Consumer Factsheet on: PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE (p-DCB)
List of Contaminants
As part of the Drinking Water and Health pages, this fact
sheet is part of a larger publication:
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
This is a factsheet about a chemical that may be found in some
public or private drinking water supplies. It may cause health
problems if found in amounts greater than the health standard set
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
What is p-DCB and how is it used?
Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is an organic solid of white crystals
with a mothball-like odor. It is used mainly as an insecticidal
fumigant against clothes moths and as a deodorant for garbage and
restrooms. It is also used as an insecticide and fungicide on
crops, and in the manufacture of other organic chemicals and in
plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticals.
The list of trade names given below may help you find out whether
you are using this chemical at home or work.
Trade Names and Synonyms:
Paradichlorobenzene
Paradichlorobenzol
Paramoth
Di-Chloricide
Paradi
Paradow
Persia-Perazol
Evola
Parazene
Why is p-DCB being Regulated?
In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law
requires EPA to determine safe levels of chemicals in drinking
water which do or may cause health problems. These non-enforceable
levels, based solely on possible health risks and exposure, are
called Maximum Contaminant Level Goals.
The MCLG for p-DCB has been set at 75 parts per billion (ppb)
because EPA believes this level of protection would not cause any
of the potential health problems described below.
Based on this MCLG, EPA has set an enforceable standard called a
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL). MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs
as possible, considering the ability of public water systems to
detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment
technologies.
The MCL has been set at 75 ppb because EPA believes, given present
technology and resources, this is the lowest level to which water
systems can reasonably be required to remove this contaminant
should it occur in drinking water.
These drinking water standards and the regulations for ensuring
these standards are met, are called National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations. All public water supplies must abide by these
regulations.
What are the Health Effects?
Short-term: EPA has found p-DCB to potentially cause the following
health effects when people are exposed to it at levels above the
MCL for relatively short periods of time: nausea, vomiting,
headaches, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.
Long-term: p-DCB has the potential to cause the following effects
from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL: anemia, skin
lesions, appetite loss, damage to liver and changes in blood.
How much p-DCB is produced and released to the environment?
74 million lbs. of p-DCB were consumed by industry in 1986, and
demand was predicted to increase. Chemical waste dump leachates and
direct manufacturing effluents are reported to be the major source
of p-DCB pollution in Lake Ontario.
From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxic Release Inventory, p-DCB
releases to water totalled almost 34,000 lbs. Releases to land
totalled nearly 4,500 lbs. These releases were primarily from a
single chemical manufacturing plant in West Virginia.
What happens to p-DCB when it is released to the environment?
p-DCB only moderately binds to soil so it may leach to ground
water. Otherwise, it will evaporate and be slowly broken down by
microbes. If released to water, it will largely evaporate. p-DCB is
not likely to accumulate in most aquatic life, though it may in
some fishes.
How will p-DCB be Detected in and Removed from My Drinking Water?
The regulation for p-DCB became effective in 1989. Between 1993 and
1995, EPA required your water supplier to collect water samples
every 3 months for one year and analyze them to find out if p-DCB
is present above 0.5 ppb. If it is present above this level, the
system must continue to monitor this contaminant.
If contaminant levels are found to be consistently above the MCL,
your water supplier must take steps to reduce the amount of p-DCB
so that it is consistently below that level. The following
treatment methods have been approved by EPA for removing p-DCB:
Granular activated charcoal in combination with Packed Tower
Aeration.
How will I know if p-DCB is in my drinking water?
If the levels of p-DCB exceed the MCL, 75 ppb, the system must
notify the public via newspapers, radio, TV and other means.
Additional actions, such as providing alternative drinking water
supplies, may be required to prevent serious risks to public
health.
Drinking Water Standards:
Mclg: 75 ppb
Mcl: 75 ppb
p-DCB Releases to Water and Land, 1987 to 1993 (in pounds):
| Water | Land |
TOTALS (in pounds) | 33,675 | 4,482 |
Top Five States* |
---|
WV | 27,676 | 0
|
TX | 1,280 | 3,132
|
DE | 1,870 | 200
|
GA | 750 | 0
|
LA | 503 | 0
|
Major Industries |
---|
Alkalies, chlorine | 27,676 | 0
|
Industrial org. chem. | 3,076 | 3,350
|
Agricultural chem. | 750 | 0
|
Cyclic crudes, intermed. | 600 | 0
|
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases greater
than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 lbs.
Learn more about your drinking water!
EPA strongly encourages people to learn more about their drinking
water, and to support local efforts to protect and upgrade the
supply of safe drinking water. Your water bill or telephone books
government listings are a good starting point.
Your local water supplier can give you a list of the chemicals they
test for in your water, as well as how your water is treated.
Your state Department of Health/Environment is also a valuable
source of information.
For help in locating these agencies or for information on drinking
water in general, call: EPAs Safe Drinking Water Hotline: (800)
426-4791.
For additional information on the uses and releases of chemicals in
your state, contact the: Community Right-to-Know Hotline: (800) 424-9346.
List of Contaminants
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