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Table 82. | Principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993–94, 1999–2000, and 2003–04 |
Characteristic | 1993–941 | 1999–20001 | 2003–041 | Percentage distribution of principals, by highest degree earned, 2003–04 |
Average years of experience | Average annual salary of principals in current dollars |
Average annual salary of principals in constant 2005–06 dollars2 |
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Bachelor's or less |
Master's | Education specialist3 | Doctor's and first-professional |
As a principal, 1993–94 | As a principal, 2003–04 | Teaching experience, 2003–04 | 1993–94 | 2003–04 | 1993–94 | 2003–04 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||
Public schools | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 79,620 | (235) | 83,790 | (327) | 87,620 | (307) | 1.9 | (0.24) | 59.2 | (0.71) | 30.3 | (0.69) | 8.6 | (0.43) | 8.7 | (0.10) | 7.8 | (0.10) | 13.5 | (0.11) | $54,860 | (127) | $75,500 | (186) | $74,660 | (172) | $80,730 | (198) | |||||
Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Males | 52,110 | (613) | 47,130 | (604) | 45,930 | (707) | 1.6 | (0.25) | 62.9 | (1.04) | 27.8 | (0.93) | 7.7 | (0.51) | 10.3 | (0.16) | 9.1 | (0.16) | 12.2 | (0.13) | 54,920 | (160) | 75,630 | (290) | 74,750 | (218) | 80,870 | (310) | |||||
Females | 27,500 | (542) | 36,660 | (598) | 41,690 | (708) | 2.2 | (0.41) | 55.1 | (1.23) | 33.1 | (1.13) | 9.7 | (0.70) | 5.6 | (0.12) | 6.3 | (0.13) | 14.9 | (0.16) | 54,740 | (276) | 75,360 | (334) | 74,490 | (375) | 80,580 | (357) | |||||
Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
White | 67,080 | (540) | 68,930 | (579) | 72,200 | (509) | 1.8 | (0.28) | 58.8 | (0.74) | 30.8 | (0.78) | 8.6 | (0.45) | 9.0 | (0.12) | 8.0 | (0.12) | 13.5 | (0.12) | 54,470 | (138) | 75,080 | (221) | 74,120 | (188) | 80,280 | (237) | |||||
Black | 8,020 | (351) | 9,240 | (321) | 9,250 | (377) | 2.0 | (0.53) | 56.2 | (2.32) | 30.9 | (1.94) | 10.9 | (1.68) | 7.1 | (0.21) | 6.9 | (0.33) | 14.3 | (0.40) | 57,670 | (454) | 77,360 | (665) | 78,480 | (619) | 82,720 | (711) | |||||
Hispanic | 3,270 | (258) | 4,330 | (300) | 4,680 | (355) | 1.5 | (0.61) | 69.2 | (3.85) | 24.1 | (3.68) | 5.2 | (1.35) | 6.3 | (0.37) | 6.1 | (0.43) | 11.9 | (0.55) | 55,860 | (798) | 79,450 | (1,369) | 76,030 | (1,086) | 84,960 | (1,464) | |||||
Asian | 620 | 4 | (109) | 630 | 4 | (124) | 460 | (87) | 6.8 | (2.16) | 70.0 | (10.11) | 20.3 | (10.38) | 3.0 | (1.23) | 6.0 | 4 | (0.60) | 6.8 | (1.17) | 13.6 | (1.29) | 59,450 | 4 | (1,425) | 82,640 | (1,672) | 80,900 | 4 | (1,940) | 88,370 | (1,788) |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 630 | (67) | 660 | (60) | 600 | (80) | 4.5 | (2.07) | 64.4 | (5.17) | 24.7 | (4.67) | 6.5 | (2.26) | 12.6 | (0.67) | 6.9 | (0.63) | 12.6 | (0.94) | 51,120 | (1,734) | 62,010 | (2,127) | 69,570 | (2,360) | 66,310 | (2,275) | |||||
Pacific Islander | — | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | |||||
More than one race | — | (†) | — | (†) | 350 | (82) | 3.2 | (2.30) | 48.5 | (11.64) | 35.6 | (10.26) | 12.7 | (5.94) | — | (†) | 5.6 | (1.12) | 13.2 | (0.98) | — | (†) | 75,800 | (3,767) | — | (†) | 81,050 | (4,028) | |||||
Age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Under 40 | 5,940 | (273) | 8,440 | (302) | 12,840 | (477) | 3.5 | (0.84) | 67.3 | (1.98) | 26.4 | (1.81) | 2.9 | (0.40) | 2.8 | (0.13) | 2.4 | (0.10) | 7.6 | (0.14) | 46,540 | (473) | 68,820 | (544) | 63,340 | (644) | 73,590 | (582) | |||||
40 to 44 | 14,570 | (496) | 10,510 | (317) | 9,540 | (449) | 2.4 | (0.68) | 66.4 | (1.85) | 26.7 | (1.73) | 4.5 | (0.62) | 5.0 | (0.12) | 4.5 | (0.18) | 11.0 | (0.21) | 52,040 | (386) | 72,310 | (662) | 70,820 | (525) | 77,320 | (708) | |||||
45 to 49 | 25,430 | (429) | 19,600 | (535) | 16,120 | (526) | 2.2 | (0.72) | 60.0 | (1.81) | 29.9 | (1.59) | 7.9 | (0.85) | 7.1 | (0.13) | 6.1 | (0.16) | 13.4 | (0.20) | 55,420 | (261) | 73,280 | (527) | 75,430 | (355) | 78,360 | (564) | |||||
50 to 54 | 18,870 | (539) | 27,120 | (606) | 24,170 | (669) | 1.3 | (0.29) | 56.8 | (1.47) | 31.8 | (1.16) | 10.1 | (1.06) | 10.3 | (0.18) | 8.7 | (0.19) | 15.2 | (0.21) | 56,560 | (364) | 77,050 | (437) | 76,970 | (496) | 82,390 | (467) | |||||
55 or over | 14,820 | (441) | 18,130 | (500) | 24,960 | (679) | 1.3 | (0.36) | 53.9 | (1.63) | 32.5 | (1.60) | 12.3 | (0.97) | 15.1 | (0.35) | 11.9 | (0.23) | 15.9 | (0.27) | 57,830 | (495) | 80,090 | (476) | 78,700 | (674) | 85,640 | (509) | |||||
Type of school | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elementary | 53,680 | (294) | 60,110 | (253) | 61,480 | (361) | 1.2 | (0.22) | 59.9 | (0.98) | 30.5 | (0.99) | 8.5 | (0.57) | 8.9 | (0.14) | 7.9 | (0.13) | 13.7 | (0.13) | 54,160 | (168) | 75,400 | (225) | 73,710 | (229) | 80,630 | (240) | |||||
Secondary | 18,260 | (161) | 20,450 | (197) | 19,700 | (272) | 2.9 | (0.70) | 56.4 | (1.30) | 30.7 | (1.21) | 10.0 | (0.56) | 8.0 | (0.12) | 7.5 | (0.19) | 13.1 | (0.19) | 56,600 | (167) | 79,370 | (442) | 77,030 | (227) | 84,870 | (472) | |||||
Combined | 2,750 | (143) | 3,230 | (146) | 6,450 | (263) | 5.6 | (1.05) | 60.9 | (2.07) | 27.9 | (1.96) | 5.6 | (0.86) | 7.5 | (0.29) | 7.4 | (0.36) | 12.7 | (0.35) | 52,820 | (511) | 64,660 | (615) | 71,890 | (695) | 69,140 | (658) | |||||
Location of school | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
City5 | — | (†) | — | (†) | 22,690 | (425) | 1.7 | (0.36) | 55.1 | (1.70) | 31.7 | (1.39) | 11.4 | (1.11) | — | (†) | 7.3 | (0.17) | 13.9 | (0.23) | — | (†) | 80,200 | (376) | — | (†) | 85,760 | (403) | |||||
Suburban6 | — | (†) | — | (†) | 25,600 | (506) | 1.0 | (0.27) | 59.1 | (1.30) | 28.3 | (1.35) | 11.5 | (0.96) | — | (†) | 7.9 | (0.23) | 13.3 | (0.20) | — | (†) | 85,380 | (473) | — | (†) | 91,300 | (505) | |||||
Town7 | — | (†) | — | (†) | 13,700 | (424) | 2.1 | (0.77) | 62.1 | (1.86) | 30.7 | (1.69) | 5.1 | (0.64) | — | (†) | 8.1 | (0.28) | 13.0 | (0.27) | — | (†) | 68,940 | (503) | — | (†) | 73,720 | (538) | |||||
Rural8 | — | (†) | — | (†) | 25,640 | (492) | 2.8 | (0.54) | 61.2 | (1.32) | 30.9 | (1.25) | 5.1 | (0.49) | — | (†) | 7.9 | (0.22) | 13.6 | (0.18) | — | (†) | 64,990 | (351) | — | (†) | 69,500 | (376) | |||||
Private schools | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 25,020 | (198) | 26,230 | (259) | 27,690 | (677) | 33.1 | (1.27) | 49.5 | (1.20) | 10.7 | (0.61) | 6.7 | (0.63) | 8.8 | (0.20) | 10.0 | (0.24) | 14.1 | (0.25) | $32,070 | (363) | $50,180 | (611) | $43,650 | (495) | $53,660 | (718) | |||||
Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Males | 11,610 | (301) | 11,900 | (308) | 12,110 | (552) | 29.1 | (1.74) | 50.6 | (1.72) | 10.5 | (0.95) | 9.8 | (1.13) | 9.0 | (0.26) | 11.0 | (0.35) | 13.3 | (0.35) | 35,600 | (565) | 55,400 | (1,003) | 48,440 | (768) | 59,240 | (1,179) | |||||
Females | 13,410 | (283) | 14,330 | (307) | 15,580 | (491) | 36.2 | (1.83) | 48.8 | (1.80) | 10.8 | (0.83) | 4.3 | (0.75) | 8.6 | (0.27) | 9.2 | (0.28) | 14.7 | (0.36) | 29,190 | (608) | 46,260 | (843) | 39,720 | (827) | 49,470 | (991) | |||||
Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
White | 23,130 | (270) | 23,320 | (309) | 24,850 | (715) | 32.3 | (1.33) | 50.2 | (1.26) | 11.1 | (0.65) | 6.4 | (0.64) | 8.7 | (0.22) | 10.3 | (0.24) | 14.4 | (0.26) | 31,970 | (401) | 50,590 | (603) | 43,510 | (545) | 54,100 | (709) | |||||
Black | 1,060 | (124) | 1,570 | (164) | 1,440 | (155) | 39.6 | (6.00) | 43.3 | (6.40) | 7.3 | (3.50) | 9.7 | (4.10) | 8.3 | (1.04) | 7.1 | (1.08) | 11.9 | (1.35) | 34,380 | (2,476) | 44,310 | (3,461) | 46,790 | (3,370) | 47,380 | (4,069) | |||||
Hispanic | 520 | (91) | 830 | (135) | 820 | (116) | 33.5 | (6.35) | 53.0 | (6.98) | 6.7 | (3.27) | 6.8 | (4.10) | 10.1 | (1.43) | 6.6 | (1.29) | 10.9 | (1.50) | 31,350 | (1,958) | 48,010 | (3,940) | 42,660 | (2,664) | 51,340 | (4,631) | |||||
Age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Under 40 | 4,790 | (302) | 3,750 | (223) | 4,420 | (267) | 54.2 | (3.41) | 39.7 | (3.36) | 4.9 | (1.13) | 1.2 | (0.59) | 3.5 | (0.22) | 2.9 | (0.20) | 6.3 | (0.37) | 26,310 | (869) | 40,930 | (1,582) | 35,800 | (1,183) | 48,110 | (1,860) | |||||
40 to 44 | 4,400 | (217) | 3,450 | (212) | 3,040 | (250) | 45.3 | (4.75) | 43.9 | (4.21) | 7.2 | (2.45) | 3.7 | (1.59) | 5.3 | (0.24) | 5.4 | (0.38) | 10.6 | (0.57) | 30,490 | (928) | 43,630 | (1,719) | 41,490 | (1,263) | 51,280 | (2,021) | |||||
45 to 49 | 5,140 | (216) | 5,210 | (261) | 4,020 | (250) | 32.7 | (3.49) | 50.4 | (3.22) | 8.7 | (1.39) | 8.3 | (2.16) | 8.3 | (0.27) | 7.6 | (0.28) | 12.9 | (0.51) | 34,640 | (736) | 51,660 | (1,467) | 47,140 | (1,002) | 60,720 | (1,724) | |||||
50 to 54 | 4,120 | (228) | 5,840 | (291) | 5,820 | (337) | 27.1 | (2.46) | 53.0 | (2.42) | 12.3 | (1.57) | 7.6 | (1.23) | 9.6 | (0.34) | 10.1 | (0.35) | 14.7 | (0.49) | 37,730 | (999) | 52,420 | (1,568) | 51,340 | (1,359) | 61,620 | (1,843) | |||||
55 or over | 6,550 | (244) | 7,980 | (276) | 10,390 | (425) | 24.1 | (1.64) | 53.1 | (1.81) | 14.0 | (1.11) | 8.7 | (1.21) | 14.8 | (0.40) | 15.2 | (0.40) | 18.6 | (0.44) | 31,780 | (757) | 54,000 | (1,109) | 43,250 | (1,030) | 63,470 | (1,303) | |||||
Type of school | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elementary | 13,350 | (158) | 15,810 | (245) | 16,750 | (327) | 33.4 | (1.64) | 50.0 | (1.57) | 12.0 | (0.81) | 4.6 | (0.66) | 9.4 | (0.27) | 9.9 | (0.30) | 14.3 | (0.34) | 28,780 | (444) | 47,250 | (673) | 39,170 | (605) | 55,540 | (791) | |||||
Secondary | 2,300 | (244) | 2,630 | (133) | 2,510 | (364) | 13.3 | (3.27) | 62.9 | (4.33) | 13.0 | (2.76) | 10.9 | (2.56) | 7.8 | (0.36) | 9.3 | (0.77) | 15.6 | (0.68) | 43,680 | (784) | 65,010 | (2,593) | 59,450 | (1,067) | 76,420 | (3,048) | |||||
Combined | 6,770 | (115) | 7,800 | (265) | 8,430 | (281) | 38.4 | (2.36) | 44.7 | (2.35) | 7.3 | (0.93) | 9.6 | (1.10) | 8.0 | (0.34) | 10.3 | (0.39) | 13.4 | (0.47) | 33,630 | (1,110) | 51,580 | (1,516) | 45,770 | (1,511) | 60,630 | (1,782) |
—Not available. † Not applicable. ‡ Reporting standards not met. 1 Total differs from data appearing in other tables because of varying survey processing procedures and time period coverages. 2 Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. Excludes principals reporting a salary of $0. 3 Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for 1 year's work beyond the master's level. Includes certificate of advanced studies. 4 Data includes Pacific Islander. 5 A city consists of a territory inside an urbanized area and inside a principal city. 6 A suburb is a territory outside a principal city and inside an urbanized area. An urbanized area includes a central place and densely populated surrounding area with at least 50,000 people. 7 A town is a territory within an urban cluster. An urban cluster is a central place with a densely populated adjacent territory including at least 2,500 people. 8 A rural area is a Census-defined rural territory that is outside of an urbanized area and urban clusters. NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and survey item nonresponse. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public School Principal Questionnaire" and "Private School Principal Questionnaire," 1993–94, 1999–2000, and 2003–04. (This table was prepared June 2006.) |