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OSHA TECHNICAL MANUAL

EXTENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT

SECTION I: GENERAL INFORMATION

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO OSHA TECHNICAL MANUAL (OTM)

  1. PURPOSE.

  2. SCOPE.

  3. CANCELLATION.

  4. REFERENCES.

  5. ACTION INFORMATION.

    1. RESPONSIBLE OFFICE.

    2. ACTION OFFICES.

    3. INFORMATION OFFICES.

  6. ACTIONS REQUIRED.

  7. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES.

  8. CONTENT OF THE MANUAL.
SECTION II: SAMPLING, MEASUREMENT METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS

CHAPTER 1. PERSONAL SAMPLING FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. GENERAL SAMPLING PROCEDURES.

    1. SAMPLING PREPARATIONS.
      Figure II:1-a. Exploded View of Three-Piece Cassette Shows Placement of Back-up Pad

    2. SELECT THE EMPLOYEE.

    3. STARTING SAMPLING.

    4. MONITORING.

    5. FINAL PROCEDURES.
      Figure II:1-1b. Improperly Sealed Cassette Allows Access to Inlet and Outlet after Sample Has Been Taken
      Figure II:1-1c. Properly Sealed Cassette with Osha-32 Form Covering Inlet and Outlet Ports Provides Security

  3. SAMPLING MEDIA.

    1. DETECTOR TUBES.

    2. TOTAL DUST AND METAL FUME - AEROSOL SAMPLERS.

    3. RESPIRABLE DUST SAMPLERS.
      Figure II:1-2. Cyclone Assembly

    4. SOLID SORBENT TUBES.
      Figure II:1-3. The Charcoal or "C"-tube with Glass-sealed Ends and Niosh-approved Caps Before Sampling
      Figure II:1-4a. Correctly Sealed "C"-tube. Sample Is Completely Enclosed in the Seal, and No Tampering Is Possible
      Figure II:1-4b. Incorrectly Sealed "C"-tube. End Caps Can Be Removed and Sample Integrity Jeopardized Without Disturbing the Seal

    5. MIDGET IMPINGERS AND BUBBLERS.
      Figure II:1-5. A Typical Glass Bubbler

    6. VAPOR BADGES.
      Figure II:1-6. Vapor Badge with Clothing Clip

  4. SPECIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURES.

    1. ASBESTOS.
      Figure II:1-7. A Standard Asbestos Cassette (25 Mm) Sealed Properly with an OSHA 21 Form
      Figure II:1-8. For Calibration, the Cassette Is Attached to an Electronic Bubble Meter
      Figure II:1-9. The Cyclone Is Calibrated by Placing the Cyclone in a 1-liter Vessel Attached to an Electronic Bubble Meter

    2. SAMPLING FOR WELDING FUMES.

  5. EQUIPMENT PREPARATION AND CALIBRATION.

    1. ALKALINE BATTERIES.

    2. RECHARGEABLE NI-CAD BATTERIES.

    3. TIME OF CALIBRATION.

    4. ELECTRONIC FLOW CALIBRATORS.

    5. CALIBRATION.
      Figure II:1-10. A Single-column Precision Rotameter Can Be Used as a Secondary Calibration Device

  6. FILTER WEIGHING.

    1. THE FILTER MEDIA.
      Figure II:1-11a. The Filter/cassette Unit

    2. AVAILABILITY.

    3. INSTRUCTIONS FOR CALIBRATION, SAMPLING AND SUBMISSION OF SAMPLES.
      Figure II:1-11b. Stainless Steel Filter Support
      Figure II:1-11c. Sides of the Filter Cassette
      Figure II:1-11d. MSA Cyclone Holder with Cassette
      Figure II:1-11e. Bendix Holder with Cassette
  7. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX II:1-1. DETECTOR TUBES AND PUMPS
    APPENDIX II:1-2. ELECTRONIC FLOW CALIBRATORS
    APPENDIX II:1-3. MANUAL BURET BUBBLE METER TECHNIQUE
    Figure II:1-12. Calibration Set-up for Personal Sampling with Filter Cassette
    Figure II:1-13. Calibration of Cyclone Respirable Dust Sampler Using a Bubble Meter
    APPENDIX II:1-4. SHELF LIFE OF SAMPLING MEDIA PROVIDED BY SLTC
    APPENDIX II:1-5. SAMPLING FOR SPECIAL ANALYSES
    Figure II:1-14. Sample Calculation for Silica Exposure
    APPENDIX II:1-6. SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL ERRORS (SAE's)
    Equation II:1-6a. Concentration Conversion to PPM
    Equation II:1-6b. PPM Conversion to Concentration
    Equation II:1-6c. PPM Conversion
    Equation II:1-6d. Exposure Severity
    Equation II:1-6e. UCL Calculation
    Equation II:1-6f. CL Calculation
    Equation II:1-6g. Exposure Classification
    Equation II:1-6h. Possible Overexposure Calculation
    Equation II:1-6i. SAE and Mixture Calculation
    APPENDIX II:1-7. PARTIAL LIST OF SUBSTANCES FOR AUTOWEIGHING
CHAPTER 2. SAMPLING FOR SURFACE CONTAMINATION
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. THE USE OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION SAMPLING IN EVALUATING SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMS.

    1. Controlled Work Areas Requiring PPE.

    2. Controlled Work Areas Requiring Special Cleaning.

    3. Non-Controlled Work Areas.

    4. Evaluation of Sampling Results.

  3. MEDIA AND TECHNIQUES FOR WIPE SAMPLING.

    1. SAMPLING SURFACES FOR CONTAMINATION.

    2. SAMPLING SKIN FOR CONTAMINATION.

    3. PROCEDURES FOR COLLECTING WIPE SAMPLES.

  4. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX II:2-1. SUBSTANCES LISTED WITH A SKIN NOTATION BY THE ACGIH TLV's AND/OR THE OSHA PEL's
    APPENDIX II:2-2. EXAMPLE PROCEDURES FOR ISOCYANATES
    APPENDIX II:2-3. EXAMPLE PROCEDURES FOR AROMATIC AMINES
CHAPTER 3. TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. CALIBRATION.

    1. SHIPPING INSTRUCTIONS.

    2. POSTAL REGULATIONS.

    3. OTHER SHIPPING MODES.

    4. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS.

  3. BATTERIES.

    1. ALKALINE BATTERIES.

    2. RECHARGEABLE NI-CAD BATTERIES.

    3. OTHER RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES.

  4. ADVERSE CONDITIONS.

    1. ADVERSE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS.

    2. EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES.

    3. ATMOSPHERES CONTAINING CARCINOGENS.

  5. DIRECT-READING INSTRUMENTS.

    1. MERCURY ANALYZER-GOLD FILM ANALYZER.

    2. OZONE METER.

    3. TOXIC GAS METERS.

    4. PHOTOIONIZATION METERS.

    5. INFRARED ANALYZERS.

    6. DIRECT-READING PARTICLE MONITORS.

    7. COMBUSTIBLE GAS METERS.

    8. OXYGEN METERS.

  6. BIOAEROSOL MONITORS.

    1. DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS.

    2. CALIBRATION.

    3. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS.

    4. MAINTENANCE.

  7. RADIATION MONITORS AND METERS.

    1. LIGHT.

    2. IONIZING RADIATION.

    3. NONIONIZING RADIATION.

  8. AIR VELOCITY MONITORS AND METERS.

    1. FLOW HOODS.

    2. THERMOANEMOMETER.

    3. OTHER AIR VELOCITY METERS.

  9. NOISE MONITORS AND METERS.

    1. SOUND LEVEL METERS.

    2. PERSONAL DOSIMETERS.

  10. ELECTRONIC TESTING METERS.

    1. DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS.

    2. CALIBRATION.

    3. MAINTENANCE.

  11. HEAT STRESS INSTRUMENTS.

    1. DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS.

    2. CALIBRATION.

    3. MAINTENANCE.

  12. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX II:3-1. CALIBRATION INTERVALS.
    Table II:3-1. Calibration Intervals
     APPENDIX II:3-2. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR RETURNING INSTRUMENTS TO CTC
    APPENDIX II:3-3. INSTRUMENT CHART
    Table II:3-2. Physical Measurements
    Table II:3-3. Gas and Vapor Meters
    Table II:3-4. Radiation Meters
    Table II:3-5. Biological Meters
CHAPTER 4. SAMPLE SHIPPING AND HANDLING
  1. INTRODUCTION.

    1. SAMPLE COLLECTION.

    2. BULK SAMPLES.

  2. MAILING INSTRUCTIONS.

    1. SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION.

    2. FILTER CASSETTES.

    3. SOLID SORBENT TUBES.

    4. MIDGET IMPINGER OR FRITTED GLASS BUBBLER SAMPLES.

    5. WIPE SAMPLES.

    6. BULK SAMPLES.

    7. SOIL SAMPLES.

  3. FEDERAL MAILING REGULATIONS.

    1. JURISDICTION.

    2. RESPONSIBILITY.

    3. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.
SECTION III: HEALTH HAZARDS

CHAPTER 1. POLYMER MATRIX MATERIALS: ADVANCED COMPOSITES
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY.

    1. INDUSTRIAL COMPOSITES.

    2. ADVANCED COMPOSITES.

  3. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS.

    1. ELEMENTS.

    2. MAJOR PROCESSES.

  4. POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITE (PMC) RESIN SYSTEMS.

    1. RESINS.

    2. THERMOSETS.

    3. THERMOPLASTICS.

    4. FIBER REINFORCEMENTS.

  5. DESCRIPTION OF PROCESSES.

    1. RESIN FORMULATION.

    2. PREPREGGING.
      Figure III:1-1. Solution Prepregging
      Figure III:1-2. Hot Melt Prepregging

    3. WET FILAMENT WINDING.
      Figure III:1-3. Wet Filament Winding

    4. HAND LAY-UP OF PREPREG.
      Figure III:1-4. Hand Lay-up of Prepreg

    5. AUTOMATED TAPE LAY-UP.
      Figure III:1-5. Automated Tape Lay-up

    6. RESIN TRANSFER.
      Figure III:1-6. Resin Transfer Molding

    7. PULTRUSION.
      Figure III:1-7. Pultrusion

    8. INJECTION MOLDING.
      Figure III:1-8. Injection Molding

    9. VACUUM BAGGING & AUTOCLAVE CURING.
      Figure III:1-9. Vacuum Bagging and Autoclave

    10. MACHINING & FINISHING.

    11. FIELD REPAIR.

  6. HEALTH HAZARDS.

    1. RESINS.
      Table III:1-1. Organ System Target

    2. CURING AGENTS.

    3. REINFORCEMENT FIBERS.

    4. DUSTS.

    5. SOLVENTS.

  7. WORKPLACE CONTROLS.

    1. ENGINEERING CONTROLS.

    2. WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS.

    3. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.

    4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS.

  8. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX IIII:1-1. GLOSSARY.
CHAPTER 2. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INVESTIGATION
  1. INTRODUCTION.

    1. CAUSAL FACTORS.

    2. INCIDENCE.

    3. RECOMMENDED VENTILATION RATES.

  2. ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS OF MAJOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS.

    1. TYPES OF BUILDING PROBLEMS.

    2. MAJOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS.

  3. INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES.

    1. EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE INTERVIEWS.

    2. WALKAROUND INSPECTION.

    3. ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION.

  4. SAMPLING INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS.

    1. LOW CONTAMINANT LEVELS.

    2. GENERAL SCREENING.

    3. OPTIONAL SCREENING FOR COMMON INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS, BASED UPON PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT.

    4. MISCELLANEOUS AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS.

  5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE EMPLOYER.

    1. ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATIONS.

    2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND WORK PRACTICE.

    3. RECOMMENDATIONS.

  6. REFERENCES.

  7. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX III:2-1. INVESTIGATING OFFICE-RELATED COMPLAINTS.
    APPENDIX III:2-2. SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS.
CHAPTER 3. VENTILATION INVESTIGATION.
  1. INTRODUCTION.
    Figure III:3-1. Components of a Local Exhaust System

  2. HEALTH EFFECTS.

    1. INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS.

    2. VOLATILE ORGANIC AND REACTIVE CHEMICALS.

  3. STANDARDS AND CODES.

    1. CONSENSUS STANDARDS.

    2. OSHA REGULATIONS.

  4. INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES.

    1. INVESTIGATION PHASES.

    2. FAULTY VENTILATION CONDITIONS AND CAUSES.

    3. BASIC TESTING EQUIPMENT.
      Table III:3-1. Common Ventilation Conditions And Causes
      Table III:3-2. Problem Characterization

    4. DOCUMENTATION.

    5. EQUIPMENT OPERABILITY.

    6. MEASUREMENTS.
      Figure III:3-2. Use of Smoke to Demonstrate Air Flow
      Figure III:3-3. Use of Static Pressure Tap Into Duct to Measure Hood Static Pressure

    7. GOOD PRACTICES.
      Figure III:3-4. Relationship of Capture Velocity (Vc) to Duct Velocity (Vd)
      Figure III:3-5. Rule of Thumb For Simple Capture Hoods: Maximum Capture Distance Should Not Be More Than 1.5 Times The Duct Diameter
      Figure III:3-6. Effective Flange Width (W)
      Figure III:3-7. An Illustration of The Six-and-three Rule
      Figure III:3-8. Minimum Stack Height in Relation to Immediate Roof Line or Center of Any Air Intake on The Same Roof
      Table III:3-3. Good Practices For Reviewing Plans and Specifications
  5. PREVENTION AND CONTROL.

    1. ELEMENTS OF A GOOD MAINTENANCE PROGRAM.

    2. DEALING WITH MICRO-ORGANISMS.
      Table III:3-4. Preventive Measures For Reducing Microbial Problems in Buildings

    3. VOLATILE ORGANIC OR REACTIVE CHEMICALS.

    4. TOBACCO SMOKE IN AIR.

  6. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX III:3-1. VENTILATION PRIMER.
    Table III:3-5. Selection Criteria for General and Local Exhaust Systems
    Table III:3-6. Recirculation Criteria
    APPENDIX III:3-2. GLOSSARY.
    APPENDIX III:3-3. OSHA AND CONSENSUS STANDARDS.
    APPENDIX III:3-4. TROUBLESHOOTING AN EXHAUST SYSTEM--SOME HELPFUL HINTS.
CHAPTER 4. HEAT STRESS
  1. INTRODUCTION.

    1. CAUSAL FACTORS.

    2. DEFINITIONS.

  2. HEAT DISORDERS AND HEALTH EFFECTS.

    1. HEAT.

    2. HEAT EXHAUSTION.

    3. HEAT CRAMPS.

    4. HEAT COLLAPSE.

    5. HEAT RASHES.

    6. HEAT FATIGUE.

  3. INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES.

    1. EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE INTERVIEWS.

    2. WALKAROUND INSPECTION.

    3. WORK-LOAD ASSESSMENT.
      Figure III:4-1. Activity Examples
      Equation III:4-1. Average Metabolic Rate
      Equation III:4-2. Average Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
      Table III:4-1. Accessment of Work

  4. SAMPLING METHODS.

    1. BODY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS.

    2. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS.

    3. WET BULB GLOBE TEMPERATURE INDEX.

    4. MEASUREMENT.
      Table III:4-2. Permissible Heat Exposure Threshold Limit Values

    5. OTHER THERMAL STRESS INDICES.
      Table III:4-3. WBGT Correction Factors in °C

  5. CONTROL.

    1. ACCLIMATIZATION.

    2. FLUID REPLACEMENT.

    3. ENGINEERING CONTROLS.

    4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS AND WORK PRACTICES.

    5. WORKER MONITORING PROGRAMS.

    6. OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS.
      Table III:4-4. Heart Rate Recovery Criteria
  6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.

    1. REFLECTIVE CLOTHING.

    2. AUXILIARY BODY COOLING.

    3. RESPIRATOR USAGE.

  7. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX III:4-1. HEAT STRESS: GENERAL WORKPLACE REVIEW
    APPENDIX III:4-2. HEAT STRESS-RELATED ILLNESS OR ACCIDENT FOLLOW-UP
    APPENDIX III:4-3. MEASUREMENT OF WET BULB GLOBE TEMPERATURE
CHAPTER 5. NOISE MEASUREMENT
  1. DEFINITIONS.

    1. THRESHOLD AND CRITERION LEVELS.
      Equation III:5-1a. Calculation for the Continuous Equivalent A-Weighted Sound Level
      Equation III:5-1b. Calculation for the 8-hour TWA

    2. EXCHANGE RATE.
      Table III:5-1. Dosimeter Readout, in Percent of Measured Dose

  2. EFFECTS.

    1. AUDITORY EFFECTS.

    2. EXTRA-AUDITORY EFFECTS.

  3. INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE.

    1. EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
      Equation III:5-2. Air Pressure Correction

    2. EFFECTS OF SOUND.

  4. NOISE MEASUREMENTS.

    1. INSTRUMENTS.

    2. ACCURACY.

    3. CALIBRATION.

    4. SAMPLING STRATEGY.
      Table III:5-2. Comparison Table of Duration per Day in Hours to Allowable Sound Level in DbA (Slow-Response SPL)

    5. SAMPLING PROTOCOL.
      Table III:5-3. Conversion from Percent Noise Exposure or Dose to 8-hour Time-Weighted Average Sound Level

  5. ULTRASONICS.

    1. APPLICABILITY OF 29 CFR 1910.95.

    2. HEALTH EFFECTS.
      Table III:5-4. TLV's for Ultrasound

    3. CONTROLS.

  6. GENERAL NOISE INSPECTION DATA.

    1. INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED.

    2. EVALUATION OF HEARING PROTECTION.
      Figure III:5-1. Case Scenarios

  7. EVALUATION OF THE HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAM.

    1. AGRICULTURAL WORKSITES.

    2. MARITIME WORKSITES.

    3. CONSTRUCTION WORKSITES.

    4. GENERAL INDUSTRY WORKSITES.

  8. CONTROL.
    Figure III:5-2. Computing the Standard Threshold Shift

  9. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN HEARING PROTECTION LABELING.

    1. BACKGROUND.

    2. TASK FORCE RECOMMENDED CHANGES.

  10. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX III:5-1. EVALUATING THE NOISE EXPOSURE OF EMPLOYEES WEARING SOUND-GENERATING HEADSETS.
    APPENDIX III:5-2. SAMPLE NHCA LABELS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE NHCA TASK FORCE ON HEARING PROTECTOR EFFECTIVENESS.
    Figure III:5-3. Primary Noise Label
    Table III:5-5. Laboratory Attenuation Values re: ANSI S12.6-199x (Subject Fit)1 along with Corresponding HML2 Values and the NRR(SF)
CHAPTER 6. LASER HAZARDS
  1. INTRODUCTION.
    Figure III:6-1. Components of a Laser
    Table III:6-1. Wavelengths of Most Common Lasers

  2. NONBEAM LASER HAZARDS.
    Table III:6-2. Major Categories of Laser Use

    1. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE.

    2. EXPLOSION HAZARDS.

    3. NONBEAM OPTICAL RADIATION HAZARDS.

    4. COLLATERAL RADIATION.

    5. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS.

    6. FLAMMABILITY OF LASER BEAM ENCLOSURES.

  3. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE LASER BEAM.

    1. EYE INJURY.

    2. THERMAL INJURY.

    3. OTHER.
      Table III:6-3. Summary of Basic Biological Effects of Light

  4. LASER HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS.

    1. INTRODUCTION.

    2. LASER HAZARD CLASSES.
      Table III:6-4. Laser Classifications--Summary of Hazards

    3. HOW TO DETERMINE THE CLASS OF LASERS DURING INSPECTION.

    4. ANSI Z 136.2 OPTICAL FIBER SERVICE GROUP DESIGNATIONS.

  5. INVESTIGATIONAL GUIDELINES.

    1. REQUIREMENTS OF LASER STANDARDS.
      Table III:6-5. Summary of Current State Laser Regulations
      Table III:6-6. Summary: Maximum Permissible Exposure Limits

    2. LASER EXPOSURE LIMITS.
      Table III:6-7. NHZ Distance Values For Various Lasers

    3. LASER HAZARD COMPUTATIONS.

    4. INTRABEAM OPTICAL DENSITY DETERMINATION.
      Equation III:6-1. Optical Density
      Table III:6-8. Optical Densities For Protective Eyewear For Various Laser Types

  6. CONTROL MEASURES AND SAFETY PROGRAMS.
    Table III:6-9. Engineering Control Measures for the Four Laser Classes [ANSI Z 136.1 (1993)]

    1. CONTROL MEASURES: OVERVIEW.

    2. LASER SAFETY OFFICER (LSO).

    3. CLASS I, CLASS II, CLASS I.A., AND CLASS IIIA LASERS.

    4. BEAM PATH CONTROLS.

    5. LASER-CONTROLLED AREA.

    6. CLASS IV LASER CONTROLS--GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.

    7. ENTRYWAY CONTROL MEASURES (CLASS IV).

    8. TEMPORARY LASER-CONTROLLED AREA.

    9. ADMINISTRATIVE AND PROCEDURAL CONTROLS.

    10. ENGINEERING CONTROLS.

    11. LASER USE WITHOUT PROTECTIVE HOUSING (ALL CLASSES).

    12. OPTICAL FIBER (LIGHT WAVE) COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (OFCS).

  7. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX III:6-1. FDA/CDRH REQUIREMENTS FOR LASER PRODUCTS
    APPENDIX III:6-2. FDA/CDRH FEDERAL PRODUCT PERFORMANCE STANDARD EVALUATION
    APPENDIX III:6-3. THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)
    APPENDIX III:6-4. WARNING SIGNS
    Figure III:6-2. Caution Sign
    Figure III:6-3. Danger Sign
    Figure III:6-4. Laser Repair Notice Sign
    APPENDIX III:6-5. GLOSSARY OF LASER TERMS
CHAPTER 7. LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. DISEASE RECOGNITION.

    1. CAUSATIVE AGENT.

    2. SYMPTOMS.

    3. INCIDENCE.

    4. RISK FACTORS.

    5. DIAGNOSIS.

    6. TRANSMISSION.

  3. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION.

    1. CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE GROWTH.

    2. COMMON SOURCES OF CONTAMINATED WATER.

    3. MONITORING.

    4. MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES.

    5. INTERPRETATION OF SAMPLE RESULTS.

  4. INVESTIGATION PROTOCOL.

    1. COMMUNITY HEALTH CONCERNS.

    2. TYPES OF INVESTIGATIONS.

    3. LEVEL-ONE INVESTIGATION.

    4. LEVEL-TWO INVESTIGATION.

    5. CONTROLS.

    6. GENERAL DISCUSSION.

    7. COOLING TOWERS, EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS, AND FLUID COOLERS.

    8. DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SYSTEMS.

    9. DOMESTIC COLD-WATER SYSTEMS.

    10. HVAC SYSTEMS.

  5. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX III:7-1. EMPLOYEE AWARENESS PROGRAM
    APPENDIX III:7-2. PHYSICAL SURVEY AND WATER SAMPLING PROTOCOL
    APPENDIX III:7-3. WATER SAMPLING GUIDELINES
    Table III:7-1. Colony Forming Units (Cfu) of LEGIONELLA per Milliliter
    APPENDIX III:7-4. LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE CASE IDENTIFICATION
    APPENDIX III:7-5. WATER TREATMENT PROTOCOLS FOR FACILITIES THAT HAVE EXPERIENCED A LEGIONNAIRES' OUTBREAK
SECTION IV: SAFETY HAZARDS

CHAPTER 1. OIL WELL DERRICK STABILITY: GUYWIRE ANCHOR SYSTEMS
  1. INTRODUCTION.

    1. CAUSAL FACTORS.
      Figure IV:1-1. Oilwell Servicing Derrick

    2. INDUSTRY RECOMMENDATIONS.

    3. APPLICATION.

  2. TYPES OF GUYWIRE ANCHORS.

    1. MANUFACTURED ANCHORS.

    2. SHOP-MADE (IN-HOUSE FABRICATED) ANCHORS.

  3. STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS.

    1. FOUNDATION.

    2. GUYWIRES
      Figure IV:1-2. Anchor Location Diagram

    3. GUYWIRE ANCHORS.
      Figure IV:1-3. Recommended Anchor Locations
      Figure IV:1-4. Anchor Capacity Requirements for Each Zone

  4. OBSERVATIONS, DIRECTIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS.

    1. VISUAL OBSERVATIONS.
      Figure IV:1-5. Catenary Method

    2. SUPPORT MANUAL.

    3. CONCLUSION.

  5. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER 2. PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESSES
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. OVERVIEW OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY.

    1. BASIC REFINERY PROCESS: DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY.
      Table IV:2-1. History of Refining

    2. BASICS OF CRUDE OIL.
      Table IV:2-2. Typical Approximate Characteristics And Properties and Gasoline Potential of Various Crudes.(Representative Average Numbers)

    3. BASICS OF HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY.
      Figure IV:2-1. Typical Paraffins
      Figure IV:2-2. Typical Aromatics
      Figure IV:2-3. Typical Naphthenes
      Figure IV:2-4. Typical Alkenes
      Figure IV:2-5. Typical Diolefins And Alkynes

    4. MAJOR REFINERY PRODUCTS.

    5. COMMON REFINERY CHEMICALS.

  3. PETROLEUM REFINING OPERATIONS.

    1. INTRODUCTION.

    2. REFINING OPERATIONS.
      Figure IV:2R-6. Refinery Process Chart
      Table IV:2-3. Overview of Petroleum Refining Processes

  4. DESCRIPTION OF PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESSES AND RELATED HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS.

    1. CRUDE OIL PRETREATMENT (DESALTING).
      Figure IV:2-7. Electrostatic Desalting
      Table IV:2-4. Desalting Process

    2. CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION (FRACTIONATION).
      Table IV:2-5. Atmospheric Distillation Process
      Figure IV:2-8. Atmospheric Distillation
      Table IV:2-6. Vacuum Distillation Process

    3. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND DEWAXING.
      Figure IV:2-9. Vacuum Distillation
      Table IV:2-7. Solvent Extraction Process
      Figure IV:2-10. Aromatics Extraction
      Figure IV:2-11. Solvent Dewaxing
      Table IV:2-8. Solvent Dewaxing Process

    4. THERMAL CRACKING.
      Table IV:2-9. Visbreaking Process
      Figure IV:2-12. Visbreaking
      Table IV:2-10. Coking Processes
      Figure IV:2-13. Delayed Coking

    5. CATALYTIC CRACKING.
      Table IV:2-11. Catalytic Cracking Process

    6. FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING.
      Figure IV:2-14. Fluid Catalytic Cracking

    7. HYDROCRACKING.
      Table IV:2-12. Hydrocracking Process
      Figure IV:2-15. Two-stage Hydrocracking

    8. CATALYTIC REFORMING.
      Table IV:2-13. Catalytic Reforming Process
      Figure IV:2-16. Platforming Process

    9. CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING.
      Table IV:2-14. Hydrodesulfurization Process
      Figure IV:2-17. Distillate Hydrodesulfurization

    10. ISOMERIZATION.
      Table IV:2-15. Isomerization Processes
      Figure IV:2-18. C4 Isomerization7
      Figure IV:2-19. C5 And C6 Isomerization.

    11. POLYMERIZATION.
      Table IV:2-16. Polymerization Process
      Figure IV:2-20. Polymerization Process.

    12. ALKYLATION.
      Table IV:2-17. Alkylation Process
      Figure IV:2-21. Sulfuric Acid Alkylation.
      Figure IV:2-22. Hydrogen Fluoride Alkylation

    13. SWEETENING AND TREATING PROCESSES.
      Table IV:2-18. Sweetening And Treating Processes
      Figure IV:2-23. Molecular Sieve Drying And Sweetening.

    14. UNSATURATED GAS PLANTS.
      Table IV:2-19. Unsat Gas Plant Process

    15. AMINE PLANTS.

    16. SATURATE GAS PLANTS.

    17. ASPHALT PRODUCTION.
      Table IV:2-20. Solvent Deasphalting Process

    18. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION.
      Table IV:2-21. Steam Reforming Process

    19. BLENDING.

    20. LUBRICANT, WAX, AND GREASE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.
      Table IV:2-22. Lubricating Oil and Wax Manufacturing Processes

  5. OTHER REFINERY OPERATIONS.

    1. HEAT EXCHANGERS, COOLERS, AND PROCESS HEATERS.

    2. STEAM GENERATION.

    3. PRESSURE-RELIEF AND FLARE SYSTEMS.

    4. WASTEWATER TREATMENT.

    5. COOLING TOWERS.

    6. ELECTRIC POWER.

    7. GAS AND AIR COMPRESSORS.

    8. MARINE, TANK CAR, AND TANK TRUCK LOADING AND UNLOADING.

    9. TURBINES.

    10. PUMPS, PIPING AND VALVES.

    11. TANK STORAGE.

    BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX IV:2-1. GLOSSARY
CHAPTER 3. PRESSURE VESSEL GUIDELINES
  1. INTRODUCTION.
    Table IV:3-1. Vessel Types
    Figure IV:3-1. Some Major Parts of a Pressure Vessel

  2. RECENT CRACKING EXPERIENCE IN PRESSURE VESSELS.

    1. DEAERATOR SERVICE.

    2. AMINE SERVICE.

    3. WET HYDROGEN SULFIDE.

    4. AMMONIA SERVICE.

    5. PULP DIGESTER SERVICE.

    6. SUMMARY OF SERVICE CRACKING EXPERIENCE.

  3. NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION METHODS.

    1. VISUAL EXAMINATION (VT).

    2. LIQUID PENETRANT TEST (PT).
    3. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TEST (MT).

    4. RADIOGRAPHY (RT).

    5. ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT).

    6. DETECTION PROBABILITIES AND FLAW SIZING.

  4. INFORMATION FOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT.

  5. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX IV:3-1. RECORDKEEPING DATA FOR STEEL VESSELS AND LOW PRESSURE STORAGE TANKS
CHAPTER 4. INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS AND ROBOT SYSTEM SAFETY
  1. INTRODUCTION.

    1. ACCIDENTS:PAST STUDIES.

    2. ROBOT SAFEGUARDING.

  2. TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTS.
    Figure IV:4-1. Robot Arm Design Configurations

    1. SERVO AND NONSERVO.

    2. TYPE OF PATH GENERATED.

    3. ROBOT COMPONENTS.
      Figure IV:4-2. Industrial Robots:Major Components

    4. CONTROL SYSTEMS.

    5. ROBOT PROGRAMMING BY TEACHING METHODS.
      Figure IV:4-3. Robot Lead-Through Programming or Teaching
      Figure IV:4-4. Walk-Through Programming or Teaching
      Figure IV:4-5. Off-Line Programming or Teaching

  3. HAZARDS.
    Figure IV:4-6. A Robot's Work Envelope

    1. TYPES OF ACCIDENTS.

    2. SOURCES OF HAZARDS.

  4. INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES.

    1. MANUFACTURED, REMANUFACTURED, AND REBUILT ROBOTS.

    2. INSTALLATION.

    3. CONTROL AND SAFEGUARDING PERSONNEL.

    4. RISK ASSESSMENT.

    5. SAFEGUARDING DEVICES.

    6. AWARENESS DEVICES.

    7. SAFEGUARDING THE TEACHER.

    8. OPERATOR SAFEGUARDS.

    9. ATTENDED CONTINUOUS OPERATION.

    10. MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PERSONNEL.

    11. MAINTENANCE.

    12. SAFETY TRAINING.

    13. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.

  5. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX IV:4-1. GLOSSARY FOR ROBOTICS AND ROBOTIC SYSTEMS
    APPENDIX IV:4-2. OTHER ROBOTIC SYSTEMS NOT COVERED BY THIS CHAPTER
SECTION V: CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 1. DEMOLITION
  1. PREPARATORY OPERATIONS.

    1. ENGINEERING SURVEY.

    2. UTILITY LOCATION.

    3. MEDICAL SERVICES AND FIRST AID.

    4. POLICE AND FIRE CONTACT.

    5. FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION.

  2. SPECIAL STRUCTURES DEMOLITION.

    1. SAFE WORK PRACTICES WHEN DEMOLISHING A CHIMNEY, STACK, SILO, OR COOLING TOWER.

    2. DEMOLITION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
      Figure V:1-1. Categories of Prestressed Construction

    3. PRECAST UNITS STRESSED SEPARATELY FROM THE MAIN FRAMES OF THE STRUCTURE, WITH END ANCHORS AND GROUTED AND UNGROUTED DUCTS.

    4. SAFE WORK PRACTICES WHEN WORKING IN CONFINED SPACES.

  3. SAFE BLASTING PROCEDURES.

    1. GENERAL SAFE WORK PRACTICES.

    2. TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES.

    3. STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES.

    4. PROPER USE OF EXPLOSIVES.

    5. PROCEDURES AFTER BLASTING.

  4. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER 2. EXCAVATIONS:HAZARD RECOGNITION IN TRENCHING AND SHORING
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. DEFINITIONS.

  3. OVERVIEW:SOIL MECHANICS.

    1. TENSION CRACKS.
      Figure V:2-1. Tension Crack

    2. SLIDING.
      Figure V:2-2. Sliding

    3. TOPPLING.
      Figure V:2-3. Toppling

    4. SUBSIDENCE AND BULGING.
      Figure V:2-4. Subsidence and Bulging

    5. HEAVING OR SQUEEZING.
      Figure V:2-5. Heaving or Squeezing

    6. BOILING.
      Figure V:2-6. Boiling

    7. UNIT WEIGHT OF SOILS.

  4. DETERMINATION OF SOIL TYPE.

    1. STABLE ROCK.

    2. TYPE A SOILS.

    3. TYPE B SOILS.

    4. TYPE C SOILS.

    5. LAYERED GEOLOGICAL STRATA.

    6. TEST EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR EVALUATING SOIL TYPE.

    7. POCKET PENETROMETER.

    8. PLASTICITY OR WET THREAD TEST.

    9. VISUAL TEST.

  5. SHORING TYPES.
    Figure V:2-7. Timber Shoring

    1. HYDRAULIC SHORING.

    2. PNEUMATIC SHORING.
      Figure V:2-8. Shoring Variations:Typical Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring Installations
      Figure V:2-9. Shoring Variations

  6. SHIELDING TYPES.

    1. TRENCH BOXES.
      Figure V:2-10. Trench Shield
      Figure V:2-11. Trench Shield, Stacked

    2. COMBINED USE.
      Figure V:2-12. Slope And Shield Configurations

  7. SLOPING AND BENCHING.

    1. SLOPING.
      Table V:2-1. Allowable Slopes
      Figure V:2-13. Slope Configurations:Excavations in Layered Soils
      Figure V:2-14. Excavations Made in Type a Soil

    2. BENCHING.
      Figure V:2-15. Excavations in Type B Soil

  8. SPOIL.

    1. TEMPORARY SPOIL.
      Figure V:2-16. Temporary Spoil

    2. PERMANENT SPOIL.

  9. SPECIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS.

    1. COMPETENT PERSON.

    2. SURFACE CROSSING OF TRENCHES.

    3. INGRESS AND EGRESS.

    4. EXPOSURE TO VEHICLES.

    5. EXPOSURE TO FALLING LOADS.

    6. WARNING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE EQUIPMENT.

    7. HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES AND CONFINED SPACES.

    8. EMERGENCY RESCUE EQUIPMENT.

    9. STANDING WATER AND WATER ACCUMULATION.

    10. INSPECTIONS.

  10. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX V:2-1. SITE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLING LEAD EXPOSURES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: ENGINEERING AND WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. ENGINEERING AND WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS.

    1. ENGINEERING CONTROLS.

    2. WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS.

  3. OPERATIONS.

    1. OPEN ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING.

    2. VACUUM BLAST CLEANING.

    3. WET ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING.
      Figure V:3-1. Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning

    4. HIGH-PRESSURE WATER JETTING.

    5. HIGH-PRESSURE WATER JETTING WITH ABRASIVE INJECTION.

    6. ULTRAHIGH-PRESSURE WATER JETTING.

    7. SPONGE JETTING.

    8. CARBON-DIOXIDE (DRY-ICE) BLASTING.
      Figure V:3-2. Dry-ice Blast Cleaning

    9. WELDING, BURNING, AND TORCH CUTTING.
      Figure V:3-3. Fume-extractor Gun

    10. SPRAY PAINTING WITH LEAD-BASED PAINT.

    11. MANUAL SCRAPING AND SANDING OF LEAD-BASED PAINTS.

    12. MANUAL DEMOLITION AND/OR REMOVAL OF PLASTER WALLS OR BUILDING COMPONENTS.

    13. HEAT-GUN REMOVAL OF LEAD-BASED PAINT.

    14. CHEMICAL STRIPPING OF LEAD-BASED PAINT.

    15. ENCAPSULATION OF LEAD-BASED PAINT.

    16. POWER-TOOL CLEANING.
      Figure V:3-4. Example of a Shrouded Tool

    17. USE OF LEAD POTS.

    18. SOLDERING AND BRAZING.

    19. USE OF LEAD-CONTAINING MORTAR IN CHEMICAL (ACID) STORAGE AND PROCESS TANKS.

    20. HANDLING LEAD SHOT, BRICKS, OR SHEETS, AND LEAD-FOIL PANELS.

    21. REINSULATION OVER EXISTING MINERAL WOOL.

    22. REMOVAL AND REPAIR OF STAINED-GLASS WINDOWS.

    23. INDUSTRIAL VACUUMING.

    24. MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES.

    25. LEAD ABATEMENT ACTIVITIES (COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL AND RESIDENTIAL).

  4. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX V:3-1. LEAD-RELATED CONSTRUCTION TASKS AND THEIR PRESUMED 8-HOUR TWA EXPOSURE LEVELS.
SECTION VI: HEALTH-CARE FACILITIES

CHAPTER 1. HOSPITAL INVESTIGATIONS: HEALTH HAZARDS
  1. INTRODUCTION.

    1. INCIDENCE AND CAUSAL FACTORS.

    2. GUIDANCE.

  2. TYPICAL HAZARDS AND HEALTH EFFECTS.

  3. INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES.

    1. HOSPITAL RECORDS.

    2. HOSPITAL SAFETY PROGRAM.

    3. WALKAROUND:INFORMAL INTERVIEWS.
      Table VI:1-1. Walkaround Inspection for Health Hazards

    4. SCREENING SAMPLES.

    5. SAMPLING METHODS.
      Figure VI:1-1. Laser Classifications
  4. CONTROLS AND PREVENTION.

    1. ENGINEERING.

    2. LOCAL VENTILATION.

    3. WORK PRACTICES.

    4. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.

  5. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX VI:1-1. BIOLOGICAL AGENTS--BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS
    APPENDIX VI:1-2. CHEMICAL AGENTS
    APPENDIX VI:1-3. PHYSICAL AGENTS
CHAPTER 2. CONTROLLING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS DRUGS
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. CATEGORIZATION OF DRUGS AS HAZARDOUS.

    1. CHARACTERISTICS.

    2. HAZARD DEFINITION BASED ON PHARMACOLOGY/TOXICOLOGY.
      Table VI:2-1. List of Abbreviations

  3. BACKGROUND:HAZARDOUS DRUGS AS OCCUPATIONAL RISKS.

    1. MECHANISM OF ACTION.

    2. ANIMAL DATA.

    3. HUMAN DATA AT THERAPEUTIC LEVELS.

    4. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE:AIRBORNE LEVELS.

    5. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE:BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF ABSORPTION.

    6. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE:HUMAN EFFECTS.

  4. WORK AREAS.

    1. PHARMACY OR OTHER PREPARATION AREAS.

    2. ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO PATIENTS.

    3. DISPOSAL OF DRUGS AND CONTAMINATED MATERIALS.

    4. SURVEY OF CURRENT WORK PRACTICES.

  5. PREVENTION OF EMPLOYEE EXPOSURE.

    1. HAZARDOUS DRUG SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN.

    2. DRUG PREPARATION PRECAUTIONS.

    3. WORK EQUIPMENT.

  6. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE.

    1. PRE-PLACEMENT MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS.

    2. PERIODIC MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS.

    3. POSTEXPOSURE EXAMINATIONS.

    4. EXIT EXAMINATIONS.

    5. EXPOSURE-HEALTH OUTCOME LINKAGE.

    6. REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES.

  7. HAZARD COMMUNICATION.

    1. DISCUSSION.

    2. WRITTEN HAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAM.

    3. MSDS's.

  8. TRAINING AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION.

    1. DISCUSSION.

    2. EMPLOYEE INFORMATION.

    3. EMPLOYEE TRAINING.

  9. RECORDKEEPING.

  10. REFERENCES.
    APPENDIX VI:2-1. SOME COMMON DRUGS THAT ARE CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS
    APPENDIX VI:2-2. SOME AEROSOLIZED DRUGS
SECTION VII: ERGONOMICS

CHAPTER 1. BACK DISORDERS AND INJURIES
  1. INTRODUCTION.

    1. GENERAL.

    2. INCIDENCE.

  2. BACK DISORDERS.

    1. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BACK DISORDERS.

    2. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.

  3. REPORTS OF BACK INJURIES.

    1. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS.

    2. MANUAL MATERIALS HANDLING.

  4. INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES.

    1. RECORDS REVIEW:OSHA 200 LOG.

    2. EMPLOYER, EMPLOYEE INTERVIEWS.

    3. PREVENTION AND CONTROL.

    4. ENGINEERING CONTROLS.

    5. CONTROLS AND WORK PRACTICES.

    6. OTHER.

  5. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
    APPENDIX VII:1-1. IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS
    APPENDIX VII:1-2. EVALUATION OF LIFTING TASKS
    Figure VII:1-3. Horizontal Measurement
    Figure VII:1-4. Measure of Asymmetry Angle A
    Table VII:1-1. Frequency Multiplier Table (FM)
    Table VII:1-2. Coupling Table
    APPENDIX VII:1-3. VIDEOTAPE GUIDELINES AND ANALYSIS
    APPENDIX VII:1-4. SUPPLEMENTAL FACTORS FOR ERGONOMIC TAPE EVALUATION
    APPENDIX VII:1-5. LIFTING ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
SECTION VIII: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER 1. CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. DESCRIPTIONS.

    1. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING APPLICATIONS.

    2. THE CLOTHING ENSEMBLE.

    3. LEVEL OF PROTECTION.
      Table VIII:1-1. EPA Levels of Protection

    4. ENSEMBLE SELECTION FACTORS.

    5. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
      Table VIII:1-2. Types of Protective Clothing For Full Body Protection

    6. CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
      Table VIII:1-3. Classification of Chemical Protective Clothing

  3. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION FACTORS.

    1. CLOTHING DESIGN.

    2. MATERIAL CHEMICAL RESISTANCE.

    3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
      Table VIII:1-4. Recommended Chemicals to Evaluate The Performance of Protective Clothing Materials

    4. EASE OF DECONTAMINATION.

    5. COST.

    6. CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING STANDARDS.

  4. GENERAL GUIDELINES.

    1. DECIDE IF THE CLOTHING ITEM IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE VAPOR, LIQUID-SPLASH, OR PARTICULATE PROTECTION.

    2. DETERMINE IF THE CLOTHING ITEM PROVIDES FULL BODY PROTECTION.

    3. EVALUATE MANUFACTURER CHEMICAL RESISTANCE DATA PROVIDED WITH THE CLOTHING.

    4. OBTAIN AND EXAMINE THE MANUFACTURER'S INSTRUCTION OR TECHNICAL MANUAL.

    5. OBTAIN AND INSPECT SAMPLE CLOTHING ITEM GARMENTS.

    6. FIELD SELECTION OF CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.

  5. MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

    1. WRITTEN MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

    2. PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION.

    3. TYPES OF STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES.

    4. SELECTION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING COMPONENTS.

  6. CLOTHING DONNING, DOFFING, AND USE.

    1. DONNING THE ENSEMBLE.
      Table VIII:1-5. Sample Donning Procedures

    2. DOFFING AN ENSEMBLE.
      Table VIII:1-6. Sample Doffing Procedures

    3. USER MONITORING AND TRAINING.

  7. DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES.

    1. DEFINITION AND TYPES.

    2. PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION.

    3. TYPES OF CONTAMINATION.

    4. DECONTAMINATION METHODS.

    5. TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DECONTAMINATION.

    6. DECONTAMINATION PLAN.

    7. DECONTAMINATION FOR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REUSE.

    8. EMERGENCY DECONTAMINATION.

  8. INSPECTION, STORAGE, AND MAINTENANCE.

    1. INSPECTION.
      Table VIII:1-7. Sample PPE Inspection Checklist

    2. STORAGE.

    3. MAINTENANCE.

  9. TRAINING.

    1. BENEFITS.

    2. CONTENT.

  10. RISKS.

    1. HEAT STRESS.

    2. HEART RATE.

    3. ORAL TEMPERATURE.

    4. BODY WATER LOSS.

  11. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER 2. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION.

    1. EARLY PRACTICES.

    2. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN METHODS.

    3. LATEST ADVANCES.

  3. GENERAL INFORMATION.

    1. PURPOSE.

    2. AIRBORNE (OR RESPIRATORY) HAZARDS.
      Figure VIII:2-1. Tight-Fitting Respirators
      Figure VIII:2-2. Loose-Fitting Respirators

    3. RESPIRATOR CLASSIFICATIONS.

    4. AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS.

    5. ATMOSPHERE-SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS.

    6. LIMITATIONS OF RESPIRATOR USE.

  4. RESPIRATOR PROTECTION PROGRAM.

    1. THE STANDARD.

    2. THE WORKSITE-SPECIFIC PROCEDURES.

    3. ADMINISTRATION.

    4. ELEMENTS.

  5. RESPIRATOR SELECTION.

    1. SELECTION FACTORS.

    2. SELECTION.

    3. ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS.

    4. WARNING SYSTEM.

    5. ATMOSPHERES REQUIRING HIGHEST LEVEL OF PROTECTION.

  6. MEDICAL EVALUATION.

    1. OVERVIEW.

    2. QUESTIONNAIRE.

    3. MEDICAL FACTORS AND CONDITIONS.

    4. STANDARD OF EVALUATION.

  7. FIT TESTING.

    1. PURPOSE.

    2. REQUIREMENT.

    3. METHOD.

    4. TYPES OF FIT TESTING.

    5. FIT TEST EXERCISES.

    6. RETESTING.

  8. USE OF RESPIRATORS.

    1. CONDITIONS.

    2. FACEPIECE SEAL PROTECTION.

    3. CONTINUING RESPIRATOR EFFECTIVENESS.

    4. IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH (IDLH) ATMOSPHERES.

    5. INTERIOR STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING.

  9. MAINTENANCE AND CARE.

    1. REQUIREMENTS.

    2. CLEANING AND DISINFECTING.

    3. STORAGE.

    4. INSPECTION.

    5. REPAIR.

  10. BREATHING AIR QUALITY AND USE.

    1. STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS.

    2. OTHER SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.

  11. PROGRAM LOGISTICS.

    1. IDENTIFICATION OF FILTERS, CARTRIDGES, AND CANISTERS.

    2. TRAINING AND INFORMATION.

    3. PROGRAM EVALUATION.

    4. RECORDKEEPING.

    5. NIOSH GUIDELINES FOR THE SELECTION AND USE OF PARTICULATE RESPIRATORS.

    APPENDIX VIII:2-1. GLOSSARY
    APPENDIX VIII:2-2. USER SEAL CHECK
    APPENDIX VIII:2-3. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR CLEANING RESPIRATORS
    APPENDIX VIII:2-4. NIOSH GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND USE OF PARTICULATE RESPIRATORS CERTIFIED UNDER 42 CFR 84


SECTION IX: SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT

(RESERVED)

SECTION X: MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES

CHAPTER 1. METRIC SYSTEM CONVERSION

  1. INTRODUCTION.

  2. THE METRIC SYSTEM.

    1. BASE UNITS.
      Table X:1-1. Metric Base Units

    2. POWERS OF TEN.
      Table X:1-2. Prefixes and Symbols for Decimal Multiples and Submultiples of Units1
      Table X:1-3. Derived SI Units with Special Names

  3. CONVERSION.

    1. THE CONVERSION PROCESS.
      Table X:1-4. An Example of an Inch-Pound to SI Metric Conversion

    2. CONVERSION PRECISION.

    3. CONVERSION EQUIVALENTS.
      Table X:1-5. Length
      Table X:1-6. Area
      Table X:1-7. Velocity
      Table X:1-8. Volume
      Table X:1-9. Mass (Weight)
      Table X:1-10. Density
      Table X:1-11. Pressure
      Table X:1-12. Stress
      Table X:1-13. Work
      Table X:1-14. Power
      Table X:1-15. Miscellaneous

  4. REFERENCES.
INDEX
 
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