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Chemical Sampling Information |
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| Isoflurane |
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General Description
Synonyms: 1-Chloro-2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl Difluoromethyl Ether; 2-Chloro-2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoro Ethane; Forane
OSHA IMIS Code Number: F118
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 26675-46-7
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: KN6799000
Chemical Description and Physical Properties: colorless liquid
molecular formula: C3H2ClF5O
molecular weight: 184.50
boiling point: 48.5°C
vapor pressure: 32 kPa @ 20°C
Health Factors
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Anesthetics, volatile - Group 3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans [1,021 KB PDF]
Potential symptoms: Irritation of eyes, skin, respiratory tract; cough, sore throat; headache, drowsiness, dizziness; asphyxia; unconsciousness.
Health Effects: Narcosis (HE8); Asphyxiant (HE17).
Affected organs: CNS
Notes:
- OSHA does not have a PEL for isoflurane.
- Isoflurane is used as a general anesthetic by inhalation. Its minimum alveolar concentration (MAC, a special type of ED50) is approximately 1.15%. Significant subjective effects and significant deficits in psychomotor tests occurred in volunteers (n=14) at a concentration of 0.2%.
- A comparison of the irritating effects (coughing, burning sensation, tolerability) of isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane (n=27 male patients per anesthetic) at concentrations of 2 MAC for a one-minute exposure indicated that 2.3% isoflurane is more irritating than 4% sevoflurane and less irritating than 12% desflurane.
- Studies with patients undergoing anesthesia indicated that a small amount of isoflurane (approximately 0.2% of what is systemically absorbed) is metabolized to trifluoroacetic acid and inorganic fluoride by cytochrome P450 2E1 and that this metabolism is inhibited by disulfiram.
- Tissue levels of isoflurane have been measured in two fatal cases involving isoflurane abuse.
- Measurement of urinary isoflurane has been suggested as a suitable means for biomonitoring exposure in operating room personnel.
Date Last Revised: 06/13/2006
Literature Basis:
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Isoflurane.
- Accorsi, A., Barbieri, A., Raffi, G.B. and Violante, F.S.: Biomonitoring of exposure to nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, isoflurane and halothane by automated GC/MS headspace urinalysis. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 74(8): 541-548, 2001.
- Beckman, N.J., Zacny, J.P. and Walker, D.J.: Within-subject comparison of the subjective and psychomotor effects of a gaseous anesthetic and two volatile anesthetics in health volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 81(1): 89-95, 2006.
- Kharasch, E.D., Hankins, D.C. and Cox, K.: Clinical isoflurane metabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1. Anesthesiology 90(3): 766-771, 1999.
- Kuhlman, J.J., Jr., Magluilo, J., Jr., Levine, B. and Smith, M.L.: Two deaths involving isoflurane abuse. J. Forensic Sci. 38(4): 968-971, 1993.
- Stachnik, J.: Inhaled anesthetic agents. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 63(7): 623-634, 2006.
- TerRiet, M.F., et al.: Which is most pungent: isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane? Br. J. Anaesth. 85(2): 305-307, 2000.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Anasorb 747 Tube (140/70 mg sections)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
maximum volume: 12 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 103)
method classification: Fully Validated
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sampling media: Anasorb CMS Tube (150/75 mg sections)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
maximum volume: 12 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 103)
method classification: Fully Validated
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