Dates Event Group affected Jump to: 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 1786 The U. S, establishes first Native American reservation and the policy of dealing with each tribe as an independent nation. Native American 1790 The federal government requires two years of residency for naturalization All Groups 1808 Congress bans importation of slaves. African American 1816 The American Colonization Society forms— assists in repatriating free African Americans to a Liberian colony on the West Coast of Africa. African American 1819 Congress establishes reporting on immigration. All Groups 1820 The Compromise of 1820— admits Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state; also prohibits slavery in territories north of Missouri. African American 1830 Congress passes the Removal Act, forcing Native Americans to settle in Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Native American 1838 Cherokee Indians forced on thousand-mile march to the established Indian Territory. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees die on this “Trail of Tears.” Native American 1845 Potato crop fails in Ireland sparking the Potato Famine which kills one million and prompts almost 500,000 to immigrate to America over the next five years. Irish 1848 The Mexican-American War ends: U. S. acquires additional territory and people under its jurisdiction. Mexican 1849 The California Gold Rush sparks first mass immigration from China. Chinese 1850 The Compromise of 1850 includes the Fugitive Slave Act, a law designed to assist in the recovery of runaway slaves by increasing federal officers and denying fugitive slaves a right to a jury trial. African American 1857 Supreme Court’s Dred Scott Decision declares blacks are not U.S. citizens; rules 1820 Missouri Compromise’s ban on slavery in the territories unconstitutional. African American 1860 Poland’s religious and economic conditions prompt immigration of approximately two million Poles by 1914. Polish & Russian 1861 Abraham Lincoln takes the presidential oath of office. The Southern Confederacy ratifies a new Constitution and elects Jefferson Davis as the first Confederate president. The Civil War begins with Confederate soldiers firing upon Fort Sumter. African American 1862 The American Homestead Act allows any male over the age of 21 and a head of a family to claim up to 160 acres of land and improve it within five years or to purchase the land at a small fee. Scandinavian   The Union Army permits black men to enlist as laborers, cooks, teamsters, and servants. African American 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery and permits African American men to join the Union Army. African American 1864 Congress legalizes the importation of contract laborers.     Thousands of Navajo Indians endure the “Long Walk,” a three-hundred mile forced march from a Southwest Indian territory to Fort Sumner, New Mexico. Native American 1868 The 14th Amendment of the Constitution endows African American with citizenship.   African American   A clause in the 14th Amendment “excluding Indians not taxed” prevents Native-American men from receiving the right to vote.   Native American   Japanese laborers arrive in Hawaii to work in sugar cane fields. Japanese 1870 The 15th Amendment of the Constitution provides African-American males with the right to vote. African American 1876 California Senate committee investigates the “social, moral, and political effect of Chinese immigration.” Chinese 1877 United States Congress investigates the criminal influence of Chinese immigrants. Chinese 1880 Italy’s troubled economy, crop failures, and political climate begin the start of mass immigration with nearly four million Italian immigrants arriving in the United States. Italian 1881 The assassination of Czar Alexander II in 1881 prompts civil unrest and economic instability throughout Russia. Polish & Russian 1882 Russia’s May Laws severely restrict the ability for Jewish citizens to live and work in Russia. The country’s instability prompts more than three million Russians to immigrate to the United States over three decades.   Polish & Russian   The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspends immigration of Chinese laborers under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. Chinese 1885 Congress bans the admission of contract laborers.   1887 The Dawes Act dissolves many Indian reservations in United States. Native American 1889 Unoccupied lands in Oklahoma are made available to white settlers. Native American 1896 The Supreme Court rules in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” accommodations for African Americans and whites were Constitutional. This decision allows for legalized segregation. African American 1898 The Spanish-American War begins with a naval blockade of Cuba and attacks on the island. The four-month conflict ends with Cuba’s independence and the U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam. Cuban & Puerto Rican 1900 Congress establishes a civil government in Puerto Rico and the Jones Act grants U.S. citizenship to island inhabitants. U.S. citizens can travel freely between the mainland and the island without a passport. Cuban & Puerto Rican 1907 The United States and Japan form a “Gentleman’s Agreement” in which Japan ends issuance of passports to laborers and the U.S. agrees not to prohibit Japanese immigration.   1911 The Dillingham Commission identifies Mexican laborers as the best solution to the Southwest labor shortage. Mexicans are exempted from immigrant “head taxes” set in 1903 and 1907. Mexican 1913 California’s Alien Land Law rules that aliens “ineligible to citizenship” were ineligible to own agricultural property. Japanese 1917 The U.S. enters World War I and anti-German sentiment swells at home as the names of schools, foods, streets, towns, and even some families, are changed to sound less Germanic. German 1922 The Supreme Court rules in Ozawa v. United States first-generation Japanese are ineligible for citizenship and could not apply for naturalization. Japanese 1924 Immigration Act of 1924 establishes fixed quotas of national origin and eliminates Far East immigration.   Japanese   President Calvin Coolidge signs a bill granting Native Americans full citizenship. Native American 1929 Congress makes annual immigration quotas permanent.   1941 Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii galvanizes America’s war effort. Over 1,000 Japanese-American community leaders are incarcerated because of national security.   Japanese   President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8802, forbidding discrimination in federal hiring, job-training programs, and defense industries. The newly created Fair Employment Practices Commission investigates discrimination against black employees. African American 1942 President Franklin Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, authorizing the building of “relocation camps” for Japanese Americans living along the Pacific Coast.   Japanese   Congress allows for importation of agricultural workers from within North, Central, and South America. The Bracero Program allows Mexican laborers to work in the U.S. Mexican 1943 The Magnuson Act of 1943 repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, establishes quotas for Chinese immigrants, and makes them eligible for U.S. citizenship. Chinese 1945 The War Bride Act and the G.I. Fiancées Act allows immigration of foreign-born wives, fiancé(e)s, husbands, and children of U.S. armed forces personnel. Chinese 1948 The Supreme Court rules that California’s Alien Land Laws prohibiting the ownership of agricultural property violates the Constitution’s 14th Amendment.   Japanese   The United States admits persons fleeing persecution in their native lands; allowing 205,000 refugees to enter within two years.   1950 Bureau of Indian Affairs terminates federal services for Native Americans in lieu of state supervision. Native American 1952 The Immigration and Nationality Act allows individuals of all races to be eligible for naturalization. The act also reaffirms national origins quota system, limits immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere while leaving the Western Hemisphere unrestricted, establishes preferences for skilled workers and relatives of U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens; and tightens security and screening standards and procedures.     The Bureau of Indian Affairs begins selling 1.6 million acres of Native American land to developers. Native American 1953 Congress amends the 1948 refugee policy to allow for the admission of 200,000 more refugees.   1954 The Supreme Court rules in Brown v. Topeka Board of Education that “separate but equal” educational facilities were unconstitutional. African American 1959 Fidel Castro’s Cuban revolution prompts mass exodus of over 200,000 people within three years. Cuban & Puerto Rican 1961 The Cuban Refugee Program handles influx of immigrants to Miami with 300,000 relocated across the United States during the next two decades. Cuban & Puerto Rican 1964 The Civil Rights Acts ensures voting rights and prohibits housing discrimination. African American 1965 The Immigration Act of 1965 abolishes quota system in favor of quota systems with 20,000 per country limits. Preference is given to immediate families of immigrants and skilled workers.   Chinese   “Freedom flight” airlifts begin for Cuban refugees assisting over 260,000 people over the next eight years.   Cuban & Puerto Rican   The Bracero Program ends after temporarily employing almost 4.5 million Mexican nationals. Mexican 1966 The Cuban Refugee Act permits more than 400,000 people to enter the United States. Cuban & Puerto Rican 1980 The Refugee Act redefines criteria and procedures for admitting refugees.     1986 The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) legalizes illegal aliens residing in the U.S. unlawfully since 1982.   1988 The Civil Liberties Act provides compensation of $20,000 and a presidential apology to all Japanese-American survivors of the World War II internment camps. Japanese 2001 A memorial honoring Japanese-American veterans and detainees opens on the edge of the Capitol grounds in Washington, D.C.

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