been convicted under any criminal statute (without regard to
pending appeal thereof) for fraudulent activities in connection with any
Federal or State program for which payments are made to physicians or providers
of similar services, appliances, or supplies; or
(v) has otherwise been excluded from participation in such program.
(C) Medical services provided by physicians or health care providers
who are named on the list published by the Secretary pursuant to subparagraph
(A) of this section shall not be reimbursable under this Act; except that the
Secretary shall direct the reimbursement of medical claims for services
rendered by such physicians or health care providers in cases where the
services were rendered in an emergency.
(D) A determination under subparagraph (B) shall remain in effect for a
period of not less than three years and until the Secretary finds and gives
notice to the public that there is reasonable assurance that the basis for the
determination will not reoccur.
(E) A provider of a service, appliance, or supply shall provide to the
Secretary such information and certification as the Secretary may require to
assure that this subsection is enforced.
(2) Whenever the employer or carrier acquires knowledge of the
employee's injury, through written notice or otherwise as prescribed by the
Act, the employer or carrier shall forthwith authorize medical treatment and
care from a physician selected by an employee pursuant to subsection (b). An
employee may not select a physician who is on the list required by paragraph
(1) of this subsection. An employee may not change physicians after his initial
choice unless the employer, carrier, or deputy commissioner has given prior
consent for such change. Such consent shall be given in cases where an
employee's initial choice was not of a specialist whose services are necessary
for and appropriate to the proper care and treatment of the compensable injury
or disease. In all other cases, consent may be given upon a showing of good
cause for change.
(d) Request of treatment or services prerequisite to recovery of
expenses; formal report of injury and treatment; suspension of compensation for
refusal of treatment or examination; justification.
(1) An employee shall not be entitled to recover any amount expended by
him for medical or other treatment or services unless
(A) the employer shall have refused or neglected a request to furnish
such services and the employee has complied with subsections (b) and (c) and
the applicable regulations; or
(B) the nature of the injury required such treatment and services and
the employer or his superintendent or foreman having knowledge of such injury
shall have neglected to provide or authorize same.
(2) No claim for medical or surgical treatment shall be valid and
enforceable against such employer unless, within ten days following the first
treatment, the physician giving such treatment furnishes to the employer and
the deputy commissioner a report of such injury or treatment, on a form
prescribed by the Secretary. The Secretary may excuse the failure to furnish
such report within the ten-day period whenever he finds it to be in the
interest of justice to do so.
(3) The Secretary may, upon application by a party in interest, make an
award for the reasonable value of such medical or surgical treatment so
obtained by the employee.
(4) If at any time the employee unreasonably refuses to submit to
medical or surgical treatment, or to an examination by a physician selected by
the employer, the Secretary or administrative law judge may, by order, suspend
the payment of further compensation during such time as such refusal continues,
and no compensation shall be paid at any time during the period of such
suspension, unless the circumstances justified the refusal.
(e) Physical examination; medical questions; report of physical
impairment; review or reexamination; costs. In the event that medical questions
are raised in any case, the Secretary shall have the power to cause the
employee to be examined by a physician employed or selected by the Secretary
and to obtain from such physician a report containing his estimate of the
employee's physical impairment and such other information as may be
appropriate. Any party who is dissatisfied with such report may request a
review or reexamination of the employee by one or more different physicians
employed or selected by the Secretary. The Secretary shall order such review or
reexamination unless he finds that it is clearly unwarranted. Such review or
reexamination shall be completed within two weeks from the date ordered unless
the Secretary finds that because of extraordinary circumstances a longer period
is required. The Secretary shall have the power in his discretion to charge the
cost of examination or review under this subsection to the employer, if he is a
self-insurer, or to the insurance company which is carrying the risk, in
appropriate cases, or to the special fund in section 44 [33 USC § 944].
(f) Place of examination; exclusion of physicians other than examining
physician of Secretary; good cause for conclusions of other physicians
respecting impairment; examination by employer's physician; suspension of
proceedings and compensation for refusal of examination. An employee shall
submit to a physical examination under subsection (e) at such place as the
Secretary may require. The place, or places, shall be designated by the
Secretary and shall be reasonably convenient for the employee. No physician
selected by the employer, carrier, or employee shall be present at or
participate in any manner in such examination, nor shall conclusions of such
physicians as to the nature or extent of impairment or the cause of impairment
be available to the examining physician unless otherwise ordered, for good
cause, by the Secretary. Such employer or carrier shall, upon request, be
entitled to have the employee examined immediately thereafter and upon the same
premises by a qualified physician or physicians in the presence of such
physician as the employee may select, if any. Proceedings shall be suspended
and no compensation shall be payable for any period during which the employee
may refuse to submit to examination.
(g) Fees and charges for examinations, treatment, or service;
limitation; regulations. All fees and other charges for medical examinations,
treatment, or service shall be limited to such charges as prevail in the
community for such treatment, and shall be subject to regulation by the
Secretary. The Secretary shall issue regulations limiting the nature and extent
of medical expenses chargeable against the employer without authorization by
the employer or the Secretary.
(h) Third party liability The liability of an employer for medical
treatment as herein provided shall not be affected by the fact that his
employee was injured through the fault or negligence of a third party not in
the same employ, or that suit has been brought against such third party. The
employer shall, however, have a cause of action against such third party to
recover any amounts paid by him for such medical treatment in like manner as
provided in section 33(b) of this Act [33 USC § 933(b)].
(i) Physicians' ineligibility for subsection (e) physical examinations
and reviews because of workmen's compensation claim employment or fee
acceptance or participation. Unless the parties to the claim agree, the
Secretary shall not employ or select any physician for the purpose of making
examinations or reviews under subsection (e) of this section who, during such
employment, or during the period of two years prior to such employment, has
been employed by, or accepted or participated in any fee relating to a
workmen's compensation claim from any insurance carrier or any self-insurer.
(j) Rules and regulations; notice of findings; hearing; judicial
review.
(1) The Secretary shall have the authority to make rules and
regulations and to establish procedures, not inconsistent with the provisions
of this Act, which are necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of
subsection (c), including the nature and extent of the proof and evidence
necessary for actions under this section and the methods of taking and
furnishing such proof and evidence.
(2) Any decision to take action with respect to a physician or health
care provider under this section shall be based on specific findings of fact by
the Secretary. The Secretary shall provide notice of these findings and an
opportunity for a hearing pursuant to section 556 of title 5, United States
Code [5 USC § 556], for a provider who would be affected by a decision
under this section. A request for a hearing must be filed with the Secretary
within thirty days after notice of the findings is received by the provider
making such request. If a hearing is held, the Secretary shall, on the basis of
evidence adduced at the hearing, affirm, modify, or reverse the findings of
fact and proposed action under this section.
(3) For the purpose of any hearing, investigation, or other proceeding
authorized or directed under this section, the provisions of section 9 and 10
(relating to the attendance of witnesses and the production of books, papers,
and documents) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 49, 50) [15 USC
§§ 49, 50] shall apply to the jurisdiction, powers, and duties of the
Secretary or any officer designated by him.
(4) Any physician or health care provider, after any final decision of
the Secretary made after a hearing to which he was a party, irrespective of the
amount in controversy, may obtain a review of such decision by a civil action
commenced within sixty days after the mailing to him of notice of such
decision, but the pendency of such review shall not operate as a stay upon the
effect of such decision. Such action shall be brought in the court of appeals
of the United States for the judicial circuit in which the plaintiff resides or
has his principal place of business, or the Court of Appeals for the District
of Columbia. As part of his answer, the Secretary shall file a certified copy
of the transcript of the record of the hearing, including all evidence
submitted in connection therewith. The findings of fact of the Secretary, if
based on substantial evidence in the record as a whole, shall be conclusive.
(k) No loss or diminution of benefits for reliance on prayer or
spiritual treatment; physical examination not excepted.
(1) Nothing in this Act prevents an employee whose injury or disability
has been established under this Act from relying in good faith on treatment by
prayer or spiritual means alone, in accordance with the tenets and practice of
a recognized church or religious denomination, by an accredited practitioner of
such recognized church or religious denomination, and on nursing services
rendered in accordance with such tenets and practice, without suffering loss or
diminution of the compensation or benefits under this Act. Nothing in this
subsection shall be construed to except an employee from all physical
examinations required by this Act.
(2) If an employee refuses to submit to medical or surgical services
solely because, in adherence to the tenets and practice of a recognized church
or religious denomination, the employee relies upon prayer or spiritual means
alone for healing, such employee shall not be considered to have unreasonably
refused medical or surgical treatment under subsection (d).
§ 908. Compensation for disability
Compensation for disability shall be paid to the employee as follows:
(a) Permanent total disability: In case of total disability adjudged to
be permanent 66 2/3 per centum of the average weekly wages shall be paid to the
employee during the continuance of such total disability. Loss of both hands,
or both arms, or both feet, or both legs or both eyes, or of any two thereof
shall, in the absence of conclusive proof to the contrary, constitute permanent
total disability. In all other cases permanent total disability shall be
determined in accordance with the facts.
(b) Temporary total disability: In case of disability total in
character but temporary in quality 66 2/3 per centum of the average weekly
wages shall be paid to the employee during the continuance thereof.
(c) Permanent partial disability: In case of disability partial in
character but permanent in quality the compensation shall be 66 2/3 per centum
of the average weekly wages, which shall be in addition to compensation for
temporary total disability or temporary partial disability paid in accordance
with subdivision (b) or subdivision (e) of this section, respectively, and
shall be paid to the employee, as follows:
(1) Arm lost, three hundred and twelve weeks' compensation.
(2) Leg lost, two hundred and eighty-eight weeks' compensation.
(3) Hand lost, two hundred and forty-four weeks' compensation.
(4) Foot lost, two hundred and five weeks' compensation.
(5) Eye lost, one hundred and sixty weeks' compensation.
(6) Thumb lost, seventy-five weeks' compensation.
(7) First finger lost, forty-six weeks' compensation.
(8) Great toe lost, thirty-eight weeks' compensation.
(9) Second finger lost, thirty weeks' compensation.
(10) Third finger lost, twenty-five weeks' compensation.
(11) Toe other than great toe lost, sixteen weeks' compensation.
(12) Fourth finger lost, fifteen weeks' compensation.
(13) Loss of hearing:
(A) Compensation for loss of hearing in one ear, fifty-two weeks.
(B) Compensation for loss of hearing in both ears, two-hundred weeks.
(C) An audiogram shall be presumptive evidence of the amount of hearing
loss sustained as of the date thereof, only if (i) such audiogram was
administered by a licensed or certified audiologist or a physician who is
certified in otolaryngology, (ii) such audiogram, with the report thereon, was
provided to the employee at the time it was administered, and (iii) no contrary
audiogram made at that time is produced.
(D) The time for filing a notice of injury, under section 12 of this
Act [33 USC § 912], or a claim for compensation, under section 13 of this
Act [33 USC § 913], shall not begin to run in connection with any claim
for loss of hearing under this section, until the employee has received an
audiogram, with the accompanying report thereon, which indicates that the
employee has suffered a loss of hearing.
(E) Determinations of loss of hearing shall be made in accordance with
the guides for the evaluation of permanent impairment as promulgated and
modified from time to time by the American Medical Association.
(14) Phalanges: Compensation for loss of more than one phalange of a
digit shall be the same as for loss of the entire digit. Compensation for loss
of the first phalange shall be one-half of the compensation for loss of the
entire digit.
(15) Amputated arm or leg: Compensation for an arm or a leg, if
amputated at or above the elbow or the knee, shall be the same as for a loss of
the arm or leg; but, if amputated between the elbow and the wrist or the knee
and the ankle, shall be the same as for loss of a hand or foot.
(16) Binocular vision or per centum of vision: Compensation for loss of
binocular vision or for 80 per centum or more of the vision of an eye shall be
the same as for loss of the eye.
(17) Two or more digits: Compensation for loss of two or more digits,
or one or more phalanges of two or more digits, of a hand or foot may be
proportioned to the loss of use of the hand or foot occasioned thereby, but
shall not exceed the compensation for loss of a hand or foot.
(18) Total loss of use: Compensation for permanent total loss of use of
a member shall be the same as for loss of the member.
(19) Partial loss or partial loss of use: Compensation for permanent
partial loss or loss of use of a member may be for proportionate loss or loss
of use of the member.
(20) Disfigurement: Proper and equitable compensation not to exceed $
7,500 shall be awarded for serious disfigurement of the face, head, or neck or
of other normally exposed areas likely to handicap the employee in securing or
maintaining employment.
(21) Other cases: In all other cases in the class of disability, the
compensation shall be 66 2/3 per centum of the difference between the average
weekly wages of the employee and the employee's wage-earning capacity
thereafter in the same employment or otherwise, payable during the continuance
of partial disability.
(22) In any case in which there shall be a loss of, or loss of use of,
more than one member or parts of more than one member set forth in paragraphs
(1) to (19) of this subdivision, not amounting to permanent total disability,
the award of compensation shall be for the loss of, or loss of use of, each
such member or part thereof, which awards shall run consecutively, except that
where the injury affects only two or more digits of the same hand or foot,
paragraph (17) of this subdivision shall apply.
(23) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) through (22), with respect to a
claim for permanent partial disability for which the average weekly wages are
determined under section 10(d)(2) [33 USC § 910(d)(2)], the compensation
shall be 66 2/3 per centum of such average weekly wages multiplied by the
percentage of permanent impairment, as determined under the guides referred to
in section 2(10) [33 USC § 902(10)], payable during the continuance of
such impairment.
(d)(1) If an employee who is receiving compensation for permanent
partial disability pursuant to section 8(c)(1)(20) [subsec. (c)(1)(20) of
this section] dies from causes other than the injury, the total amount of the
award unpaid at the time of death shall be payable to or for the benefit of his
survivors, as follows:
(A) if the employee is survived only by a widow or widower, such
unpaid amount of the award shall be payable to such widow or widower,
(B) if the employee is survived only by a child or children, such
unpaid amount of the award shall be paid to such child or children in equal
shares,
(C) if the employee is survived by a widow or widower and a child or
children, such unpaid amount of the award shall be payable to such survivors in
equal shares,
(D) if there be no widow or widower and no surviving child or
children, such unpaid amount of the award shall be paid to the survivors
specified in section 9(d) [33 USC § 909(d)] (other than a wife, husband,
or child); and the amount to be paid each such survivor shall be determined by
multiplying such unpaid amount of the award by the appropriate percentage
specified in section 9(d) [33 USC § 909(d)], but if the aggregate amount
to which all such survivors are entitled, as so determined, is less than such
unpaid amount of the award, the excess amount shall be divided among such
survivors pro rata according to the amount otherwise payable to each under this
subparagraph.
(2) Notwithstanding any other limitation in section 9 [33 USC §
909], the total amount of any award for permanent partial disability pursuant
to section 8(c)(1)(20) of [subsec. (c)(1)(20) of this section] unpaid at
time of death shall be payable in full in the appropriate distribution.
(3) An award for disability may be made after the death of the injured
employee. Except where compensation is payable under section 8(c)(21)
[subsec.(c)(21) of this section], if there be no survivors as prescribed in
this section, then the compensation payable under this subsection shall be paid
to the special fund established under section 44(a) of this Act [33 USC §
944(a)].
(4) [Redesignated]
(e) Temporary partial disability: In case of temporary partial
disability resulting in decrease of earning capacity the compensation shall be
two-thirds of the difference between the injured employee's average weekly
wages before the injury and his wage-earning capacity after the injury in the
same or another employment, to be paid during the continuance of such
disability, but shall not be paid for a period exceeding five years.
(f) Injury increasing disability:
(1) In any case in which an employee having an existing permanent
partial disability suffers injury, the employer shall provide compensation for
such disability as is found to be attributable to that injury based upon the
average weekly wages of the employee at the time of the injury. If following an
injury falling within the provisions of section 8(c)(1)-(20) [subsec.
(c)(1)-(20) of this section], the employee is totally and permanently disabled,
and the disability is found not to be due solely to that injury, the employer
shall provide compensation for the applicable prescribed period of weeks
provided for in that section for the subsequent injury, or for one hundred and
four weeks, whichever is the greater, except that, in the case of an injury
falling within the provisions of section 8(c)(13) [subsec. (c)(13) of this
section], the employer shall provide compensation for the lesser of such
periods. In all other cases of total permanent disability or of death, found
not to be due solely to that injury, of an employee having an existing
permanent partial disability, the employer shall provide in addition to
compensation under paragraphs (b) and (e) of this section, compensation
payments or death benefits for one hundred and four weeks only. If following an
injury falling within the provisions of 8(c)(1)-(20) [subsec. (c)(1)-(20) of
this section], the employee has a permanent partial disability and the
disability is found not to be due solely to that injury, and such disability is
materially and substantially greater than that which would have resulted from
the subsequent injury alone, the employer shall provide compensation for the
applicable period of weeks provided for in that section for the subsequent
injury, or for one hundred and four weeks, whichever is the greater, except
that, in the case of an injury falling within the provisions of section
8(c)(13) [subsec. (c)(13) of this section], the employer shall provide
compensation for the lesser of such periods. In all other cases in which the
employee has a permanent partial disability, found not to be due solely to that
injury, and such disability is materially and substantially greater than that
which would have resulted from the subsequent injury alone, the employer shall
provide in addition to compensation under paragraphs (b) and (e) of this
section, compensation for one hundred and four weeks only.
(2)(A) After cessation of the payments for the period of weeks provided
for herein, the employee or his survivor entitled to benefits shall be paid the
remainder of the compensation that would be due out of the special fund
established in section 44 [33 USC § 944], except that the special fund
shall not assume responsibility with respect to such benefits (and such
payments shall not be subject to cessation) in the case of any employer who
fails to comply with section 32(a) [33 USC § 932(a)].
(B) After cessation of payments for the period of weeks provided for in
this subsection, the employer or carrier responsible for payment of
compensation shall remain a party to the claim, retain access to all records
relating to the claim, and in all other respects retain all rights granted
under this Act prior to cessation of such payments.
(3) Any request, filed after the date of enactment of the Longshore and
Harbor Workers' Compensation Amendments of 1984 [enacted Sept. 28, 1984], for
apportionment of liability to the special fund established under section 44 of
this Act [33 USC § 944] for the payment of compensation benefits, and a
statement of the grounds therefore, shall be presented to the deputy
commissioner prior to the consideration of the claim by the deputy
commissioner. Failure to present such request prior to such consideration shall
be an absolute defense to the special fund's liability for the payment of any
benefits in connection with such claim, unless the employer could not have
reasonably anticipated the liability of the special fund prior to the issuance
of a compensation order.
(g) Maintenance for employees undergoing vocational rehabilitation: An
employee who as a result of injury is or may be expected to be totally or
partially incapacitated for a remunerative occupation and who, under the
direction of the Secretary as provided by section 39(c) of this Act [33 USC
§ 939(c)], is being rendered fit to engage in a remunerative occupation,
shall receive additional compensation necessary for his maintenance, but such
additional compensation shall not exceed $ 25 a week. The expense shall be paid
out of the special fund established in section 44 [33 USC § 944].
(h) The wage-earning capacity of an injured employee in cases of
partial disability under subdivision (c)(21) of this section or under
subdivision (e) of this section shall be determined by his actual earnings if
such actual earnings fairly and reasonably represent his wage-earning capacity:
Provided, however, That if the employee has no actual earnings or his actual
earnings do not fairly and reasonably represent his wage-earning capacity, the
deputy commissioner may, in the interest of justice, fix such wage-earning
capacity as shall be reasonable, having due regard to the nature of his injury,
the degree of physical impairment, his usual employment, and any other factors
or circumstances in the case which may affect his capacity to earn wages in his
disabled condition, including the effect of disability as it may naturally
extend into the future.
(i)(1) Whenever the parties to any claim for compensation under this
Act, including survivors benefits, agree to a settlement, the deputy
commissioner or administrative law judge shall approve the settlement within
thirty days unless it is found to be inadequate or procured by duress. Such
settlement may include future medical benefits if the parties so agree. No
liability of any employer, carrier, or both for medical, disability, or death
benefits shall be discharged unless the application for settlement is approved
by the deputy commissioner or administrative law judge. If the parties to the
settlement are represented by counsel, then agreements shall be deemed approved
unless specifically disapproved within thirty days after submission for
approval.
(2) If the deputy commissioner disapproves an application for
settlement under paragraph (1), the deputy commissioner shall issue a written
statement within thirty days containing the reasons for disapproval. Any party
to the settlement may request a hearing before an administrative law judge in
the manner prescribed by this Act. Following such hearing, the administrative
law judge shall enter an order approving or rejecting the settlement.
(3) A settlement approved under this section shall discharge the
liability of the employer or carrier, or both. Settlements may be agreed upon
at any stage of the proceeding including after entry of a final compensation
order.
(4) The special fund shall not be liable for reimbursement of any sums
paid or payable to an employee or any beneficiary under such settlement, or
otherwise voluntarily paid prior to such settlement by the employer or carrier,
or both.
(j)(1) The employer may inform a disabled employee of his obligation to
report to the employer not less than semiannually any earnings from employment
or self-employment, on such forms as the Secretary shall specify in
regulations.
(2) An employee who
(A) fails to report the employee's earnings under paragraph (1) when
requested, or
(B) knowingly and willfully omits or understates any part of such
earnings, and who is determined by the deputy commissioner to have violated
clause (A) or (B) of this paragraph, forfeits his right to compensation with
respect to any period during which the employee was required to file such
report.
(3) Compensation forfeited under this subsection, if already paid,
shall be recovered by a deduction from the compensation payable to the employee
in any amount and on such schedule as determined by the deputy commissioner.
§ 909. Compensation for death
If the injury causes death, the compensation therefore shall be known
as a death benefit and shall be payable in the amount and to or for the benefit
of the persons following:
(a) Reasonable funeral expenses not exceeding $ 3,000.
(b) If there be a widow or widower and no child of the deceased, to
such widow or widower 50 per centum of the average wages of the deceased,
during widowhood, or dependent widowerhood, with two years' compensation in one
sum upon remarriage; and if there be a surviving child or children of the
deceased, the additional amount of 16 2/3 per centum of such wages for each
such child; in case of the death or remarriage of such widow or widower, if
there be one surviving child of the deceased employee, such child shall have
his compensation increased to 50 per centum of such wages, and if there be more
than one surviving child of the deceased employee, to such children, in equal
parts, 50 per centum of such wages increased by 16 2/3 per centum of such wages
for each child in excess of one: Provided, That the total amount payable shall
in no case exceed 66 2/3 per centum of such wages. The deputy commissioner
having jurisdiction over the claim may, in his discretion, require the
appointment of a guardian for the purpose of receiving the compensation of a
minor child. In the absence of such a requirement the appointment of a guardian
for such purposes shall not be necessary.
(c) If there be one surviving child of the deceased, but no widow or
widower, then for the support of such child 50 per centum of the wages of the
deceased; and if there be more than one surviving child of the deceased, but no
widow or dependent husband, then for the support of such children, in equal
parts 50 per centum of such wages increased by 16 2/3 per centum of such wages
for each child in excess of one: Provided, That the total amount payable shall
in no case exceed 66 2/3 per centum of such wages.
(d) If there be no widow or widower or child, or if the amount payable
to a widow or widower and to children shall be less in the aggregate than 66
2/3 per centum of the average wages of the deceased; then for the support of
grandchildren or brothers and sisters, if dependent upon the deceased at the
time of the injury, and any other persons who satisfy the definition of the
term "dependent" in section 152 of title 26 of the United States Code [26 USC
§ 152], but are not otherwise eligible under this section, 20 per centum
of such wages for the support of each such person during such dependency and
for the support of each parent, or grandparent, of the deceased if dependent
upon him at the time of the injury, 25 per centum of such wages during such
dependency. But in no case shall the aggregate amount payable under this
subdivision exceed the difference between 66 2/3 per centum of such wages and
the amount payable as hereinbefore provided to widow or widower and for the
support of surviving child or children.
(e) In computing death benefits, the average weekly wages of the
deceased shall not be less than the national average weekly wage as prescribed
in section 6(b) [33 USC § 906(b)], but
(1) the total weekly benefits shall not exceed the lesser of the
average weekly wages of the deceased or the benefit which the deceased employee
would have been eligible to receive under section 6(b)(1) [33 USC §
906(b)(1)]; and
(2) in the case of a claim based on death due to an occupational
disease for which the time of injury (as determined under section 10(i) [33 USC
§ 910(i)] occurs after the employee has retired, the total weekly benefits
shall not exceed one fifty-second part of the employee's average annual
earnings during the 52-week period preceding retirement.
(f) All questions of dependency shall be determined as of the time of
the injury.
(g) Aliens: Compensation under this chapter [this Act] to aliens not
residents (or about to become nonresidents) of the United States or Canada
shall be the same in amount as provided for residents, except that dependents
in any foreign country shall be limited to surviving wife and child or
children, or if there be no surviving wife or child or children, to surviving
father or mother whom the employee has supported, either wholly or in part, for
the period of one year prior to the date of the injury, and except that the
commission [Secretary of Labor] may, at its option or upon the application of
the insurance carrier shall, commute all future installments of compensation to
be paid to such aliens by paying or causing to be paid to them one-half of the
commuted amount of such future installments of compensation as determined by
the commission [Secretary of Labor].
§ 910. Determination of pay
Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the average weekly wage of
the injured employee at the time of the injury shall be taken as the basis upon
which to compute compensation and shall be determined as follows:
(a) If the injured employee shall have worked in the employment in
which he was working at the time of the injury, whether for the same or another
employer, during substantially the whole of the year immediately preceding his
injury, his average annual earnings shall consist of three hundred times the
average daily wage or salary for a six-day worker and two hundred and sixty
times the average daily wage or salary for a five-day worker, which he shall
have earned in such employment during the days when so employed.
(b) If the injured employee shall not have worked in such employment
during substantially the whole of such year, his average annual earnings, if a
six-day worker, shall consist of three hundred times the average daily wage or
salary, and, if a five-day worker, two hundred and sixty times the average
daily wage or salary, which an employee of the same class working substantially
the whole of such immediately preceding year in the same or in similar
employment in the same or a neighboring place shall have earned in such
employment during the days when so employed.
(c) If either of the foregoing methods of arriving at the average
annual earnings of the injured employee can not reasonably and fairly be
applied, such average annual earnings shall be such sum as, having regard to
the previous earnings of the injured employee in the employment in which he was
working at the time of the injury, and of other employees of the same or most
similar class working in the same or most similar employment in the same or
neighboring locality, or other employment of such employee, including the
reasonable value of the services of the employee if engaged in self-employment,
shall reasonably represent the annual earning capacity of the injured employee.
(d)(1) The average weekly wages of an employee shall be one
fifty-second part of his average annual earnings.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), with respect to any claim based on a
death or disability due to an occupational disease for which the time of injury
(as determined under subsection (i)) occurs
(A) within the first year after the employee has retired, the average
weekly wages shall be one fifty-second part of his average annual earnings
during the 52-week period preceding retirement; or
(B) more than one year after the employee has retired, the average
weekly wage shall be deemed to be the national average weekly wage (as
determined by the Secretary pursuant to section 6(b) [33 USC § 906(b)])
applicable at the time of the injury.
(e) If it be established that the injured employee was a minor when
injured, and that under normal conditions his wages should be expected to
increase during the period of disability the fact may be considered in arriving
at his average weekly wages.
(f) Effective October 1 of each year, the compensation or death
benefits payable for permanent total disability or death arising out of
injuries subject to this Act shall be increased by the lesser of
(1) a percentage equal to the percentage (if any) by which the
applicable national weekly wage for the period beginning on such October 1, as
determined under section 6(b) [33 USC § 906(b)], exceeds the applicable
national average weekly wage, as so determined, for the period beginning with
the preceding October 1; or
(2) 5 per centum.
(g) The weekly compensation after adjustment under subsection (f) shall
be fixed at the nearest dollar. No adjustment of less than $ 1 shall be made,
but in no event shall compensation or death benefits be reduced.
(h)(1) Not later than ninety days after the date of enactment of this
subsection [Oct. 27, 1972], the compensation to which an employee or his
survivor is entitled due to total permanent disability or death which commenced
or occurred prior to enactment of this subsection shall be adjusted. The amount
of such adjustment shall be determined in accordance with regulations of the
Secretary by designating as the employee's average weekly wage the applicable
national average weekly wage determined under section 6(b) [33 USC §
906(b)] and (A) computing the compensation to which such employee or survivor
would be entitled if the disabling injury or death had occurred on the day
following such enactment date and (B) subtracting therefrom the compensation to
which such employee or survivor was entitled on such enactment date; except
that no such employee or survivor shall receive total compensation amounting to
less than that to which he was entitled on such enactment date. Notwithstanding
the foregoing sentence, where such an employee or his survivor was awarded
compensation as the result of death or permanent total disability at less than
the maximum rate that was provided in this Act at the time of the injury which
resulted in the death or disability, then his average weekly wage shall be
determined by increasing his average weekly wage at the time of such injury by
the percentage which the applicable national average weekly wage has increased
between the year in which the injury occurred and the first day of the first
month following the enactment of this section [enacted Oct. 27, 1972]. Where
such injury occurred prior to 1947, the Secretary shall determine, on the basis
of such economic data as he deems relevant, the amount by which the employee's
average weekly wage shall be increased for the pre-1947 period.
(2) Fifty per centum of any additional compensation or death benefit
paid as a result of the adjustment required by paragraphs (1) and (3) of this
subsection shall be paid out of the special fund established under section 44
of this Act [33 USC § 944], and 50 per centum shall be paid from
appropriations.
(3) For the purposes of subsections (f) and (g) an injury which
resulted in permanent total disability or death which occurred prior to the
date of enactment of this subsection shall be considered to have occurred on
the day following such enactment date.
(i) For purposes of this section with respect to a claim for
compensation for death or disability due to an occupational disease which does
not immediately result in death or disability, the time of injury shall be
deemed to be the date on which the employee or claimant becomes aware, or in
the exercise of reasonable diligence or by reason of medical advice should have
been aware, of the relationship between the employment, the disease, and the
death or disability.
§ 911. Guardian for minor or incompetent
The deputy commissioner may require the appointment by a court of
competent jurisdiction, for any person who is mentally incompetent or a minor,
of a guardian or other representative to receive compensation payable to such
person under this Act and to exercise the powers granted to or to perform the
duties required of such person under this Act.
§ 912. Notice of injury or death
(a) Time limitation; to whom notice given. Notice of an injury or death
in respect of which compensation is payable under this Act shall be given
within thirty days after the date of such injury or death, or thirty days after
the employee or beneficiary is aware, or in the exercise of reasonable
diligence or by reason of medical advice should have been aware, of a
relationship between the injury or death and the employment, except that in the
case of an occupational disease which does not immediately result in a
disability or death, such notice shall be given within one year after the
employee or claimant becomes aware, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence
or by reason of medical advice should have been aware, of the relationship
between the employment, the disease, and the death or disability. Notice shall
be given (1) to the deputy commissioner in the compensation district in which
the injury or death occurred, and (2) to the employer.
(b) Form and content. Such notice shall be in writing, shall contain
the name and address of the employee and a statement of the time, place,
nature, and cause of the injury or death, and shall be signed by the employee
or by some person on his behalf, or in case of death, by any person claiming to
be entitled to compensation for such death or by a person on his behalf.
(c) Delivery requirements; designation of agents. Notice shall be given
to the deputy commissioner by delivering it to him or sending it by mail
addressed to his office, and to the employer by delivering it to him or by
sending it by mail addressed to him at his last known place of business. If the
employer is a partnership, such notice may be given to any partner, or if a
corporation, such notice may be given to any agent or officer thereof upon whom
legal process may be served or who is in charge of the business in the place
where the injury occurred. Each employer shall designate those agents or other
responsible officials to receive such notice, except that the employer shall
designate as its representatives individuals among first line supervisors,
local plant management, and personnel office officials. Such designations shall
be made in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary and the
employer shall notify his employees and the Secretary of such designation in a
manner prescribed by the Secretary in regulations.
(d) Failure to give notice. Failure to give such notice shall not bar
any claim under this Act (1) if the employer (or his agent or agents or other
responsible official or officials designated by the employer pursuant to
subsection (c)) or the carrier had knowledge of the injury or death, (2) the
deputy commissioner determines that the employer or carrier has not been
prejudiced by failure to give such notice, or (3) if the deputy commissioner
excuses such failure on the ground that (i) notice, while not given to a
responsible official designated by the employer pursuant to subsection (c) of
this section, was given to an official of the employer or the employer's
insurance carrier, and that the employer or carrier was not prejudiced due to
the failure to provide notice to a responsible official designated by the
employer pursuant to subsection (c), or (ii) for some satisfactory reason such
notice could not be given; nor unless objection to such failure is raised
before the deputy commissioner at the first hearing of a claim for compensation
in respect of such injury or death.
§ 913. Filing of claims
(a) Time to file. Except as otherwise provided in this section, the
right to compensation for disability or death under this Act shall be barred
unless a claim therefore is filed within one year after the injury or death. If
payment of compensation has been made without an award on account of such
injury or death, a claim may be filed within one year after the date of the
last payment. Such claim shall be filed with the deputy commissioner in the
compensation district in which such injury or death occurred. The time for
filing a claim shall not begin to run until the employee or beneficiary is
aware, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have been aware, of
the relationship between the injury or death and the employment.
(b) Failure to file.
(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (a) failure to file a
claim within the period prescribed in such subdivision shall not be a bar to
such right unless objection to such failure is made at the first hearing of
such claim in which all parties in interest are given reasonable notice and
opportunity to be heard.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), a claim for
compensation for death or disability due to an occupational disease which does
not immediately result in such death or disability shall be timely if filed
within two years after the employee or claimant becomes aware, or in the
exercise of reasonable diligence or by reason of medical advice should have
been aware, of the relationship between the employment, the disease, and the
death or disability, or within one year of the date of the last payment of
compensation, whichever is later.
(c) Effect on incompetents and minors. If a person who is entitled to
compensation under this Act is mentally incompetent or a minor, the provisions
of subdivision (a) shall not be applicable so long as such person has no
guardian or other authorized representative, but shall be applicable in the
case of a person who is mentally incompetent or a minor from the date of
appointment of such guardian or other representative, or in the case of a
minor, if no guardian is appointed before he becomes of age, from the date he
becomes of age.
(d) Tolling provision. Where recovery is denied to any person, in a
suit brought at law or in admiralty to recover damages in respect of injury or
death, on the ground that such person was an employee and that the defendant
was an employer within the meaning of this Act and that such employer had
secured compensation to such employee under this Act the limitation of time
prescribed in subdivision (a) shall begin to run only from the date of
termination of such suit.
§ 914. Payment of compensation
(a) Manner of payment. Compensation under this Act shall be paid
periodically, promptly, and directly to the person entitled thereto, without an
award, except where liability to pay compensation is controverted by the
employer.
(b) Period of installment payments. The first installment of
compensation shall become due on the fourteenth day after the employer has been
notified pursuant to section 12 [33 USC § 912], or the employer has
knowledge of the injury or death, on which date all compensation then due shall
be paid. Thereafter compensation shall be paid in installments, semimonthly,
except where the deputy commissioner determines that payment in installments
should be made monthly or at some other period.
(c) Notification of commencement or suspension of payment. Upon making
the first payment, and upon suspension of payment for any cause, the employer
shall immediately notify the deputy commissioner, in accordance with a form
prescribed by the commission, that payment of compensation has begun or has
been suspended, as the case may be.
(d) Right to compensation controverted. If the employer controverts the
right to compensation he shall file with the deputy commissioner on or before
the fourteenth day after he has knowledge of the alleged injury or death, a
notice, in accordance with a form prescribed by the commission, stating that
the right to compensation is controverted, the name of the claimant, the name
of the employer, the date of the alleged injury or death, and the grounds upon
which the right to compensation is controverted.
(e) Additional compensation for overdue installment payments payable
without award. If any installment of compensation payable without an award is
not paid within fourteen days after it becomes due, as provided in subdivision
(b) of this section, there shall be added to such unpaid installment an amount
equal to 10 per centum thereof, which shall be paid at the same time as, but in
addition to, such installment, unless notice is filed under subdivision (d) of
this section, or unless such nonpayment is excused by the deputy commissioner
after a showing by the employer that owing to conditions over which he had no
control such installment could not be paid within the period prescribed for the
payment.
(f) Additional compensation for overdue installment payments payable
under terms of award. If any compensation, payable under the terms of an award,
is not paid within ten days after it becomes due, there shall be added to such
unpaid compensation an amount equal to 20 per centum thereof, which shall be
paid at the same time as, but in addition to, such compensation, unless review
of the compensation order making such award is had as provided in section 21
[33 USC § 921] and an order staying payment has been issued by the Board
or court.
(g) Notice of payment; penalty. Within sixteen days after final payment
of compensation has been made, the employer shall send to the deputy
commissioner a notice, in accordance with a form prescribed by the commission
[Secretary of Labor], stating that such final payment has been made, the total
amount of compensation paid, the name of the employee and of any other person
to whom compensation has been paid, the date of the injury or death, and the
date to which compensation has been paid. If the employer fails to so notify
the deputy commissioner within such time the commission [Secretary of Labor]
shall assess against such employer a civil penalty in the amount of $ 100.
(h) Investigations, examinations, and hearings for controverted,
stopped or suspended payments. The deputy commissioner (1) may upon his own
initiative at any time in a case in which payments are being made without an
award, and (2) shall in any case where right to compensation is controverted,
or where payments of compensation have been stopped or suspended, upon receipt
of notice from any person entitled to compensation, or from the employer, that
the right to compensation is controverted, or that payments of compensation
have been stopped or suspended, make such investigations, cause such medical
examinations to be made, or hold such hearings, and take such further action as
he considers will properly protect the rights of all parties.
(i) Deposit by employer. Whenever the deputy commissioner deems it
advisable he may require any employer to make a deposit with the Treasury of
the United States to secure the prompt and convenient payment of such
compensation, and payments therefrom upon any awards shall be made upon order
of the deputy commissioner.
(j) Reimbursement for advance payments. If the employer has made
advance payments of compensation, he shall be entitled to be reimbursed out of
any unpaid installment or installments of compensation due.
(k) Receipt for payment. An injured employee, or in case of death his
dependents or personal representative, shall give receipts for payment of
compensation to the employer paying the same and such employer shall produce
the same for inspection by the deputy commissioner, whenever required.
(l) [Redesignated]
§ 915. Invalid agreements
(a) No agreement by an employee to pay any portion of premium paid by
his employer to a carrier or to contribute to a benefit fund or department
maintained by such employer for the purpose of providing compensation or
medical services and supplies as required by this Act shall be valid, and any
employer who makes a deduction for such purpose from the pay of any employee
entitled to the benefits of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon
conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than $ 1,000.
(b) No agreement by an employee to waive his right to compensation
under this Act shall be valid.
§ 916. Assignment and exemption from claims of
creditors
No assignment, release, or commutation of compensation or benefits due
or payable under this Act, except as provided by this Act, shall be valid, and
such compensation and benefits shall be exempt from all claims of creditors and
from levy, execution, and attachment or other remedy for recovery or collection
of a debt, which exemption may not be waived.
§ 917. Compensation a lien against assets
Where a trust fund which complies with section 302(c) of the
Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947 (29 U.S.C. 186(c) [29 USC §
186(c)]) established pursuant to a collective-bargaining agreement in effect
between an employer and an employee covered under this Act has paid disability
benefits to an employee which the employee is legally obligated to repay by
reason of his entitlement to compensation under this Act or under a settlement,
the Secretary shall authorize a lien on such compensation in favor of the trust
fund for the amount of such payments.
§ 918. Collection of defaulted payments; special
fund
(a) In case of default by the employer in the payment of compensation
due under any award of compensation for a period of thirty days after the
compensation is due and payable, the person to whom such compensation is
payable may, within one year after such default, make application to the deputy
commissioner making the compensation order or [for] a supplementary order
declaring the amount of the default. After investigation, notice, and hearing,
as provided in section 19 [33 USC § 919], the deputy commissioner shall
make a supplementary order, declaring the amount of the default, which shall be
filed in the same manner as the compensation order. In case the payment in
default is an installment of the award, the deputy commissioner may, in his
discretion, declare the whole of the award as the amount in default. The
applicant may file a certified copy of such supplementary order with the clerk
of the Federal district court for the judicial district in which the employer
has his principal place of business or maintains an office, or for the judicial
district in which the injury occurred. In case such principal place of business
or office or place where the injury occurred is in the District of Columbia, a
copy of such supplementary order may be filed with the clerk of the Supreme
Court of the District of Columbia [United States District Court for the
District of Columbia]. Such supplementary order of the deputy commissioner
shall be final, and the court shall upon the filing of the copy enter judgment
for the amount declared in default by the supplementary order if such
supplementary order is in accordance with law. Review of the judgment so
entered may be had as in civil suits for damages at common law. Final
proceedings to execute the judgment may be had by writ of execution in the form
used by the court in suits at common law in actions of assumpsit. No fee shall
be required for filing the supplementary order nor for entry of judgment
thereon, and the applicant shall not be liable for costs in a proceeding for
review of the judgment unless the court shall otherwise direct. The court shall
modify such judgment to conform to any later compensation order upon
presentation of a certified copy thereof to the court.
(b) In cases where judgment cannot be satisfied by reason of the
employer's insolvency or other circumstances precluding payment, the Secretary
of Labor may, in his discretion and to the extent he shall determine advisable
after consideration of current commitments payable from the special fund
established in section 44 [33 USC § 944], make payment from such fund upon
any award made under this Act and in addition, provide any necessary medical,
surgical, and other treatment required by section 7 of the Act [33 USC §
907] in any case of disability where there has been a default in furnishing
medical treatment by reason of the insolvency of the employer. Such an employer
shall be liable for payment into such fund of the amounts paid therefrom by the
Secretary of Labor under this subsection; and for the purpose of enforcing his
liability, the Secretary of Labor for the benefit of the fund shall be
subrogated to all the rights of the person receiving such payment or benefits
as against the employer and may by a proceeding in the name of the Secretary of
Labor under section 18 [33 USC § 918] or under subsection (c) of section
21 of this Act [33 USC § 921(c)], or both, seek to recover the amount of
the default or so much thereof as in the judgment of the Secretary is possible,
or the Secretary may settle and compromise any such claim.
§ 919. Procedure in respect of claims
(a) Filing of claim. Subject to the provisions of section 13 [33 USC
§ 913] a claim for compensation may be filed with the deputy commissioner
in accordance with regulations prescribed by the commission [Secretary of
Labor] at any time after the first seven days of disability following any
injury, or at any time after death, and the deputy commissioner shall have full
power and authority to hear and determine all questions in respect of such
claim.
(b) Notice of claim. Within ten days after such claim is filed the
deputy commissioner, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the
commission [Secretary of Labor], shall notify the employer and any other person
(other than the claimant), whom the deputy commissioner considers an interested
party, that a claim has been filed. Such notice may be served personally upon
the employer or other person, or sent to such employer or person by registered
mail.
(c) Investigations; order for hearing; notice; rejection or award. The
deputy commissioner shall make or cause to be made such investigations as he
considers necessary in respect of the claim, and upon application of any
interested party shall order a hearing thereon. If a hearing on such claim is
ordered the deputy commissioner shall give the claimant and other interested
parties at least ten days' notice of such hearing, served personally upon the
claimant and other interested parties or sent to such claimant and other
interested parties by registered mail or by certified mail, and shall within
twenty days after such hearing is had, by order, reject the claim or make an
award in respect of the claim. If no hearing is ordered within twenty days
after notice if given as provided in subdivision (b), the deputy commissioner
shall, by order, reject the claim or make an award in respect of the claim.
(d) Provisions governing conduct of hearing; hearing examiners.
Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Act, any hearing held under this
Act shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of section 554 of
title 5 of the United States Code [5 USC §§ 554]. Any such hearing
shall be conducted by a [an] administrative law judge qualified under section
3105 of that title [5 USC § 3105]. All powers, duties, and
responsibilities vested by this Act, on the date of enactment of the
Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act Amendments of 1972 [enacted
Oct. 27, 1972], in the deputy commissioners with respect to such hearings shall
be vested in such administrative law judges.
(e) Filing and mailing of order rejecting claim or making award. The
order rejecting the claim or making the award (referred to in this Act as a
compensation order) shall be filed in the office of the deputy commissioner,
and a copy thereof shall be sent by registered mail or by certified mail to the
claimant and to the employer at the last known address of each.
(f) Awards after death of employee. An award of compensation for
disability may be made after the death of an injured employee.
(g) Transfer of case. At any time after a claim has been filed with
him, the deputy commissioner may, with the approval of the Commission
[Secretary of Labor], transfer such case to any other deputy commissioner for
the purpose of making investigation, taking testimony, making physical
examinations or taking such other necessary action therein as may be directed.
(h) Physical examination of injured employee. An injured employee
claiming or entitled to compensation shall submit to such physical examination
by a medical officer of the United States or by a duly qualified physician
designated or approved by the commission [Secretary of Labor] as the deputy
commissioner may require. The place or places shall be reasonably convenient
for the employee. Such physician or physicians as the employee, employer, or
carrier may select and pay for may participate in an examination if the
employee, employer, or carrier so requests. Proceedings shall be suspended and
no compensation be payable for any period during which the employee may refuse
to submit to examination.
§ 920. Presumptions
In any proceeding for the enforcement of a claim for compensation under
this Act it shall be presumed, in the absence of substantial evidence to the
contrary
(a) That the claim comes within the provisions of this Act.
(b) That sufficient notice of such claim has been given.
(c) That the injury was not occasioned solely by the intoxication of
the injured employee.
(d) That the injury was not occasioned by the willful intention of the
injured employee to injure or kill himself or another.
§ 921. Review of compensation orders
(a) Effectiveness and finality of order. A compensation order shall
become effective when filed in the office of the deputy commissioner as
provided in section 19 [33 USC § 919], and, unless proceedings for the
suspension or setting aside of such order are instituted as provided in
subdivision (b) of this section, shall become final at the expiration of the
thirtieth day thereafter.
(b) Benefits Review Board; establishment; members; chairman; quorum;
voting; questions reviewable; record; conclusiveness of findings; stay of
payments; remand.
(1) There is hereby established a Benefits Review Board which shall be
composed of five members appointed by the Secretary from among individuals who
are especially qualified to serve on such Board. The Secretary shall designate
one of the members of the Board to serve as chairman. The Chairman shall have
the authority, as delegated by the Secretary, to exercise all administrative
functions necessary to operate the Board.
(2) For the purpose of carrying out its functions under this Act, three
members of the Board shall constitute a quorum and official action can be taken
only on the affirmative vote of at least three members.
(3) The Board shall be authorized to hear and determine appeals raising
a substantial question of law or fact taken by any party in interest from
decisions with respect to claims of employees under this Act and the extensions
thereof. The Board's orders shall be based upon the hearing record. The
findings of fact in the decision under review by the Board shall be conclusive
if supported by substantial evidence in the record considered as a whole. The
payment of the amounts required by an award shall not be stayed pending final
decision in any such proceeding unless ordered by the Board. No stay shall be
issued unless irreparable injury would otherwise ensue to the employer or
carrier.
(4) The Board may, on its own motion or at the request of the
Secretary, remand a case to the administrative law judge for further
appropriate action. The consent of the parties in interest shall not be a
prerequisite to a remand by the Board.
(5) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) through (4), upon application of the
Chairman of the Board, the Secretary may designate up to four Department of
Labor administrative law judges to serve on the Board temporarily, for not more
than one year. The Board is authorized to delegate to panels of three members
any or all of the powers which the Board may exercise. Each such panel shall
have no more than one temporary member. Two members shall constitute a quorum
of a panel. Official adjudicative action may be taken only on the affirmative
vote of at least two members of a panel. Any party aggrieved by a decision of a
panel of the Board may, within thirty days after the date of entry of the
decision, petition the entire permanent Board for review of the panel's
decision. Upon affirmative vote of the majority of the permanent members of the
Board, the petition shall be granted. The Board shall amend its Rules of
Practice to conform with this paragraph. Temporary members, while serving as
members of the Board, shall be compensated at the same rate of compensation as
regular members.
(c) Court of appeals; jurisdiction; persons entitled to review;
petition; record; determination and enforcement; service of process; stay of
payments. Any person adversely affected or aggrieved by a final order of the
Board may obtain a review of that order in the United States court of appeals
for the circuit in which the injury occurred, by filing in such court within
sixty days following the issuance of such Board order a written petition
praying that the order be modified or set aside. A copy of such petition shall
be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court, to the Board, and to the
other parties, and thereupon the Board shall file in the court the record in
the proceedings as provided in section 2112 of title 28, United States Code [28
USC § 2112]. Upon such filing, the court shall have jurisdiction of the
proceeding and shall have the power to give a decree affirming, modifying, or
setting aside, in whole or in part, the order of the Board and enforcing same
to the extent that such order is affirmed or modified. The orders, writs, and
processes of the court in such proceedings may run, be served, and be
returnable anywhere in the United States. The payment of the amounts required
by an award shall not be stayed pending final decision in any such proceeding
unless ordered by the court. No stay shall be issued unless irreparable injury
would otherwise ensue to the employer or carrier. The order of the court
allowing any stay shall contain a specific finding, based upon evidence
submitted to the court and identified by reference thereto, that irreparable
damage would result to the employer, and specifying the nature of the damage.
(d) District Court; jurisdiction; enforcement of orders; application of
beneficiaries of awards or deputy commissioner; process for compliance with
orders. If any employer or his officers or agents fails to comply with a
compensation order making an award, that has become final, any beneficiary of
such award or the deputy commissioner making the order, may apply for the
enforcement of the order to the Federal district court for the judicial
district in which the injury occurred (or to the United States District Court
for the District of Columbia if the injury occurred in the District). If the
court determines that the order was made and served in accordance with law, and
that such employer or his officers or agents have failed to comply therewith,
the court shall enforce obedience to the order by writ of injunction or by
other proper process, mandatory or otherwise, to enjoin upon such person and
his officers and agents compliance with the order.
(e) Institution of proceedings for suspension, setting aside, or
enforcement of compensation orders. Proceedings for suspending, setting aside,
or enforcing a compensation order, whether rejecting a claim or making an
award, shall not be instituted otherwise than as provided in this section and
section 18 [33 USC § 918].
§ 922. Modification of awards
Upon his own initiative, or upon the application of any party in
interest (including an employer or carrier which has been granted relief under
section 8(f) [33 USC § 908(f)]), on the ground of a change in conditions
or because of a mistake in a determination of fact by the deputy commissioner,
the deputy commissioner may, at any time prior to one year after the date of
the last payment of compensation, whether or not a compensation order has been
issued, or at any time prior to one year after the rejection of a claim, review
a compensation case (including a case under which payments are made pursuant to
section 44(i) [33 USC § 944(i)]) in accordance with the procedure
prescribed in respect of claims in section 19 [33 USC § 919], and in
accordance with such section issue a new compensation order which may
terminate, continue, reinstate, increase, or decrease such compensation, or
award compensation. Such new order shall not affect any compensation previously
paid, except that an award increasing the compensation rate may be made
effective from the date of the injury, and if any part of the compensation due
or to become due is unpaid, an award decreasing the compensation rate may be
made effective from the date of the injury, and any payment made prior thereto
in excess of such decreased rate shall be deducted from any unpaid
compensation, in such manner and by such method as may be determined by the
deputy commissioner with the approval of the Secretary. This section does not
authorize the modification of settlements.
§ 923. Procedure before deputy commissioner or
Board
(a) In making an investigation or inquiry or conducting a hearing the
deputy commissioner or Board shall not be bound by common law or statutory
rules of evidence or by technical or formal rules of procedure, except as
provided by this Act [33 USC §§ 901 et seq.]; but may make such
investigation or inquiry or conduct such hearing in such manner as to best
ascertain the rights of the parties. Declarations of a deceased employee
concerning the injury in respect of which the investigation or inquiry is being
made or the hearing conducted shall be received in evidence and shall, if
corroborated by other evidence, be sufficient to establish the injury.
(b) Hearings before a deputy commissioner or Board shall be open to the
public and shall be stenographically reported, and the deputy commissioners or
Board, subject to the approval of the Secretary, are authorized to contract for
the reporting of such hearings. The Secretary shall by regulation provide for
the preparation of a record of the hearings and other proceedings before the
deputy commissioners or Board.
§ 924. Witnesses
No person shall be required to attend as a witness in any proceeding
before a deputy commissioner at a place outside of the State of his residence
and more than one hundred miles from his place of residence unless his lawful
mileage and fee for one day's attendance shall be first paid or tendered to
him; but the testimony of any witness may be taken by deposition or
interrogatories according to the rules of practice of the Federal district
court for the judicial district in which the case is pending (or of the Supreme
Court of the District of Columbia [United States District Court for the
District of Columbia] if the case is pending in the District).
§ 925. Witness fees
Witnesses summoned in a proceeding before a deputy commissioner or
whose depositions are taken shall receive the same fees and mileage as
witnesses in courts of the United States.
§ 926. Costs in proceedings brought without
reasonable grounds
If the court having jurisdiction of proceedings in respect of any claim
or compensation order determines that the proceedings in respect of such claim
or order have been instituted or continued without reasonable ground, the costs
of such proceedings shall be assessed against the party who has so instituted
or continued such proceedings.
§ 927. Powers of deputy commissioners or
Board
(a) The deputy commissioner or Board shall have power to preserve and
enforce order during any such proceedings; to issue subpoenas for, to
administer oaths to, and to compel the attendance and testimony of witnesses,
or the production of books, papers, documents, and other evidence, or the
taking of depositions before any designated individual competent to administer
oaths; to examine witnesses; and to do all things conformable to law which may
be necessary to enable him effectively to discharge the duties of his office.
(b) If any person in proceedings before a deputy commissioner or Board
disobeys or resists any lawful order or process, or misbehaves during a hearing
or so near the place thereof as to obstruct the same, or neglects to produce,
after having been ordered to do so, any pertinent book, paper, or document, or
refuses to appear after having been subpoenaed, or upon appearing refuses to
take the oath as a witness, or after having taken the oath refuses to be
examined according to law, the deputy commissioner or Board shall certify the
facts to the district court having jurisdiction in the place in which he is
sitting (or to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia [United States
District Court for the District of Columbia] if he is sitting in such District)
which shall thereupon in a summary manner hear the evidence as to the acts
complained of, and, if the evidence so warrants, punish such person in the same
manner and to the same extent as for a contempt committed before the court, or
commit such person upon the same conditions as if the doing of the forbidden
act had occurred with reference to the process of or in the presence of the
court.
§ 928. Fees for services
(a) Attorney's fee; successful prosecution of case. If the employer or
carrier declines to pay any compensation on or before the thirtieth day after
receiving written notice of a claim for compensation having been filed from the
deputy commissioner, on the ground that there is no liability for compensation
within the provisions of this Act, and the person seeking benefits shall
thereafter have utilized the services of an attorney at law in the successful
prosecution of his claim, there shall be awarded, in addition to the award of
compensation, in a compensation order, a reasonable attorney's fee against the
employer or carrier in an amount approved by the deputy commissioner, Board, or
court, as the case may be, which shall be paid directly by the employer or
carrier to the attorney for the claimant in a lump sum after the compensation
order becomes final.
(b) Attorney's fee; successful prosecution for additional compensation;
independent medical evaluation of disability controversy; restriction of other
assessments. If the employer or carrier pays or tenders payment of compensation
without an award pursuant to section 14(a) and (b) of this Act [33 USC §
914(a), (b)], and thereafter a controversy develops over the amount of
additional compensation, if any, to which the employee may be entitled, the
deputy commissioner or Board shall set the matter for an informal conference
and following such conference the deputy commissioner or Board shall recommend
in writing a disposition of the controversy. If the employer or carrier refuse
to accept such written recommendation, within fourteen days after its receipt
by them, they shall pay or tender to the employee in writing the additional
compensation, if any, to which they believe the employee is entitled. If the
employee refuses to accept such payment or tender of compensation, and
thereafter utilizes the services of an attorney at law, and if the compensation
thereafter awarded is greater than the amount paid or tendered by the employer
or carrier, a reasonable attorney's fee based solely upon the difference
between the amount awarded and the amount tendered or paid shall be awarded in
addition to the amount of compensation. The foregoing sentence shall not apply
if the controversy relates to degree or length of disability, and if the
employer or carrier offers to submit the case for evaluation by physicians
employed or selected by the Secretary, as authorized in section 7(e) [33 USC
§ 907(e)] and offers to tender an amount of compensation based upon the
degree or length of disability found by the independent medical report at such
time as an evaluation of disability can be made. If the claimant is successful
in review proceedings before the Board or court in any such case an award may
be made in favor of the claimant and against the employer or carrier for a
reasonable attorney's fee for claimant's counsel in accord with the above
provisions. In all other cases any claim for legal services shall not be
assessed against the employer or carrier.
(c) Approval; payment; lien. In all cases fees for attorneys
representing the claimant shall be approved in the manner herein provided. If
any proceedings are had before the Board or any court for review of any action,
award, order, or decision, the Board or court may approve an attorney's fee for
the work done before it by the attorney for the claimant. An approved
attorney's fee, in cases in which the obligation to pay the fee is upon the
claimant, may be made a lien upon the compensation due under an award; and the
deputy commissioner, Board, or court shall fix in the award approving the fee,
such lien and manner of payment.
(d) Costs; witnesses' fees and mileage; prohibition against diminution
of compensation to claimant. In cases where an attorney's fee is awarded
against an employer or carrier there may be further assessed against such
employer or carrier as costs, fees and mileage for necessary witnesses
attending the hearing at the instance of claimant. Both the necessity for the
witness and the reasonableness of the fees of expert witnesses must be approved
by the hearing officer, the Board, or the court, as the case may be. The
amounts awarded against an employer or carrier as attorney's fees, costs, fees
and mileage for witnesses shall not in any respect affect or diminish the
compensation payable under this Act.
(e) Unapproved fees; solicitation; penalty. A person who receives a
fee, gratuity, or other consideration on account of services rendered as a
representative of a claimant, unless the consideration is approved by the
deputy commissioner, administrative law judge, Board, or court, or who makes it
a business to solicit employment for a lawyer, or for himself, with respect to
a claim or award for compensation under this Act, shall, upon conviction
thereof, for each offense be punished by a fine of not more than $ 1,000 or be
imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.
§ 929. Record of injury or death
Every employer shall keep a record in respect of any injury to an
employee. Such record shall contain such information of disease, other
disability, or death in respect of such injury as the Secretary may be
regulation require, and shall be available to inspection by the Secretary or by
any State authority at such times and under such conditions as the Secretary
may by regulation prescribe.
§ 930. Reports to Secretary
(a) Time for sending; contents; copy to deputy commissioner. Within ten
days from the date of any injury, which causes loss of one or more shifts of
work, or death or from the date that the employer has knowledge of a disease or
infection in respect of such injury, the employer shall send to the Secretary a
report setting forth (1) the name, address, and business of the employer; (2)
the name, address, and occupation of the employee; (3) the cause and nature of
the injury or death; (4) the year, month, day, and hour when and the particular
locality where the injury or death occurred; and (5) such other information as
the Secretary may require. A copy of such report shall be sent at the same time
to the deputy commissioner in the compensation district in which the injury
occurred. Notwithstanding the requirements of this subsection, each employer
shall keep a record of each and every injury regardless of whether such injury
results in the loss of one or more shifts of work.
(b) Additional reports. Additional reports in respect of such injury
and of the condition of such employee shall be sent by the employer to the
Secretary and to such deputy commissioner at such times and in such manner as
the Secretary may prescribe.
(c) Use as evidence. Any report provided for in subdivision (a) or (b)
shall not be evidence of any fact stated in such report in any proceeding in
respect of such injury or death on account of which the report is made.
(d) Compliance by mailing. The mailing of any such report and copy in a
stamped envelope, within the time prescribed in subdivisions (a) or (b), to the
Secretary and deputy commissioner, respectively, shall be a compliance with
this section.
(e) Penalty for failure or refusal to send report. Any employer,
insurance carrier, or self-insured employer who knowingly and willfully fails
or refuses to send any report required by this section or knowingly or
willfully makes a false statement or misrepresentation in any such report shall
be subject to a civil penalty not to exceed $ 10,000 for each such failure,
refusal, false statement, or misrepresentation.
(f) Tolling provision. Where the employer or the carrier has been given
notice, or the employer (or his agent in charge of the business in the place
where the injury occurred) or the carrier has knowledge, of any injury or death
of an employee and fails, neglects, or refuses to file report thereof as
required by the provisions of subdivision (a) of this section, the limitations
in subdivision (a) of section 13 of this Act [33 USC § 913(a)] shall not
begin to run against the claim of the injured employee or his dependents
entitled to compensation, or in favor of either the employer or the carrier,
until such report shall have been furnished as required by the provisions of
subdivision (a) of this section.
§ 931. Penalty for misrepresentation; prosecution
of claims
(a)(1) Any claimant or representative of a claimant who knowingly and
willfully makes a false statement or representation for the purpose of
obtaining a benefit or payment under this Act shall be guilty of a felony, and
on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $ 10,000, by
imprisonment not to exceed five years, or by both.
(2) The United States attorney for the district in which the injury is
alleged to have occurred shall make every reasonable effort to promptly
investigate each complaint made under this subsection.
(b)(1) No representation fee of a claimant's representative shall be
approved by the deputy commissioner, an administrative law judge, the Board, or
a court pursuant to section 28 of this Act [33 USC § 928], if the
claimant's representative is on the list of individuals who are disqualified
from representing claimants under this Act maintained by the Secretary pursuant
to paragraph (2) of this subsection.
(2)(A) The Secretary shall annually prepare a list of those individuals
in each compensation district who have represented claimants for a fee in cases
under this Act and who are not authorized to represent claimants. The names of
individuals contained on the list required under this subparagraph shall be
made available to employees and employers in each compensation district through
posting and in such other forms as the Secretary may prescribe.
(B) Individuals shall be included on the list of those not authorized
to represent claimants under this Act if the Secretary determines under this
section, in accordance with the procedure provided in subsection (j) of section
7 of this Act [33 USC § 907(j)], that such individual
(i) has been convicted (without regard to pending appeal) of any
crime in connection with the representation of a claimant under this Act or any
workers' compensation statute;
(ii) has engaged in fraud in connection with the presentation of a
claim under this or any workers' compensation statute, including, but not
limited to, knowingly making false representations, concealing or attempting to
conceal material facts with respect to a claim, or soliciting or otherwise
procuring false testimony;
(iii) has been prohibited from representing claimants before any
other workers' compensation agency for reasons of professional misconduct which
are similar in nature to those which would be grounds for disqualification
under this paragraph; or
(iv) has accepted fees for representing claimants under this Act
which were not approved, or which were in excess of the amount approved
pursuant to section 28 [33 USC § 928].
(C) Notwithstanding subparagraph (B), no individual who is on the list
required to be maintained by the Secretary pursuant to this section shall be
prohibited from presenting his or her own claim or from representing without
fee, a claimant who is a spouse, mother, father, sister, brother, or child of
such individual.
(D) A determination under subparagraph (A) shall remain in effect for a
period of not less than three years and until the Secretary finds and gives
notice to the public that there is reasonable assurance that the basis for the
determination will not reoccur.
(3) No employee shall be liable to pay a representation fee to any
representative whose fee has been disallowed by reason of the operation of this
paragraph.
(4) The Secretary shall issue such rules and regulations as are
necessary to carry out this section.
(c) A person including, but not limited to, an employer, his duly
authorized agent, or an employee of an insurance carrier who knowingly and
willfully makes a false statement or representation for the purpose of
reducing, denying, or terminating benefits to an injured employee, or his
dependents pursuant to section 9 [33 USC § 909]if the injury results in
death, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $ 10,000, by imprisonment not
to exceed five years, or by both.
§ 932. Security for compensation
(a) Every employer shall secure the payment of compensation under this
Act
(1) By insuring and keeping insured the payment of such compensation
with any stock company or mutual company or association, or with any other
person or fund, while such person or fund is authorized (A) under the laws of
the United States or of any State, to insure workmen's compensation, and (B) by
the Secretary, to insure payment of compensation under this Act; or
(2) By furnishing satisfactory proof to the Secretary of his financial
ability to pay such compensation and receiving an authorization from the
Secretary to pay such compensation directly. The Secretary may, as a condition
to such authorization, require such employer to deposit in a depository
designated by the Secretary either an indemnity bond or securities (at the
option of the employer) of a kind and in an amount determined by the Secretary,
based on the employer's financial condition, the employer's previous record of
payments, and other relevant factors, and subject to such conditions as the
Secretary may prescribe, which shall include authorization to the Secretary in
case of default to sell any such securities sufficient to pay compensation
awards or to bring suit upon such bonds, to procure prompt payment of
compensation under this Act. Any employer securing compensation in accordance
with the provisions of this paragraph shall be known as a self-insurer.
(b) In granting authorization to any carrier to insure payment of
compensation under this Act, the Secretary may take into consideration the
recommendation of any State authority having supervision over carriers or over
workmen's compensation, and may authorize any carrier to insure the payment of
compensation under this Act in a limited territory. Any marine protection and
indemnity mutual insurance corporation or association, authorized to write
insurance against liability for loss or damage from personal injury and death,
and for other losses and damages, incidental to or in respect of the ownership,
operation, or chartering of vessels on a mutual assessment plan, shall be
deemed a qualified carrier to insure compensation under this Act. The Secretary
may suspend or revoke any such authorization for good cause shown after a
hearing at which the carrier shall be entitled to be heard in person or by
counsel and to present evidence. No suspension or revocation shall affect the
liability of any carrier already incurred.
§ 933. Compensation for injuries where third
persons are liable
(a) Election of remedies. If on account of a disability or death for
which compensation is payable under this Act, the person entitled to such
compensation determines that some person other than the employer or a person or
persons in his employ is liable in damages, he need not elect whether to
receive such compensation or to recover damages against such third person.
(b) Acceptance of compensation acting as assignment. Acceptance of
compensation under an award in a compensation order filed by the deputy
commissioner, an administrative law judge, or the Board shall operate as an
assignment to the employer of all rights of the person entitled to compensation
to recover damages against such third person unless such person shall commence
an action against such third person within six months after such acceptance. If
the employer fails to commence an action against such third person within
ninety days after the cause of action is assigned under this section, the right
to bring such action shall revert to the person entitled to compensation. For
the purpose of this subsection, the term "award" with respect to a compensation
order means a formal order issued by the deputy commissioner, an administrative
law judge, or Board.
(c) Payment into section 944 fund operating as assignment. The payment
of such compensation into the fund established in section 44 [33 USC §
944] shall operate as an assignment to the employer of all right of the legal
representative of the deceased (hereinafter referred to as "representative") to
recover damages against such third person.
(d) Institution of proceedings or compromise by assignee. Such employer
on account of such assignment may either institute proceedings for the recovery
of such damages or may compromise with such third person either without or
after instituting such proceeding.
(e) Recoveries by assignee. Any amount recovered by such employer on
account of such assignment, whether or not as the result of a compromise, shall
be distributed as follows:
(1) The employer shall retain an amount equal to
(A) the expenses incurred by him in respect to such proceedings or
compromise (including a reasonable attorney's fee as determined by the deputy
commissioner or Board);
(B) the cost of all benefits actually furnished by him to the employee
under section 7 [33 USC § 907];
(C) all amounts paid as compensation;
(D) the present value of all amounts thereafter payable as
compensation, such present value to be computed in accordance with a schedule
prepared by the Secretary, and the present value of the cost of all benefits
thereafter to be furnished under section 7 [33 USC § 907], to be estimated
by the deputy commissioner, and the amounts so computed and estimated to be
retained by the employer as a trust fund to pay such compensation and the cost
of such benefits as they become due, and to pay any sum finally remaining in
excess thereof to the person entitled to compensation or to the representative;
and
(2) The employer shall pay any excess to the person entitled to
compensation or to the representative.
(f) Institution of proceedings by person entitled to compensation. If
the person entitled to compensation institutes proceedings within the period
prescribed in section 33(b) [subsec. (b) of this section] the employer shall be
required to pay as compensation under this Act, a sum equal to the excess of
the amount which the Secretary determines is payable on account of such injury
or death over the net amount recovered against such third person. Such net
amount shall be equal to the actual amount recovered less the expenses
reasonably incurred by such person in respect to such proceedings (including
reasonable attorneys' fees).
(g) Settlement with third person.
(1) If the person entitled to compensation (or the person's
representative) enters into a settlement with a third person referred to in
subsection (a) for an amount less than the compensation to which the person (or
the person's representative) would be entitled under this Act, the employer
shall be liable for compensation as determined under subsection (f) only if
written approval of the settlement is obtained from the employer and the
employer's carrier, before the settlement is executed, and by the person
entitled to compensation (or the person's representative). The approval shall
be made on a form provided by the Secretary and shall be filed in the office of
the deputy commissioner within thirty days after the settlement is entered
into.
(2) If no written approval of the settlement is obtained and filed as
required by paragraph (1), or if the employee fails to notify the employer of
any settlement obtained from or judgment rendered against a third person, all
rights to compensation and medical benefits under this Act shall be terminated,
regardless of whether the employer or the employer's insurer has made payments
or acknowledged entitlement to benefits under this Act.
(3) Any payments by the special fund established under section 44 [33
USC § 944] shall be a lien upon the proceeds of any settlement obtained
from or judgment rendered against a third person referred to under subsection
(a). Notwithstanding any other provision of law, such lien shall be enforceable
against such proceeds, regardless of whether the Secretary on behalf of the
special fund has agreed to or has received actual notice of the settlement or
judgment.
(4) Any payments by a trust fund described in section 17 [33 USC §
917] shall be a lien upon the proceeds of any settlement obtained from or
judgment recorded against a third person referred to under subsection (a). Such
lien shall have priority over a lien under paragraph (3) of this subsection.
(h) Subrogation. Where the employer is insured and the insurance
carrier has assumed the payment of the compensation, the insurance carrier
shall be subrogated to all the rights of the employer under this section.
(i) Right to compensation as exclusive remedy. The right to
compensation or benefits under this Act shall be the exclusive remedy to an
employee when he is injured, or to his eligible survivors or legal
representatives if he is killed, by the negligence or wrong of any other person
or persons in the same employ: Provided, That this provision shall not affect
the liability of a person other than an officer or employee of the employer.
§ 934. Compensation notice
Every employer who has secured compensation under the provisions of
this Act shall keep posted in a conspicuous place or places in and about his
place or places of business typewritten or printed notices, in accordance with
a form prescribed by the Secretary, stating that such employer has secured the
payment of compensation in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Such
notices shall contain the name and address of the carrier, if any, with whom
the employer has secured payment of compensation and the date of the expiration
of the policy.
§ 935. Substitution of carrier for
employer
In any case where the employer is not a self-insurer, in order that the
liability for compensation imposed by this Act may be most effectively
discharged by the employer, and in order that the administration of this Act in
respect of such liability may be facilitated, the Secretary shall by regulation
provide for the discharge, by the carrier for such employer, of such
obligations and duties of the employer in respect of such liability, imposed by
this Act upon the employer, as it considers proper in order to effectuate the
provisions of this Act. For such purposes (1) notice to or knowledge of an
employer of the occurrence of the injury shall be notice to or knowledge of the
carrier, (2) jurisdiction of the employer by a deputy commissioner, the Board,
or the Secretary, or any court under this Act shall be jurisdiction of the
carrier, and (3) any requirement by a deputy commissioner, the Board, or the
Secretary, or any court under any compensation order, finding, or decision
shall be binding upon the carrier in the same manner and to the same extent as
upon the employer.
§ 936. Insurance policies
(a) Every policy or contract of insurance issued under authority of
this Act shall contain (1) a provision to carry out the provisions of section
35 [33 USC § 935], and (2) a provision that insolvency or bankruptcy of
the employer and/or discharge therein shall not relieve the carrier from
payment of compensation for disability or death sustained by an employee during
the life of such policy or contract.
(b) No contract or policy of insurance issued by a carrier under this
Act shall be canceled prior to the date specified in such contract or policy
for its expiration until at least thirty days have elapsed after a notice of
cancellation has been sent to the deputy commissioner and to the employer in
accordance with the provisions of subdivision (c) of section 12 [33 USC §
912(c).]
§ 937. Certificate of compliance with this
Act
No stevedoring firm shall be employed in any compensation district by a
vessel or by hull owners until it presents to such vessel or hull owners a
certificate issued by a deputy commissioner assigned to such district that it
has complied with the provisions of this Act [33 USC §§ 901 et seq.]
requiring the securing of compensation to its employees. Any person violating
the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not more than $
1,000, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and
imprisonment.
§ 938. Penalty for failure to secure payment of
compensation
(a) Failure to secure payment of compensation. Any employer required to
secure the payment of compensation under this Act who fails to secure such
compensation shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof,
shall be punished by a fine of not more than $ 10,000, or by imprisonment for
not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and in any case
where such employer is a corporation, the president, secretary, and treasurer
thereof shall be also severally liable to such fine or imprisonment as herein
provided for the failure of such corporation to secure the payment of
compensation; and such president, secretary, and treasurer shall be severally
personally liable, jointly with such corporation, for any compensation or other
benefit which may accrue under the said Act in respect to any injury which may
occur to any employee of such corporation while it shall so fail to secure the
payment of compensation as required by section 32 of this Act [33 USC §
932].
(b) Avoiding payment of compensation. Any employer who knowingly
transfers, sells, encumbers, assigns, or in any manner disposes of, conceals,
secretes, or destroys any property belonging to such employer, after one of his
employees has been injured within the purview of this Act, and with intent to
avoid the payment of compensation under this Act to such employee or his
dependents, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof,
shall be punished by a fine of not more than $ 10,000, or by imprisonment for
not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and in any case
where such employer is a corporation, the president, secretary, and treasurer
thereof shall be also severally liable to such penalty of imprisonment as well
as jointly liable with such corporation for such fine.
(c) Effect on other liability of employer. This section shall not
affect any other liability of the employer under this Act.
§ 939. Administration by Secretary
(a) Prescribing rules and regulations; appointing and fixing
compensation of employees; making expenditures. Except as otherwise
specifically provided, the Secretary shall administer the provisions of this
Act, and for such purpose the Secretary is authorized (1) to make such rules
and regulations; (2) to appoint and fix the compensation of such temporary
technical assistants and medical advisers, and, subject to the provisions of
the civil service laws, to appoint, and, in accordance with the Classification
Act of 1923, to fix the compensation of such deputy commissioners (except
deputy commissioners appointed under subdivision (a) of section 40 [33 USC
§ 940(a)]) and other officers and employees; and (3) to make such
expenditures (including expenditures for personal services and rent at the seat
of government and elsewhere, for law books, books of reference, periodicals,
and for printing and binding) as may be necessary in the administration of this
Act. All expenditures of the Secretary in the administration of this Act shall
be allowed and paid as provided in section 45 [33 USC § 945] upon the
presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the Secretary.
(b) Establishing compensation districts. The Secretary shall establish
compensation districts, to include the high seas and the areas within the
United States to which this Act applies, and shall assign to each such district
one or more deputy commissioners, as the Secretary deems advisable. Judicial
proceedings under sections 18 and 21 of this Act [33 USC §§ 918, 921]
in respect of any injury or death occurring on the high seas shall be
instituted in the district court within whose territorial jurisdiction is
located the office of the deputy commissioner having jurisdiction in respect of
such injury or death (or in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia
[United States District Court for the District of Columbia] if such office is
located in such District).
(c) Furnishing information and assistance; directing vocational
rehabilitation.
(1) The Secretary shall, upon request, provide persons covered by this
Act with information and assistance relating to the Act's coverage and
compensation and the procedures for obtaining such compensation and including
assistance in processing a claim. The Secretary may, upon request, provide
persons covered by this Act with legal assistance in processing a claim. The
Secretary shall also provide employees receiving compensation information on
medical, manpower, and vocational rehabilitation services and assist such
employees in obtaining the best such services available.
(2) The Secretary shall direct the vocational rehabilitation of
permanently disabled employees and shall arrange with the appropriate public or
private agencies in State or Territories, possessions, or the District of
Columbia for such rehabilitation. The Federal Board for Vocational Education
shall cooperate with the Secretary in such educational work. The Secretary may
in its discretion furnish such prosthetic appliances or other apparatus made
necessary by an injury upon which an award has been made under this Act to
render a disabled employee fit to engage in a remunerative occupation. Where
necessary rehabilitation services are not available otherwise, the Secretary of
Labor may, in his discretion, use the fund provided for in section 44 [44 USC
§ 944] in such amounts as may be necessary to procure such services,
including necessary prosthetic appliances or other apparatus. This fund shall
also be available in such amounts as may be authorized in annual appropriations
for the Department of Labor for the costs of administering this subsection.
§ 940. Deputy commissioners
(a) Appointment; use of personnel and facilities of boards,
commissions, or other agencies; expenses and salaries. The Secretary may
appoint as deputy commissioners any member of any board, commission
[Secretary], or other agency of a State to act as deputy commissioner for any
compensation district or part thereof in such State, and may make arrangements
with such board, commission [Secretary], or other agency for the use of the
personnel and facilities thereof in the administration of this Act. The
Secretary may make such arrangements as may be deemed advisable by it for the
payment of expenses of such board, commission [Secretary], or other agency,
incurred in the administration of this Act pursuant to this section, and for
the payment of salaries to such board, commission [Secretary], or other agency,
or the members thereof, and may pay any amounts agreed upon to the proper
officers of the State, upon vouchers approved by the Secretary.
(b) Appointment in Territories and District of Columbia; compensation.
In any Territory of the United States or in the District of Columbia a person
holding an office under the United States may be appointed deputy commissioner
and for services rendered as deputy commissioner may be paid compensation, in
addition to that he is receiving from the United States, in an amount fixed by
the Secretary in accordance with the Classification Act of 1923.
(c) Transfers to other districts; temporary details. Deputy
commissioners (except deputy commissioners appointed under subdivision (a) of
this section) may be transferred from one compensation district to another and
may be temporarily detailed from one compensation district for service in
another in the discretion of the Secretary.
(d) Maintaining offices. Each deputy commissioner shall maintain and
keep open during reasonable business hours an office, at a place designated by
the Secretary, for the transaction of business under this Act, at which office
he shall keep his official records and papers. Such office shall be furnished
and equipped by the Secretary, who shall also furnish the deputy commissioner
with all necessary clerical and, other assistants, records, books, blanks, and
supplies. Wherever practicable such office shall be located in a building owned
or leased by the United States; otherwise the Secretary shall rent suitable
quarters.
(e) Records and papers. If any deputy commissioner is removed from
office, or for any reason ceases to act as such deputy commissioner, all of his
official records and papers and office equipment shall be transferred to his
successor in office or, if there be no successor, then to the Secretary or to a
deputy commissioner designated by the Secretary.
(f) Conflict of interest. Neither a deputy commissioner or Board member
nor any business associate of a deputy commissioner shall appear as attorney in
any proceeding under this Act, and no deputy commissioner or Board member shall
act in any such case in which he is interested, or when he is employed by any
party in interest or related to any party in interest by consanguinity or
affinity within the third degree, as determined by the common law.
§ 941. Safety rules and regulations
(a) Safe place of employment; installation of safety devices and
safeguards. Every employer shall furnish and maintain employment and places of
employment which shall be reasonably safe for his employees in all employments
covered by this Act and shall install, furnish, maintain, and use such devices
and safeguards with particular reference to equipment used by and working
conditions established by such employers as the Secretary may determine by
regulation or order to be reasonably necessary to protect the life, health, and
safety of such employees, and to render safe such employment and places of
employment, and to prevent injury to his employees. However, the Secretary may
not make determinations by regulation or order under this section as to matters
within the scope of title 52 of the Revised Statutes and Acts supplementary or
amendatory thereto, the Act of June 15, 1917 (ch. 30, 40 Stat. 220), as amended
or section 4(e) of the Act of August 7, 1953 (ch. 345, 67 Stat. 462), as
amended [43 USC § 1333(e)].
(b) Studies and investigations by the Secretary. The Secretary, in
enforcing and administering the provisions of this section, is authorized in
addition to such other powers and duties as are conferred upon him
(1) to make studies and investigations with respect to safety
provisions and the causes and prevention of injuries in employments covered by
this Act, and in making such studies and investigations to cooperate with any
agency of the United States or with any State agency engaged in similar work;
(2) to utilize the services of any agency of the United States or any
State agency engaged in similar work (with the consent of such agency) in
connection with the administration of this section;
(3) to promote uniformity in safety standards in employments covered by
this Act through cooperative action with any agency of the United States or
with any State agency engaged in similar work;
(4) to provide for the establishment and supervision of programs for
the education and training of employers and employees in the recognition,
avoidance, and prevention of unsafe working conditions in employments covered
by this Act, and to consult with and advise employers as to the best means of
preventing injuries;
(5) to hold such hearings, issue such orders, and make such decisions,
based upon findings of fact, as are deemed to be necessary to enforce the
provisions of this section, and for such purposes the Secretary and the
district courts shall have the authority and jurisdiction provided by section 5
of the Act of June 30, 1936 (ch. 881, 49 Stat. 2036), as amended [41 USC §
39], and the Secretary shall be represented in any court proceedings as
provided in the Act of May 4, 1928 (ch. 502, 45 Stat. 490), as amended [33 USC
§ 921a].
(c) Inspection of places and practices of employment. The Secretary or
his authorized representative may inspect such places of employment, question
such employees, and investigate such conditions, practices, or matters in
connection with employment subject to this Act, as he may deem appropriate to
determine whether any person has violated any provision of this section, or any
rule or regulation issued thereunder, or which may aid in the enforcement of
the provisions of this section. No employer or other person shall refuse to
admit the Secretary or his authorized representatives to any such place or
shall refuse to permit any such inspection.
(d) Requests for advice; variations from safety rules and regulations.
Any employer may request the advice of the Secretary or his authorized
representative, in complying with the requirements of any rule or regulation
adopted to carry out the provisions of this section. In case of practical
difficulties or unnecessary hardships, the Secretary in his discretion may
grant variations from any such rule or regulation, or particular provisions
thereof, and permit the use of other or different devices if he finds that the
purpose of the rule or regulation will be observed by the variation and the
safety of employees will be equally secured thereby. Any person affected by
such rule or regulation, or his agent, may request the Secretary to grant such
variation, stating in writing the grounds on which his request is based. Any
authorization by the Secretary of a variation shall be in writing, shall
describe the conditions under which the variation shall be permitted, and shall
be published as provided in section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act (ch.
324, 60 Stat. 237), as amended. A properly indexed record of all variations
shall be kept in the office of the Secretary and open to public inspection.
(e) Jurisdiction to restrain violations. The United States district
courts, together with the District Court for the Territory of Alaska, shall
have jurisdiction for cause shown, in any action brought by the Secretary,
represented as provided in the Act of May 4, 1928 (ch. 502, 45 Stat. 490), as
amended [33 USC § 921a], to restrain violations of this section or of any
rule, regulation, or order of the Secretary adopted to carry out the provisions
of this section.
(f) Violations and penalties. Any employer who, willfully, violates or
fails or refuses to comply with the provisions of subsection (a) of this
section, or with any lawful rule, regulation, or order adopted to carry out the
provisions of this section, and any employer or other person who willfully
interferes with, hinders, or delays the Secretary or his authorized
representative in carrying out his duties under subsection (c) of this section
by refusing to admit the Secretary or his authorized representative to any
place, or to permit the inspection or examination of any employment or place of
employment, or who willfully hinders or delays the Secretary or his authorized
representative in the performance of his duties in the enforcement of this
section, shall be guilty of an offense, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be
punished for each offense by a fine of not less than $ 100 nor more than $
3,000; and in any case where such employer is a corporation, the officer who
willfully permits any such violation to occur shall be guilty of an offense,
and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished also for each offense by a fine
of not less than $ 100 nor more than $ 3,000. The liability hereunder shall not
affect any other liability of the employer under this Act.
(g) Inapplicability to certain employments.
(1) The provisions of this section shall not apply in the case of any
employment relating to the operations for the exploration, production, or
transportation by pipeline of mineral resources upon the navigable waters of
the United States, nor under the authority of the Act of August 7, 1953 (ch.
345, 67 Stat. 462) [43 USC §§ 1331 et seq.], nor in the case of any
employment in connection with lands (except filled in, made or reclaimed lands)
beneath the navigable waters as defined in the Act of May 22, 1953 (ch. 65, 67
Stat. 29) [43 USC §§ 1301 et seq.] nor in the case of any employment
for which compensation in case of disability or death is provided for employees
under the authority of the Act of May 17, 1928 (ch. 612, 45 Stat. 600), as
amended, nor under the authority of the Act of August 16, 1941 (ch. 357, 55
Stat. 622), as amended [42 USC §§ 1651 et seq.].
(2) The provisions of this section, with the exception of paragraph (1)
of subsection (b), shall not be applied under the authority of the Act of
September 7, 1916 (ch. 458, 39 Stat. 742), as amended.
§ 942. Annual report
The Secretary shall make to Congress at the beginning of each regular
session, commencing at the beginning of the second regular session after the
enactment of the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act Amendments of
1984 [enacted Sept. 28, 1984], a report of the administration of this Act for
the preceding fiscal year, including a detailed statement of receipts of and
expenditures from the fund established in section 44 [33 USC § 944],
together with such recommendations as the Secretary deems advisable.
§ 943. [Repealed]
§ 944. Special fund
(a) Establishment; administration; custody, trust. There is hereby
established in the Treasury of the United States a special fund. Such fund
shall be administered by the Secretary. The Treasurer of the United States
shall be the custodian of such fund, and all moneys and securities in such fund
shall be held in trust by such Treasurer and shall not be money or property of
the United States.
(b) Disbursements; bond of custodian. The Treasurer is authorized to
disburse moneys from such fund only upon order of the Secretary. He shall be
required to give bond in an amount to be fixed and with securities to be
approved by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Comptroller General of the
United States conditioned upon the faithful performance of his duty as
custodian of such fund.
(c) Payments into fund. Payments into such fund shall be made as
follows:
(1) Whenever the Secretary determines that there is no person entitled
under this Act to compensation for the death of an employee which would
otherwise be compensable under this Act, the appropriate employer shall pay $
5,000 as compensation for the death of such an employee.
(2) At the beginning of each calendar year the Secretary shall estimate
the probable expenses of the fund during that calendar year and the amount of
payments required (and the schedule therefor) to maintain adequate reserves in
the fund. Each carrier and self-insurer shall make payments into the fund on a
prorated assessment by the Secretary determined by
(A) computing the ratio (expressed as a percent) of (i) the carrier's
or self-insured's workers' compensation payments under this Act during the
preceding calendar year, to (ii) the total of such payments by all carriers and
self-insureds under this Act during such year;
(B) computing the ratio (expressed as a percent) of (i) the payments
under section 8(f) of this Act [33 USC § 908(f)] during the preceding
calendar year which are attributable to the carrier or self-insured, to (ii)
the total of such payments during such year attributable to all carriers and
self-insureds;
(C) dividing the sum of the percentages computed under subparagraphs
(A) and (B) for the carrier or self-insured by two; and
(D) multiplying the percent computed under subparagraph (C) by such
probable expenses of the fund (as determined under the first sentence of this
paragraph).
(3) All amounts collected as finds and penalties under the provisions
of this Act shall be paid into such fund.
(d) Investigations; records, availability; recordkeeping; provisions of
sections 49 and 50 of title 15 applicable to Secretary.
(1) For the purpose of making rules, regulations, and determinations
under this section under and for providing enforcement thereof, the Secretary
may investigate and gather appropriate data from each carrier and self-insurer.
For that purpose, the Secretary may enter and inspect such places and records
(and make such transcriptions thereof), question such employees, and
investigate such facts, conditions, practices, or matters as he may deem
necessary or appropriate.
(2) Each carrier and self-insurer shall make, keep, and preserve such
records, and make such reports and provide such additional information, as
prescribed by regulation or order of the Secretary, as the Secretary deems
necessary or appropriate to carry out his responsibilities under this section.
(3) For the purpose of any hearing or investigation related to
determinations or the enforcement of the provisions of this section, the
provisions of sections 9 and 10 (relating to the attendance of witnesses and
the production of books, papers, and documents) of the Federal Trade Commission
Act of September 16, 1914, as amended (U.S.C., title 15, secs. 49 and 50) [15
USC §§ 49, 50], are hereby made applicable to the jurisdiction,
powers, and duties of the Secretary of Labor.
(e) Depositories; investments. The Treasurer of the United States shall
deposit any moneys paid into such fund into such depository banks as the
Secretary may designate and may invest any portion of the funds which, in the
opinion of the Secretary, is not needed for current requirements, in bonds or
notes of the United States or of any Federal land bank.
(f) Limitation of liability. Neither the United States nor the
Secretary shall be liable in respect of payments authorized under section 8 [33
USC § 908] in an amount greater than the money or property deposited in or
belonging to such fund.
(g) Audit by Comptroller General; finality of payment determinations;
credits of disbursing officers. The Comptroller General of the United States
shall audit the account for such fund, but the action of the Secretary in
making payments from such fund shall be final and not subject to review, and
the Comptroller General is authorized and directed to allow credit in the
accounts of any disbursing officer of the Secretary for payments made from such
fund authorized by the Secretary.
(h) Civil actions for civil penalties. All civil penalties and unpaid
assessments provided for in this Act shall be collected by civil suit brought
by the Secretary.
(i) Proceeds available for certain payments. The proceeds of this fund
shall be available for payments:
(1) Pursuant to section 10 [33 USC § 910] with respect to certain
initial and subsequent annual adjustments in compensation for total permanent
disability or death.
(2) Under section 8(f) and (g), under section 18(b), and under section
39(c) [33 USC §§ 908(f) and (g), 918(b), and 939(c)].
(3) To repay the sums deposited in the fund pursuant to subsection (d).
(4) To defray the expense of making examinations as provided in section
7(e) [33 USC § 907(e)].
(j) Audit to be included in report. The fund shall be audited annually
and the results of such audit shall be included in the annual report required
by section 42 [33 USC § 942].
(k) [Redesignated]
§ 945. [Repealed]
§ 948. Laws inapplicable
Nothing in sections 4283, 4284, 4285, 4286, or 4289 of the Revised
Statutes, as amended [46 USC §§ 183, 184𤺒, 188], nor in section
18 of the Act entitled "An act to remove certain burdens on the American
merchant marine and encourage the American foreign carrying trade, and for
other purposes," approved June 26, 1884, as amended [46 USC § 189], shall
be held to limit the amount for which recovery may be had (1) in any suit at
law or in admiralty where an employer has failed to secure compensation as
required by this Act [33 USC §§ 901 et seq.], or (2) in any
proceeding for compensation, any addition to compensation, or any civil
penalty.
§ 948a. Discrimination against employees who
bring proceedings; penalties; deposit of payments in special funds; civil
actions; entitlement to restoration of employment and compensation,
qualifications requirement; liability of employer for penalties and payments;
insurance policy exemption from liability
It shall be unlawful for any employer or his duly authorized agent to
discharge or in any other manner discriminate against an employee as to his
employment because such employee has claimed or attempted to claim compensation
from such employer, or because he has testified or is about to testify in a
proceeding under this chapter. The discharge or refusal to employ a person who
has been adjudicated to have filed a fraudulent claim for compensation is not a
violation of this section. Any employer who violates this section shall be
liable to a penalty of not less than ,000 or more than
$5,000, as may be determined by the deputy commissioner. All such penalties
shall be paid to the deputy commissioner for deposit in the special fund as
described in section 944 of this title, and if not paid may be recovered in a
civil action brought in the appropriate United States district court. Any
employee so discriminated against shall be restored to his employment and shall
be compensated by his employer for any loss of wages arising out of such
discrimination: Provided, That if such employee shall cease to be qualified to
perform the duties of his employment, he shall not be entitled to such
restoration and compensation. The employer alone and not his carrier shall be
liable for such penalties and payments. Any provision in an insurance policy
undertaking to relieve the employer from the liability for such penalties and
payments shall be void.
§ 949. Effect of unconstitutionality
If any part of this Act is adjudged unconstitutional by the courts, and
such adjudication has the effect of invalidating any payment of compensation
under this Act, the period intervening between the time the injury was
sustained and the time of such adjudication shall not be computed as a part of
the time prescribed by law for the commencement of any action against the
employer in respect of such injury; but the amount of any compensation paid
under this Act on account of such injury shall be deducted from the amount of
damages awarded in such action in respect of such injury.
§ 950. Separability provision
If any provision of this Act is declared unconstitutional or the
applicability thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the
validity of the remainder of the Act and the applicability of such provision to
other persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
§ 951. [Reserved]
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