Marine Mammal Hearing and Acoustic Impacts Bibliography
Bibliography sections
General Texts, Reports and Review Articles
Marine Mammal Hearing: Cetaceans
Marine Mammal Hearing: Pinnipeds
Marine Mammal Hearing: Sirenians
Behavioral Reactions to Sound Sources - Marine Mammals: Cetaceans
Behavioral Reactions to Sound Sources - Marine Mammals: Pinnipeds
Marine Mammal Auditory Masking
Marine Mammal Temporary Threshold Shift
Non-Auditory Effects of Acoustic Exposure - Marine Mammals
Ambient Noise
[Disclaimer: This is not a 100% inclusive bibliography on all papers published on these topics, but is an attempt to identify the most current and pertinent references for educational purposes. To submit additional relevant references, please contact us.]
General Texts, Reports and Review Articles
Marine Technology Society. 2004. Human-generated sound and the effects on Marine Life. Special Issue - Volume 37 #4.
National Research Council. 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine mammals. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 192 pp.
National Research Council. 2000. Marine mammals and low-frequency sound: Progress since 1994. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 146 pp.
Wartzok, D. and D. R. Ketten. 1999. Marine Mammal Sensory Systems. Pp. 117-175 in Biology of Marine Mammals (J. E. Reynolds III and S. A. Rommel, eds.), Smithsonian Institute Press.
Richardson, J.W., Greene, Jr., C.R., Malme, C.I., and Thomson, D.H. 1995. Marine mammals and noise (Academic, San Diego).
Marine Mammal Hearing: Cetaceans
Kastelein, R. A., M. Hagedoorn, W. W. L. Au, and D. deHaan. 2003. Audiogram of a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, 1130-1137.
Kastelein, R. A., Bunskoek, P, Hagedoorn, M., W. W. L. Au, and D. de Haan. 2002. Audiogram of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) measured with narrow-band frequency modulated signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, 334-344
Brill, R. L., P. W. B. Moore, and L. A. Dankiewicz. 2001. Assessment of dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) auditory sensitivity and hearing loss using jawphones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109, 1717-1722.
Aubauer et al. 2000. Classification of electronically generated phantom targets by an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, 2750-2754.
Møhl, B., Au, W.W.L., Pawloski, J.L. and Nachtigall, P.E. 1999. Dolphin hearing: Relative sensitivity as a function of point of application of a contact sound source in the jaw and head region. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 105, 3421-3424
Nachtigall, P. E., W. W. L. Au, J. L. Pawloski, and P. W. B. Moore. 1995. Risso's dolphin (Grampus grisues) hearing thresholds in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. In: R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall (eds.), Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals (De Spil, Netherlands).
Wang, D., K, Wang, Y. Xiao, and G. Sheng. 1992. Auditory sensitivity of a Chinese river dolphin, Lipotes vexillifer. Pp. 213-221 in J. A. Thomas, R. A. Kastelein, and A. Ya. Supin (eds.), Marine Mammal Sensory Systems (Plenum, New York).
Awbrey, F. T., J. A. Thomas, and R. A. Kastelein. 1988. Low-frequency underwater hearing sensitivity in belugas, Delphinapterus leucas. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, 2273-2275.
Thomas, J. N. Chun, W. W. L. Au, and K. Pugh. 1988. Underwater audiogram of a false killer whale (Psuedorca crassidens). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, 936-940.
Ljungblad, D. K., P. D. Scoggins, and W. G. Gilmartin. 1982. Auditory thresholds of a captive eastern Pacific bottlenose dophin, Tursiops spp. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 72, 1726-1729.
White, M. J. Jr., J. Norris, D. Ljungblad, K. Baron, and G. di Sciaria. 1978. Auditory thresholds of two beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). HSWRI Tech Rep. 78-109. Rep from Hubbs/Sea World Res. Instit., San Diego, CA for U. S. Naval Ocean Systems Cent., San Diego, CA. 35 p.
Hall, J. D. and C. S.Johnson. 1972. Auditory thresholds of a killer whale (Orcinus orca). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 51, 551-517.
Jacobs, D. W. and J. D. Hall. 1972. Auditory thresholds of a freshwater dolphin, Inia geofrensis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 51, 530-533.
Anderson, S. 1970. Auditory sensitivity of the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. Invest. Cetacea 2, 255-259.
Johnson, S. C. 1967. Sound detection thresholds in marine mammals. Pp. 247-260 in Marine Bio-Acoustics, edited by W. N. Tavolga (Pergamon, New York).
Marine Mammal Hearing: Pinnipeds
Wolski, L. F., Anderson, R. C., Bowles, A. E., and Yochem, P. K. 2003. Measuring hearing in the harbor seal: Comparison of behavioral and auditory brainstem response techniques. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, 629-637.
Kastelein, R. A., P. Mosterd, B. van Santen, M. Hagedoorn, and D. deHaan. 2002. Underwater audiogram of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) measured with narrow-band frequency-modulated signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, 2173-2182.
Kastak, D. and Schusterman, R.J. 1999. In-air and underwater hearing sensitivity of a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 1751-1758.
Kastak, D. and R. J. Schusterman. 1998. Low-frequency amphibious hearing in pinnipeds: methods, measurements, noise, and ecology. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103: 2216-2228.
Babushina, Ye. S., G. L. Zaslavskii, and L. I. Yurkevich. 1991. Air and underwater hearing characteristics of the northern fur seal: Audiograms, frequency and differential thresholds. Biophysics 36, 900-913.
Moore, P. and R. J. Schusterman. 1987. Audiometric assessment of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). Marine Mammal Science 3, 31-53.
Terhune, J. M. and K. Ronald. 1975. Underwater hearing sensitivity of two ringed seals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53, 227-231.
Ridgway, S. H. and P. L. Joyce. 1975. Studies on seal brain by radiotelemetry. Rap. P.-V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 169, 81-91.
Schusterman, R. J. 1974. Auditory sensitivity of a California sea lion to airborne sound. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 56, 1248-1251
Schusterman, R. J., R. F. Balliet, and J. Nixon. 1972. Underwater audiogram of the California sea lion by the conditioned vocalization technique. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17, 339-350.
Terhune, J. M. and K. Ronald. 1972. The harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). III. The underwater audiogram. Canadian Journal of Zoology 50, 465-469.
Terhune, J. M. and K. Ronald. 1971. The harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). X. The air audiogram. Canadian Journal of Zoology 49, 385-390.
Møhl, B. 1968. Auditory sensitivity of the common seal in air and water. Journal of Auditory Research 8, 27-38.
Marine Mammal Hearing: Sirenians
Gerstein, E. R., L. Gerstein, S. E. Forsythe, and J. E. Blue. 1999. The underwater audiogram of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, 3575-3583.
Behavioral Reactions to Sound Sources - Marine Mammals: Cetaceans
Foote, A. D., R. W. Osborne, and A. R. Hoelzel. 2004. Whale-call response to masking boat noise. Nature 428, 910.
Nowacek, D. P., M. P. Johnson, and P. L. Tyack. 2004. North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) ignore ships, but respond to alerting stimuli. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 271, 227-231.
Wartzok, D., A. N. Popper, J. Gordon, and J. Merrill. 2004. Factors affecting the responses of marine mammals to acoustic disturbance. Marine Technology Society Journal 37, 6-15.
Fristrup, K. M., L. T. Hatch, and C. W. Clark. 2003. Variation in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song length in relation to low-frequency sound broadcasts. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, 3411-3424.
Parks, S. E. 2003. Response of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) to playback of calls recorded from surface active groups in both the North and South Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science 19, 563-580.
Bordino, P. et al. 2002. Reducing incidental mortality of Farnsciscana dolphins with acoustic warning devices attached to fishing nets. Marine Mammal Science 18, 833-842.
Erbe, C. 2002. Underwater noise of whale-watching boats and potential effects on killer whales, based on an acoustic impact model. Marine Mammal Science 18, 394-418.
Frankel, A. S. and C. W. Clark. 2002. ATOC and other factors affecting the distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the north shore of Kauai. Marine Mammal Science 18, 644-662.
Biassoni, N., P. J. O. Miller, and P. L. Tyack. 2001. Humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, alter their song to compensate for man-made noise. in 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Vancouver, Canada.
Brownell Jr, R. L., P. J. Clapham, T. Miyashita, and T. Kasuya. 2001. Conservation status of North Pacific right whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2:269-286.
Nowacek, S. M., R. S. Wells, and A. R. Solow. 2001. Short-term effects of boat traffic on bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 17, 673-688.
Allen, M. C., and A. J. Read. 2000. Habitat selection of foraging bottlenose dolphins in relation to boat density near Clearwater, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 16, 815-824.
Au, W. W. L. and Green, M. 2000. Acoustic interaction of humpback whales and whale-watching boats. Marine Environmental Research 49, 469-481.
Erbe, C. and Farmer, D. M. 2000. A software model to estimate zones of impact on marine mammals around anthropogenic noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, 1327-1331.
Erbe, C. and Farmer, D. M. 2000. Zones of impact around icebreakers affecting beluga whales in the Beaufort Sea. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, 1332-1340.
Frankel, A. S., and C. L. Clark. 2000. Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to full-scale ATOC signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108:1930-1937.
Johnson, M., P. Tyack, D. Nowacek, and A. Shorter. 2000. A digital acoustic recording tag for measuring the response of marine mammals to sound. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108 (5) Pt. 2, 2582-2583.
Kastelein, R.A., H. T Rippe, N. Vaughan, N. M. Schooneman, W. C. Verboom, and D. de Haan. 2000. The effects of acoustic alarms on the behavior of harbor porpoises in a floating pen. Marine Mammal Science 16, 46-64.
Madsen, P. T. and B. Møhl.. 2000. Sperm whales do not react to sounds from detonators. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, 668-671.
Miller et al. 2000. Whale songs lengthen in response to sonar. Nature 405, 903.
Stafford, K. M., S. L. Nieukirk, and C. G. Fox. 1999. Low-frequency whale sounds recorded on hydrophones moored in the eastern tropical Pacific. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106:3687.
Frankel, A. S., and C. W. Clark. 1998. Results of low-frequency m-sequence noise playbacks to humpback whales in Hawaii. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:521-535.
Stafford, K. M., C. G. Fox, and D. S. Clark. 1998. Long-range acoustic detection, localization of blue whale calls in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104:3616.
André, M., M. Terada, and Y. Watanabe. 1997. Sperm whale behavioural response after the playback of artificial sounds. Report of the International Whaling Commission 47, 499- 504.
Todd, S., P. T. Stevick, J. Lien, F. Marques, and D. Ketten. 1996. Behavioral effects of exposure to underwater explosions in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1661-1672.
Frankel, A. S., J. R. Mobley Jr., and L. M. Herman. 1995. Estimation of auditory response thresholds in humpback whales using biologically meaningful sounds. Pp. 55-69 in R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall, eds. Sensory systems of aquatic mammals (DeSpil Publishers, The Netherlands).
Norris, T. F. 1994. Effects of boat noise on the acoustic behavior of humpback whales. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96:3251
Maybaum, H. L. 1993. Responses of humpback whales to sonar sounds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94:1848-1849.
Maybaum, H. L. 1990. Effects of a 3.3 kHz sonar system on humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in Hawaiian waters. EOS 71:92.
Mobley, J. R., Jr., L. M. Herman, and A. S. Frankel. 1988. Responses of wintering humpback whales Megaptera noveaeangliae to playback of recordings of winter and summer vocalizations and of synthetic sound. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 23:211-224.
Tyack., P. L. 1983. Differential responses of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, to playback of song or social sounds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 13, 49-55.
Clark, C. W. and J. M. Clark. 1980. Sound playback experiments with southern right whales (Eubalaena australis). Science 207, 663-665.
Cummings, W. C. and P. O. Thompson. 1971. Gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus, avoid the underwater sounds of killer whales, Orcinus orca. Fisheries Bulletin, U. S. 69, 525-530.
Behavioral Reactions to Sound Sources - Marine Mammals: Pinnipeds
Costa, D. P., D. E. Crocker, J. Gedamke, P. M. Webb, D. S. Houser, S. B. Blackwell, D. Waples, S. A. Hayes, and B. J. Le Boeuf. 2003. The effect of a low-frequency sound source (ATOC) on the diving behavior of juvenile northern elephant seals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, 1155-1165.
Lawson, J. W. and E. A. Becker (eds.) 2002. Marine mammal and acoustical monitoring of target missile launches on San Nicolas Island, August 2001 - March 2002. LGL Report TA2630-2. Rep. From LGL, Ltd. King City, Ont. And Greeneridge Sciences Inc, Santa Barbara, CA for Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Point Magu, CA and NMFS, Silver Spring, MD. 74 pp.
Harris, R. E., G. W. Miller, and W. J. Richardson. 2001. Seal responses to airgun sounds during summer seismic surveys in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Marine Mammal Science 17, 795-812.
Quan, J. and J. Calambokidis. 1999. Marine mammal observations and mitigation associated with USGS seismic surveys in the Southern California Bight in 1999. Rep. from Cascadia Res., Olympia, WA, for U.S. Geol. Surv., Menlo Park, CA. 15 p.
Calambokidis, J. and S.D. Osmek. 1998. Marine mammal research and mitigation in conjunction with air gun operation for the USGS 'SHIPS' seismic surveys in 1998. Rep. from CascadiaResearch, Olympia, WA, for U.S. Geol. Surv., Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., and Minerals Manage. Serv. DRAFT.
Bain, D.E. n.d. Effects of airgun noise on marine mammals: responses as a function of received sound level and distance/Addendum to USGS/MMS draft report. Manuscript report.
Calambokidis, J., L. Schlender and J. Quan. 1998. Marine mammal observations and mitigation associated with USGS surveys in the southern California Bight in 1998. Rep. from Cascadia Res., Olympia, WA, for U.S. Geol. Surv., Menlo Park, CA. 14 p.
Arnold, B.W. 1996. Visual monitoring of marine mammal activity during the Exxon 3-D seismic survey/Santa Ynez Unit, offshore California/9 November to 12 December 1995. Rep. from Impact ciences Inc., San Diego, CA, for Exxon Co. U.S.A., Thousand Oaks, CA. 25 p.
Stewart, B. S. 1993. Behavioral and hearing responses of pinnipeds to rocket launch noise and sonic boom. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94 (3, Pt. 2), 1828.
Bowles, A. and B. S. Stewart. 1980. Disturbances to the pinnipeds and birds of San Miguel Island, 1979-1980. Pp.99-137 in: J. R. Jehl, Jr. and C. F. Cooper (eds.), Potential effects of space shuttle sonic booms on the biota and geology of the California Channel Islands: Research Report. Tech. Rep 80-1. Rep. from the Center for Maritime Studies, San Diego State University and the Hubbs/Sea World Research Institiute, San Diego, CA for U. S. Air Force, Space Division, 246 pp.
Marine Mammal Auditory Masking
Finneran, J. J., R. Dear, D. A. Carder, and S. H. Ridgway. 2003. Auditory and behavioral responses of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to single underwater impulses from an arc-gap transducer. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, 1667-1677.
Southall, B. L., R. J. Schusterman, and D. Kastak. 2003. Auditory masking in three pinnipeds: aerial critical ratios and direct critical bandwidth measurements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, 1660-1666.
Lemonds, D. W., W. W. L. Au, P. E. Nachtigall, H. L. Roitblat, and S. A. Vlachos. 2000. High-frequency auditory filters shapes in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108 (5) Pt. 2, 2614.
Southall, B.L., R. J. Schusterman, and D. Kastak. 2000. Masking in three pinnipeds: underwater, low-frequency critical ratios. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, 1322-1326.
Terhune, J. and S. Turnbull. 1995. Variation in the psychometric functions and hearing thresholds of a harbor seal. Pp. 81-93 in Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals (R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall eds.), DeSpil Publishers, Woerden, The Netherlands.
Bain, D. E. and M. E. Dalheim. 1994. Effects of masking noise on detection thresholds of marine mammals. Pp. 243-256 in T. R. Laughlin (ed.), Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez (Academic, New York).
Turnbull, S. D. 1994. Changes in masked thresholds of a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) associated with angular separation of signal and noise sources. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, 1863-1866.
Terhune, J. M. 1991. Masked and unmasked pure tone thresholds of a harbor seal listening in air. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, 2059-2066.
Au, W. W. L. and P. W. B. Moore. 1990. Critical ratio and critical bandwidth for the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88, 1635-1638.
Thomas, J. A., J. L. Pawloski, and W. W. L. Au. 1990. Masked hearing abilities in a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). Pp. 395-404 in J. A. Thomas and R. A. Kastelein (eds.), Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans: Laboratory and Field Evidence (Plenum, New York).
Turnbull, S. D. and Terhune, J. 1990. White noise and pure tone masking of pure tone thresholds of a harbor seal listening in air and under water. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, 2090-2097.
Johnson, C. S., M. W. McManus, and D. Skaar. 1989. Masked tonal hearing thresholds in the beluga whale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, 2651-2654.
Moore, P. and R. J. Schusterman. 1987. Audiometric assessment of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). Marine Mammal Science 3, 31-53.
Renouf, D. 1980. Masked hearing thresholds of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in air. Journal of Auditory Research 20, 263-269.
Terhune, J. M. and K. Ronald. 1975. Masked hearing thresholds of ringed seals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 58, 515-516.
Burdin, V. I., V. I. Markov, A. M. Reznik, V. M. Skornyakov, and A. G. Chupakov. 1973. Ability of Tursiops truncatus Ponticus Barabasch to distinguish a useful signal against a noise background. Pp. 162-169 in K. K. Chapskii and V. E. Sokolov (eds.), Morphology and Ecology of Marine Mammals (Wiley, New York).
Terhune, J. and K. Ronald. 1971. The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben 1777). The air audiogram. Canadian Journal of Zoology 49, 385-390.
Johnson, C. S. 1971. Auditory masking of one pure tone by another in the bottlenosed porpoise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49, 1317-1318.
Johnson, C. S. 1968. Masked tonal thresholds in the bottlenosed porpoise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 44, 965-967.
Marine Mammal Temporary Threshold Shift
Finneran, J. J., R. Dear, D. A. Carder, and S. H. Ridgway. 2003. Auditory and behavioral responses of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to single underwater impulses from an arc-gap transducer. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, 1667-1677.
Nachtigall, P. E., J. L. Pawloski, and W. W. L. Au. 2003. Temporary threshold shifts and recovery following noise exposure in the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, 3425-3429.
Finneran, J. J., C. E. Schlundt, R. Dear, D. A. Carder, and S. H. Ridgway. 2002. Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds in odontocetes after exposure to single underwater impulses from a seismic watergun. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111, 2929-2940.
Finneran, J. J., Schlundt, C. E., Carder, D. A., Clark, J. A., Young, J. A., Gaspin, J. B., and Ridgway, S. H. 2000. Auditory and behavioral responses of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) to impulsive sounds resembling distant signatures of underwater explosions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, 417-431.
Schlundt, C. E., J. J. Finneran, D. A. Carder, and S. H. Ridgway. 2000. Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds of bottlenose dolphins and white whales after exposure to intense tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, 3496-3508.
Kastak, D., R. J. Schusterman, B. L. Southall, and C. J. Reichmuth. 1999. Underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, 1142-1148.
Kastak, D., and R. J. Schusterman. 1996. Temporary threshold shift in a harbor seal. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, 1905-1908.
Non-Auditory Effects of Acoustic Exposure - Marine Mammals
Fernández, A., M. Arbelo, R. Deaville, I. A. P. Patterson, P. Castro, J. R. Baker, E. Degollada, H. M. Ross, P. Herráez, A. M. Pocknell, E. Rodríguez, F. E. Howie, A. Espinosa, R. J. Reid, J. R. Jaber, V. Martin, A. A. Cunningham, and P. D. Jepson. 2004. Pathology: Whales, sonar and decompression sickness (reply). Nature 428, (15 Apr 2004) Brief Communications.
Piantadosi, C. A. and E. D. Thalmann. 2004. Pathology: Whales, sonar and decompression sickness. Nature 428, (15 Apr 2004) Brief Communications.
Finneran, J. J. 2003. Whole-lung resonance in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and a white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, 529-535.
Jepson, P. D., M. Arbelo, R. Deaville, I. A. P. Patterson, P. Castro, J. R. Baker, E. Degollada, H. M. Ross, P. Heeaez, A.M. Pocknell, F. Rodriguez, F. E. Howie, A. Espinosa, R. J. Reid, J. R. Jaber, V. Martin, A. A. Cunningham, and A. Fernandez. 2003. Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature 425, 575-576.
U.S. Department of Commerce Report of the Workshop on Acoustic Resonance as a Source of Tissue Trauma in Cetaceans [pdf] [85 KB]. April 24 and 25, 2002, Silver Spring, MD.
Houser, D. S., Howard, R., and S. Ridgway. 2001. Can diving-induced tissue nitrogen supersaturation increase the chance of acoustically driven bubble growth in marine mammals? J. Theor. Biol. 213, 183-195.
Crum, L. A. and Y. Mao. 1996. Acoustically enhanced bubble growth at low frequencies and its implications for human diver and marine mammal safety. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 99, 2898-2907.
Nieukirk, S. L., K. M. Stafford, D. K. Mellinger, R. P. Dziak, and C. G. Fox.. 2004. Low-frequency whale and seismic airgun sounds recorded in the mid-Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 115, 1832-1843.
Andrew, R. K., B. M. Howe, and J. A. Mercer. 2002. Ocean ambient sound: comparing the 1960s with the 1990s for a receiver off the California coast. Acoustics Research Letters Online 3, 65-70.
Curtis, K. R., B. M. Howe, and J. A. Mercer. 1999. Low frequency ambient sound in the North Pacific: long time series observations. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 106, 3189-3200.
Helwig, D. A. 2000. Seasonal contribution of mysticete vocalizations to ambient noise in southern California waters. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108 (5) Pt. 2, 2613.
Averson, P. T. and D. J. Vendittis. 2000. Radiated noise characteristics of a modern cargo ship. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 107, 118-129.
