Timeline
of Antitrust Enforcement Highlights at the Department of Justice |
|
This document contains four
timelines:
Along the bottom of the document, below the timelines, are a number
of images associated with antitrust events.
Presidents
Benjamin Harrison (R)
3/4/89-3/3/93
Grover Cleveland (D)
3/4/93-3/3/97
William McKinley (R)
3/4/97-9/14/01
Theodore Roosevelt (R)
9/14/01-3/3/09
William Howard Taft (R)
3/4/09-3/3/13
Woodrow Wilson (D)
3/4/13-3/3/21
Warren G. Harding (R)
3/4/21-8/2/23
Calvin Coolidge (R)
8/3/23-3/3/29
Herbert Hoover (R)
3/4/29-3/4/33
Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)
3/4/33-4/12/45
Harry S. Truman (D)
4/12/45-1/20/53
Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)
1/20/53-1/20/61
John F. Kennedy (D)
1/20/61-11/22/63
Lyndon B. Johnson (D)
11/22/63-1/20/69
Richard M. Nixon (R)
1/20/69-8/9/74
Gerald R. Ford (R)
8/9/74-1/20/77
Jimmy Carter (D)
1/20/77-1/20/81
Ronald Reagan (R)
1/20/81-1/20/89
George H.W. Bush (R)
1/20/89-1/20/93
William J. Clinton (D)
1/20/93-1/20/01
George W. Bush (R)
1/20/01-Present
Attorneys General
William Henry Harrison Miller
1889-1893
Richard Olney
1893-1895
Judson Harmon
6/8/95-3/5/97
Joseph McKenna
1897-1898
John W. Griggs
1898-1901
Philander Chase Knox
4/5/01-6/30/04
William H. Moody
7/1/04-12/17/06
Charles J. Bonaparte
12/17/06-3/4/09
George W. Wickersham
1909-1913
James Clark McReynolds
3/5/13-8/29/14
Thomas Watt Gregory
1914-1919
A. Mitchell Palmer
1919-1921
Harry M. Daugherty
3/4/21-3/28/24
Harlan Fiske Stone
1924-1925
John T. Sargent
1925-1929
William D. Mitchell
1929-1933
Homer S. Cummings
3/4/33-1/2/39
Frank Murphy
1/2/39-1/4/40
Robert H. Jackson
1/18/40-7/11/41
Francis Biddle
7/12/41-6/30/45
Tom Clark
7/1/45-8/24/49
James H. McGrath
8/24/49-4/7/52
James P. McGranery
4/8/52-1/20/53
Herbert Brownell
1/21/53-11/8/57
William P. Rogers
1957-1961
Robert F. Kennedy
1961-1964
Nicholas deB. Katzenbach
1965-1966
Ramsey Clark
1967-1969
John N. Mitchell
1969-1972
Richard G. Kleindienst
1972-1973
Elliott L. Richardson
5/25/73-10/20/73
Robert H. Bork
Acting AG
10/20/73-1/4/74
William B. Saxbe
1/4/74-2/1/75
Edward Levi
2/1/75-1977
Griffin Bell
1977-1979
Benjamin Civiletti
1979-1981
William F. Smith
1981-1985
Ed Meese
1985-1988
Richard Thornburgh
1988-1991
William Barr
1991-1992
Janet Reno
1993-2001
John Ashcroft
2001-Present
Assistants to the Attorney General
and Assistant Attorneys General
William A. Day
3/17/03-7/27/05
Milton D. Purdy
7/28/05-7/6/08
Wade H. Ellis
11/6/08-3/1/10
William S. Kenyon
4/13/10-4/23/11
Jas. A. Fowler
5/15/11-7/31/13
George C. Todd
8/6/13-5/31/19
Charles B. Ames
6/1/19-3/31/20
Frank K. Nebeker
11/20/20-3/17/21
Guy Goff
4/26/21-11/9/22
Augustus Seymour
11/10/22-3/22/25
William J. Donovan
3/23/25-3/2/29
John Lord O’Brian
6/3/29-12/20/32
Harold M. Stephens
6/14/33-6/30/35
John Dickinson
7/1/35-12/31/36
Robert H. Jackson
1/21/37-3/1/38
Thurman Arnold
3/7/38-3/16/43
Thomas C. Clark
3/15/43-8/28/43
Wendell Berge
1943-4/30/47
John F. Sonnett
5/1/47-5/14/48
Herbert Bergson
6/16/48-9/30/50
Hugh G. Morison
1/7/51-6/30/52
Stanley Barnes
5/1/53-7/3/56
Victor Hansen
7/13/56-4/20/59
Robert A. Bicks
7/15/60-1/19/61
Lee Loevinger
3/16/61-6/10/63
William H. Orrick, Jr.
6/19/63-6/18/65
Donald F. Turner
6/1/65-6/1/68
Edwin M. Zimmerman
6/2/68-1/19/69
Richard W. McLaren
1/21/69-2/2/72
Walker B. Comegys
2/3/72-6/30/72
Thomas Kauper
7/1/72-8/1/76
Donald Baker
8/2/76-5/6/77
John Shenefield
5/19/77-2/21/80
Sanford Litvack
2/22/80-3/1/81
William Baxter
3/30/81-12/16/83
J. Paul McGrath
12/16/83-4/1/85
Douglas Ginsburg
9/1/85-11/10/86
Charles Rule
7/20/87-4/28/89
James Rill
6/22/89-5/18/92
Anne Bingaman
6/17/93-10/18/96
Joel Klein
7/18/97-9/29/00
Charles A. James
6/21/01-11/22/02
Key Cases and Events
1890
- 7/2/90 Sherman Act enacted
- 1890-1904 On average, less than 2 cases filed per year;antitrust
enforcement not specifically funded
- 1/6/92 U.S. v. Trans-Missouri Freight Assn petition
filed; decided 3/22/97 by Sup. Ct., 166 U.S. 290 (first Sup. Ct. decision
to find a Sherman Act violation)
- 3/4/92 U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. petition filed (Sugar
Trust); decided 1/21/95 by Sup. Ct., 156 U.S. 1
- 1/8/96 U.S. v. Joint Traffic Assn petition filed;
decided 10/24/98 by Sup. Ct., 171 U.S. 505
- 12/10/96 U.S. v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. complaint
filed; decided 2/8/98 by 6th Cir., 85 F. 271; decided 12/4/99 by Sup.
Ct., 175 U.S. 211
1900
- 3/10/02 U.S. v. Northern Securities Co. filed; 4/9/03
trial court decision; decided 3/14/04 by Sup. Ct., 193 U.S. 197 (Attorney
General Knox argued for the U.S. against, interalia, his predecessor
as Attorney General, John Griggs)
- 5/10/02 U.S. v. Swift & Co. (Beef Trust) filed;
decided 1/30/05 by Sup. Ct., 196 U.S. 375 (Attorney General Moody
argued 1/6/05 and 1/9/05 for the U.S.)
- 6/12/02 U.S. v. Reading Co. petition filed; decided
12/16/12 by Sup. Ct., 226 U.S. 324
- 2/11/03 Expediting Act passed
- 2/25/03, 3/3/03 First appropriation ($500,000 with no strings)
for antitrust enforcement authorizing an Assistant to the Attorney
General and additional employees
- 1/13/04 Attorney General Knox letter to Congress on how monies
in $500,000 appropriation in 1903 had been expended; six employees
hired full time under appropriation
- 12/1/05 Petition filed in U. S. v. Terminal R. R. Ass'n
of St. Louis; decided 4/22/12 by Sup. Ct., 224 U.S. 383
- 11/15/06 Standard Oil complaint filed; decided 5/15/11 by
Sup. Ct., 221 U.S. 1 (Attorney General Wickersham argued in early
1909, and reargued in 1/11 for the U.S.)
- 7/10/07 U.S. v. Am. Tobacco Co. petition filed; 12/15/08
trial court decision; decided 5/29/11 by Sup. Ct., 221 U.S.106 (Attorney
General Wickersham argued in early 1909, and reargued in 1/11 for
the U.S.)
1910
- 10/27/11 – U.S. v. U.S. Steel complaint filed; decided 3/1/20
by Sup. Ct., 251 U.S. 417 (“the law does not make mere size an offense”)
- 2/11/13 – U.S. v. Board of Trade of Chicago complaint filed;
decided 3/14/18 by Sup. Ct., 246 U.S. 231 (Assistant to the Attorney
General George Carroll Todd argued for the U.S.)
- 1/20/14 – President Wilson announced antitrust initiative to Congress
- 9/26/14 – Federal Trade Commission Act enacted
- 10/15/14 – Clayton Act enacted
- 1914-23 – On average, 18 attorneys and 11 filings per year
- 12/8/19 – Annual Report of the Attorney General included a report
on The Antitrust Division by Assistant to the Attorney General C.
B. Ames (may be the earliest use of the term within official DOJ documents)
1920
- 2/27/20 – Petition filed in U.S. v. Swift & Co., along with
consent decree that withstood several attempts to vacate or modify
it, decided by Sup. Ct., 276 U.S. 311 (1928), and 286 U.S. 106 (1932);
189 F. Supp. 885 (ND Ill. 1960), aff'd 367 U.S. 909 (1961); U.S. consented
to modifications in 1971, 1975 and 1980, (see 1980 WL 2017 (N.D.Ill.
1980), 1983-1 Trade Cases P 65,250)
- 8/8/22 – Indictment returned in U.S. v. Trenton Potteries Co;
decided 2/21/27 by Sup. Ct, 273 U.S. 392 (Assistant to the Attorney
General William Donovan argued for U.S.)
1930
- 6/29/32 – U.S. v. Appalachian Coals case petition filed;
decided 3/13/33 by Sup. Ct., 288 U.S. 344
- 1933 – 15 attorneys in Antitrust Division at start of FDR Administration
- 6/10/33 – Senate confirmed Stephens as first Assistant Attorney
General for Antitrust Division
- 6/14/33 – Stephens started as Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust
Division
- 12/36 – Indictment in U.S. v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. returned;
decided 5/6/40 by Sup. Ct., 310 U.S. 150 (Assistant Attorney General
Thurman Arnold argued for U.S.)
- 4/23/37 – U.S. v. Aluminum Co. of America complaint filed;
decided 3/12/45 by 2d Cir., 148 F.2d 416 (Judge Learned Hand opinion)
- 1938 – Economists added to staff
- 12/20/38 – Indictment returned in U.S. v. Am. Medical Assn;
decided 1/18/43 by Sup. Ct., 317 U.S. 519 (1943) (Assistant Attorney
General Thurman Arnold argued for U.S.)
- 12/11/39 – U.S. v. Hartford-Empire complaint filed; decided
1/8/45 by Sup. Ct., 323 U.S. 386
1940
- 7/24/40 – U.S. v. Am. Tobacco Co., information filed; decided
6/10/46 by Sup. Ct., 328 U.S. 824 (Assistant Attorney General Wendell
Berge argued for U.S.)
- 1941 – Murals installed in Main DOJ library, including:
- “Competition and Monopoly
shows men in a tug-of-war. In the background two steers are fighting,
while in the foreground, a figure stifles his competitors.”
- “Red Tape is a huge
spider web with a skull. The clock suggests the passage of time.
The people caught in the web are being released by Justice Holmes
as Don Quixote.”
- 1/4/43 – Parker v. Brown decided, 317 U.S. 341 (1943), (U.S.
was amicus curiae)
- 7/26/45 – U.S. v. Int’l Salt Co. complaint filed; decided
11/10/47 by Sup. Ct., 332 U.S. 392
- 12/13/47 – Complaint in U.S. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.
filed; decided 6/11/56 by Sup. Ct., 351 U.S. 377
- 12/15/47 – Complaint in U.S. v. United Shoe Machinery Corp.
filed; decided 2/18/53 in110 F. Supp. 295 (D. Mass. 1953), affirmed
per curiam, 347 U.S. 521 (1954)
- 6/30/48 – Antitrust Division and FTC (Chair was Robert Freer) signed
a half-page memorandum establishing a formal liaison agreement
- 6/13/49 – Standard Oil Co. of California v. United States,
337 U.S. 293 (Assistant Attorney General Herbert Bergson argued for
U.S.)
1950
- 12/29/50 – Celler-Kefauver Act enacted to amend Clayton Act
- 3/31/55 – Report of the Attorney General’s National Committee to
Study the Antitrust Laws
- 7/7/55 – Sherman Act amended to increase maximum fine from $5,000
to $50,000
- 11/28/55 – Complaint filed in Brown Shoe Co. v. U.S.; decided
6/25/62 in Sup. Ct., 370 U.S. 294 (first case to reach Sup. Ct. after
Clayton Act amended by Celler-Kefauver)
- 3/10/58 – Northern Pac. Ry. Co. v. U.S. decided, 356 U.S.
1
- 6/30/58 – Complaint filed in U. S. v. Arnold, Schwinn & Co.;
decided 6/12/67 by Sup. Ct., 388 U.S. 365 (Richard Posner argued for
U.S.)
- 10/1/59 – Complaint filed in U.S. v. Pabst Brewing Co.; decided
6/13/66 by Sup. Ct., 384 U.S. 546 (argued 4/27/66 for U.S. by Assistant
Attorney General Edwin Zimmerman)
1960
- 3/25/60 – Complaint filed in U. S. v. Von’s Grocery; decided
5/31/66 by Sup. Ct., 384 U.S. 270 (Richard A. Posner argued 3/22/66
for U.S.) (Justice Stewart’s dissent: “The sole consistency that I
can find is that in litigation under §7, the Government always wins”)
- 1961 – Electrical Equipment cases (maximum jail sentence imposed
was 30 days)
- 1/6/61 – Complaint filed (amended 8/8/61) in U.S. v. Penn-Olin
Chemical Co.; decided 6/22/64 by Sup. Ct., 378 U.S. 158 (Solicitor
General Archibald Cox for appellant)
- 2/25/61 – Complaint filed in U.S. v. Phila. Nat’l Bank; decided
6/1/63 by Sup. Ct., 374 U.S. 321 (Assistant Attorney General Lee Loevinger
argued for U.S.)
- 4/13/61 – Complaint filed in U.S. v. Grinnell Corp.; decided
6/13/66 by Sup. Ct., 384 U.S. 563
- 1961-62 – U.S. intervenes in ICC hearings in U.S. v. ICC
(Northern Lines merger); decided 2/2/70 by Sup. Ct., 396 U.S. 491
(Assistant Attorney General Richard McLaren argued 10/21/69 for U.S.)
- 8/30/62 – Complaint in U.S. v. General Motors Corp. filed;
decided 4/28/66 in Sup. Ct., 384 U.S. 127
- 9/19/62 – Antitrust Civil Process Act enacted
- 10/14/63 – Complaint filed in U.S. v. Container Corp of America;
decided 1/14/69 by Sup. Ct., 393 U.S. 333 (Assistant Attorney General
Edwin Zimmerman argued 11/18/68 for U.S.)
- 7/13/65 – Complaint filed in U.S. v. Falstaff Brewing Corp.;
decided 2/28/73 by Sup. Ct., 410 U.S. 526 (1973) (Assistant Attorney
General Thomas Kauper argued 10/17/72 for U.S.)
- 10/6/66 – Indictments returned in U. S. v. Am. Radiator & Std
Sanitary Corp. (plumbing fixtures case) resulting in jail sentences
of 60 and 50 days upheld on appeal, 433 F.2d 174 (3rd Cir. 1970),
and on remand, 1971 WL 530, 1971 Trade Cases P 73,579
- 8/11/67 – FTC v. Procter & Gamble (the Clorox case), 386
U.S. 568, decided (Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall argued 2/13/67
for FTC)
- 9/22/67 – Complaint in U. S. v. General Dynamics Corp. filed;
decided 3/19/74 by Sup. Ct., 415 U.S. 486
- 1/15/68 – Complaint filed in U.S. v. Topco Associates, Inc.;
decided 3/29/72 by Sup. Ct., 405 U.S. 596
- 5/30/68 – Original Merger Guidelines issued
- 7/14/69 – U.S. v. Otter Tail Power Co. complaint filed; decided
2/22/73 by Sup. Ct., 410 U.S. 366
1970
- 7/24/70 – Newspaper Preservation
Act enacted
- 10/22/71 – Complaint filed
in U.S. v. Marine Bancorporation, Inc.; decided 6/26/74 by
Sup. Ct., 418 U.S. 602
- 12/5/72 – Complaint filed
in Nat’l Socy of Prof. Engineers v. U.S.; decided 4/25/78 by
Sup. Ct., 435 U.S. 679 (1978)
- 4/16/73 – Complaint filed
(amended 2/26/76) in U. S. v. National Broiler Marketing Ass'n;
decided 6/12/78 in 436 U.S. 816 (Assistant Attorney General Shenefield
argued for U.S. against Richard Posner)
- 7/24/73 – Creation of
ATD Economic Policy Office (George Hay was first director)
- 11/27/73 – Indictment
returned in U.S. Gypsum Co.; decided 6/29/78 by Sup. Ct., 438 U.S.
422 (first case to reach Sup. Ct. after violations of the Sherman
Act were made a felony)
- 11/20/74 – U.S. v.
AT & T complaint filed; settled by consent decree 1/8/82 requiring
divestiture
- 12/21/74 – Antitrust Procedures
and Penalties Act enacted (amending Sherman Act to make violations
of it a felony – maximum 3 years in jail – and increasing maximum
corporate fine to $1 million; amended Expediting Act of 1903)
- 1/16/75 – Goldfarb
v. Va. State Bar decided, 421 U.S. 723 (1975) (Solicitor General
Robert Bork argued for U.S. as amicus curiae)
- 6/26/75 – Gordon v.
NYSE decided, 422 U.S. 659 (U.S. filed brief and argued as amicus
curiae)
- 9/30/76 – Hart-Scott-Rodino
Antitrust Improvements Act, including Tunney Act, enacted
- 1/26/77 – Antitrust Division
issued Antitrust Guide for International Operations
- 6/9/77 – Illinois Brick
Co. v. Illinois decided, 431 U.S. 720 (Assistant Attorney General
Donald Baker argued for U.S. as amicus)
- 1978-79 – National Commn
to Review Antitrust Laws and Procedures held hearings and issued 1/22/79
report to the President and Attorney General
- 10/78 – Original Corporate
Leniency Policy announced
- 2/2/79 – Catalano,
Inc. v. Target Sales, Inc. decided, 446 U.S. 643 (U.S. filed brief
as amicus curiae)
- 4/17/79 – ASCAP v.
CBS decided, 441 U.S. 1 (1979) (U.S. was amicus curiae)
1980
- 1980 – Antitrust Guide
Concerning Research Joint Ventures was issued
- In FY 80 (ending 9/30/80)
– 55 criminal cases were brought, largest since WW II, with average
jail sentence of more than 3 months
- 1/8/82 – Settlement of
U.S. v. AT&T announced
- 6/14/82 – New Merger Guidelines
issued
- 6/18/82 – Arizona v.
Maricopa County Medical Soc. decided, 457 U.S. 332 (1982) (U.S.
was amicus curiae)
- 8/11/82 – U.S. v. Western
Electric Co. & AT&T Co., 552 F. Supp. 226 (DDC 1982) opinion issued
finding settlement of U.S. v. AT&T in the public interest
- 3/20/84 – Monsanto
Co. v. Spray-Rite Service Corp. (1984) decided (Assistant Attorney
General William Baxter argued for the U.S. as amicus curiae in support
of petitioner)
- 6/84 – Revised Merger
Guidelines issued
- 10/11/84 – Joint Research
and Development Act of 1984 enacted
- 3/26/86 – Matsushita
Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574 decided
(Deputy Assistant Attorney General Charles Rule argued for U.S. as
amicus curiae)
- 12/9/86 – Cargill v.
Monfort of Colo., Inc. decided, 479 U.S. 104 (U.S. was amicus
curiae)
- 11/10/88 – Antitrust Division
releases revised Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International
Operations
- 2/23/89 – Complaint filed
in U.S. v. Rockford Memorial Corp.; decided 4/3/90 by 7th Cir.
(Posner, J.), 898 F.2d 1278
1990
- 11/16/90 – Sherman Act
maximum corporate fine increased to $10 million
- 4/2/92 – Horizontal Merger
Guidelines issued by the DOJ and the FTC
- 6/8/92 – Eastman Kodak
Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc. decided, 504 U.S. 451 (Assistant
Attorney General James Rill argued for U.S. as amicus curiae)
- 8/10/93 – Corporate Leniency
Policy amended
- 11/16/93 – Complaint filed
in U.S. v. General Motors and ZF Friedrichshafen, AG (medium/heavy
duty automatic transmission business-innovation market case); transaction
abandoned 11/18/93
- 8/10/94 – Individual Amnesty
Policy announced
- 4/5/95 – Antitrust Enforcement
Guidelines for International Operations issued by the DOJ and the
FTC
- 4/6/95 – Antitrust Guidelines
for the Licensing of Intellectual Property issued by the DOJ and the
FTC
- 8/28/96 – Statements of
Antitrust Enforcement Policy in Health Care issued by the DOJ and
the FTC
- 10/15/96 – Information
and plea in U.S. v. Archer Daniels Midland resulting in the
largest antitrust fine imposed to that date ($100 million)
- 4/8/97 – Revised Horizontal
Merger Guidelines issued by the DOJ and the FTC
- 3/23/98 – Complaint filed
in U.S. v. Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman Corp. (military
products and services; single largest proposed merger ever challenged);
transaction abandoned 7/16/98
- 5/18/98 – Complaint in
U.S. v. Microsoft filed; decided 6/28/01 by DC Cir., 253 F3d
34, cert. denied 534 U.S. 952 (2001)
- 10/7/98 – Complaint in
U.S. v. Visa U.S.A. Inc. filed; decided 9/17/03 by 2d Cir.,
344 F.3d 229
- 5/20/99 – Information
filed in U.S. v. F. Hoffmann-LaRoche and U.S. v. BASF AG (international
vitamins cartel), with pleas and largest ever criminal fine ($500
million) imposed under any federal proceeding under any statute and
the second largest antitrust fine ($250 million)
- 7/8/99 – Complaint in
U.S. v. Cargill and Continental Grain (monopsony in agriculture)
filed with proposed decree; U.S. responses to public comment filed
3/24/00; final judgment entered 6/30/00
2000
- 1/19/00 – Indictment returned
in U.S. v. Mitsubishi (international graphite electrode cartel);
after trial and 2/01 conviction, $134 million sentence imposed; largest
fine resulting from antitrust trial
- 6/27/00 – Complaint filed
in U.S. v. Worldcom, Inc. and Sprint Corp. (telecommunications
and Internet services); transaction abandoned 7/13/00
- 10/01 – International
Competition Network formed
- 11/2/01 – U.S. v. Microsoft
settled; decree entered after Tunney Act proceedings, 11/12/02; 2002
WL 31654530, 2002-2 Trade Cases P 73,860
- 10/31/02 – Complaint filed
in U.S. v. Echostar Communications and DirecTV Enterprises
(pay television service); transaction abandoned 12/10/02
- In FY 03 (ending 9/30/03)
– 41 criminal cases were brought, $107 million in criminal fines were
obtained, and average jail sentence imposed was 21 months (a Division
record)
Images
Associated with Antitrust Events
Panel I (1890-1939)
From Left to Right:
1. Illustration from Puck,
Wednesday, February 27, 1901, "King of the Combinations" by
J.S. Pughe.
[Rockefeller standing on oil barrel with huge multi-tiered crown and
several railroadsReading Railroad (with oil tanker cars), Jersey
Central R.R., St. Paul R.R., Lehigh Valley R.R.and then oil storage
tanks and wells on the top tier before the crown is topped off by a
$ sign.] (from the private collection of Kate Schlech, NCES; she also
provided the associated editorial in the publication issue in which
the cartoon appeared)
2. Illustration from Life,
April 24, 1902, "Kill It" re Beef Trust by Kemble
[stocks are labeled "The Press", and Uncle Sam's ax is labeled
"anti-trust law"; cow's head is labeled "Beef Trust"]
(from the private collection of Kate Schlech, NCES)
3. Photo of Attorney General
Philander Knox
(obtained $500,000,000 appropriation for antitrust enforcement, legislative
authorization for additional employees, including Assistant to the Attorney
General to supervise antitrust enforcement; under his tenure, United
States v. Northern Securities was filed on March 10, 1902 (Knox argued
in the Supreme Court against an array of opposing attorneys who included
his predecessor as Attorney General, John Griggs); United States
v. Swift & Co. was filed on May 10, 1902; and United States
v. Reading Co. was filed on June 12, 1902.
4. Photo of Assistant to
the Attorney General William Alonzo Day
(photo courtesy of AXA Financial Archives)
5. Illustration from Judge,
April 16, 1904, "Ouch" by Gillam
["oppressive trusts" businessman stubs toe on rock head of
TR labeled "Sherman Anti-Trust Law" while Attorney General
Knox, holding paper labeled "merger decision [Northern Securities
was decided 3/4/04] and Senator Shaw look on] (from the private collection
of Kate Schlech, NCES)
6. Photo of Attorney General
William Moody
(argued United States v. Swift & Co. in Supreme Court)
7. Illustration from Puck,
May 25, 1904, "Woodman, spare that tree; Touch not a single bough.
Funds would be scarce if we Should "run amuck" just
now"
[TR stopping Attorney General Knox, wielding ax labeled "anti-trust
laws" from cutting down a tree labelled "The Trusts"
with a copy of the merger decision [The Supreme Court opinion in Northern
Securities was issued on March 14, 1904]on the ground. The cartoon may
be suggesting that TR's need for campaign money from the trusts for
reelection would affect his Administration's antitrust enforcement]
(from the private collection of Kate Schlech, NCES)
8. Illustration from Puck,
September 27, 1905, "Down" by C.F. Keppler.
[football team of tool, clothing, tobacco, steel, beef, oil, leather,
and coal trusts tackling/burying the tiny consumer, who is holding the
tariff revision football] (from the private collection of Kate Schlech,
NCES, who also provided the excerpt of the publication's editorial that
relates to the beef packers' indictment, which was returned July 1,
1905, as U.S. v. Armour. See 142 F. 808 (N.D. Il. 1906), dismissing
as to individuals because of "immunity bath" for cooperating
with Bureau of Corporations investigation); a nolle prosequi was entered
on February 25, 1913.)
9. Photo of Attorney General
Charles Bonaparte
(under his tenure, cases against Standard Oil (11/15/06) and American
Tobacco (7/10/07) were filed).
10. Illustration from Puck,
May 23, 1906: The Infant Hercules and the Standard Oil Serpents
(from the private collection of Kate Schlech, NCES)
11. Photo of John D. Rockefeller
with his attorney going into the trial of the Standard Oil trust
12. "1912 Wicker-Work
Wicker-Sham," cartoon by Flohri of Attorney General Wickersham
holding Sherman Antitrust Law Sword.
Attorney General Wickersham argued and reargued both American Tobacco
and Standard Oil cases in the Supreme Court (from the private collection
of Kate Schlech, NCES)
13. Illustration from London
Punch, Titled "Wilson's Address to Congress on Trusts"
and below the engraving, "The Trust Clinch" by L. Raven Hill,
1914
["President Wilson"Break away there, gentlemen!"
[In his Message to Congress upon legislation regarding Trusts, President
Wilson advocated "the effectual prohibition of interlocking"
amongst great industrial and financial corporations.]" (from the
private collection of Kate Schlech, NCES)
14. Photo of Attorney General
Homer S. Cummings
15. Photo of Assistant Attorney
General Harold M. Stephens
Panel II (1940-1969)
From Left to Right:
1. Photo of Assistant Attorney
General Thurman Arnold
2. Photo of Assistant Atttorney
General, Attorney General, and Associate Supreme Court Justice Robert
H. Jackson
3. Mural in Main DOJ Library:
Competition and Monopoly (see explanation on Timeline
at 1941)
4. Mural in Main DOJ Library:
Red Tape (see explanation on Timeline at 1941)
5. Photo of Second Circuit
Judge Learned Hand
6. Photo of Second Circuit
Panel that decided Alcoa case (left to right:) Learned Hand, Thomas
Swan, Augustus Hand
7. Photo of Assistant to
the Solicitor General, Seventh Circuit Judge Richard Posner
8. Photo of Supreme Court
of the United States Building
Panel III (1970-2009)
From left to right:
1. Photo of Robert F. Kennedy
Department of Justice Building
2. Photo of Assistant Attorney
General William Baxter
3. Front page above the fold
of New York Daily News for Saturday, January 9, 1982, with this
headline: AT&T Empire Broken Up, Must sell local phone companies
4. Photo of U.S. Capitol
5. Cover of the Horizontal
Merger Guidelines issued by the DOJ and the FTC, 4/9/92 and 4/8/97
6. Photo of U.S. Archives
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