| Employees encounter several risk factors at sewing workstations, such as awkward arm, neck, trunk, and leg postures. These postures are influenced by the size of the worker and the design of the workstation. This section explains potential hazards encountered at the workstation and a general description of a proper workstation design.
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| Chair |
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Potential Hazards:
- Workers often maintain awkward shoulder, elbow, and wrist postures (Fig. 1) while sewing because of improper chair height or position.
- Employees must sit or stand for long periods in the same position, resulting in soreness of the back and neck, and/or buttocks, and reduced circulation to the legs.
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Fig. 1
Awkward postures. |
Possible Solutions:
Use easily adjustable chairs (Fig. 2) to minimize awkward postures, and provide training on how to properly use them.
- Chairs should have:
- easily adjustable height, seat tilt, and backrest position;
- padded back rest with rounded edges that supports worker's lower back;
- no wheels, or wheels that lock;
- a gently sloped or "waterfall" front edge to help prevent the chair's edge from pressing into the back of the legs; and
- a cushioned/contoured seat, which distributes the worker's weight so no body part gets all the pressure.
To choose a proper chair, consider the amount of movement the task requires, and the size of the worker. For tasks that require a lot of twisting, Fig. 2 is desirable. |
Fig. 2
Padded chair with rounded, waterfall edge. Narrow back rest is ideal for twisting jobs.
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- Chairs should be placed at an appropriate distance from the workstation, so workers can perform tasks without pulling their elbows away from the body (Fig. 3).
- Motor placement should not interfere with proper chair distance.
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Fig. 3
Properly placed chair.
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- Chair height is correct when the work surface is at elbow height. Ideally, in this posture, the entire sole of the foot should rest on the floor, and the back of the knee should be slightly higher than the seat of the chair (Fig. 4). (This illustrates the importance of also having an adjustable table.) The seat may be slightly lower when the worker uses a treadle or pedal.
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Fig. 4
Proper chair height.
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- Provide sit/stand workstations, which encourage changing posture (Figs. 5 & 5a).
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Figs. 5 & 5a
Sit/stand stool.
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- Provide anti-fatigue mats (Fig. 6) for workers who are standing for prolonged periods. Anti-fatigue mats promote better circulation and reduce fatigue in the lower extremities.
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Fig. 6
Anti-fatigue mat.
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- Schedule frequent, short breaks to stretch and/or change position.
- Provide training on importance of breaks to help reduce injuries.
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| Table |
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Potential Hazards:
- Workers maintain awkward shoulder, elbow, and wrist postures while sewing because of improper table height (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1
Table too high, causing worker's left elbow to be raised.
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- Employees resting forearms or wrists on sharp edges may cut off blood circulation, pinch nerves, and cause injury to the arms or hands (Fig. 2).
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Fig. 2
Employee leaning on sharp edges. |
Possible Solutions:
- Provide both height- and tilt-adjustable tables (Fig. 3), which can help employees access their work without using awkward postures.
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Fig. 3
Height-adjustable table.
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- Tables should be adjusted so the work is at elbow height and wrists are kept straight (Fig 4). If the table is too low, workers will have to hunch forward, putting strain on the back, neck, and shoulders. If a table is too high, workers will have to raise their shoulders to get their arms high enough to work. This posture tires the neck, shoulder, and upper back muscles and may result in muscle pain.
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Fig. 4
Tables should be at elbow height.
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- For sit-down work, the table should also be high enough to allow room underneath for the worker's legs (Fig. 5). The table top should not press on the worker's thighs. Workers who use a treadle need more room than those who don't so they can move their legs more easily.
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Fig. 5
Table should allow room for worker's legs.
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- Tables may be tilted slightly toward workers, to enable them to see the work more easily and to reduce awkward wrist postures (Fig. 6).
- When sewing heavy fabric, the table may be tilted away from the worker, which may help pull the fabric through the machine and lessen manual force applied by the worker.
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Fig. 6
Tilting the table may reduce stress on the worker.
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- Edges of work surfaces should be padded or rounded, so workers can rest their arms against them (Fig. 7).
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Fig. 7
Table edges should be padded or rounded. |
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| Treadle/Pedal |
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Potential Hazards:
- Employees operating a treadle for prolonged periods must maintain awkward and unbalanced posture (Fig. 1).
- Employees required to apply a constant treadle force must maintain static lower extremity postures.
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Fig. 1
Poorly-designed treadle causes the worker to use awkward posture.
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- Workers may also maintain poor posture if treadle is too close or too far away (Fig. 2).
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Fig. 2
Treadle too close. |
Possible Solutions:
- Design treadle to require less force (Fig. 3), allowing the use of a sit/stand workstation.
- When feasible, use hip switches or redesigned foot treadles to eliminate the need to apply constant standing pressure.
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Fig. 3
Treadle that eliminates awkward leg posture and requires minimal force to operate, especially while standing.
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- Provide adjustable treadle so the worker can place it in a comfortable position and get as close to the table as possible (Fig. 4).
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Fig. 4
Place treadle so employee
can get close to table.
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- Use job/task rotation through tasks that do not require constant leg pressure and awkward leg posture.
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