Inspection Guide
This section provides a summary of standards that address activities requiring approval or inspection
by a responsible person, i.e., employer, controlling
contractor, engineer
of record, qualified rigger, qualified
person, competent person, or
crane operator.
Approval to begin steel erection
Before authorizing the commencement of steel erection, the controlling contractor must
provide written notification to the steel erector ensuring that [1926.752(a)]:
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Concrete in footings, piers, and walls has been cured to a level that will provide adequate strength to support any forces imposed during steel
erection [1926.752(a)(1)];
- Anchor bolt repairs, replacements and modifications were done with the approval of the project Structural Engineer of Record
(SER) [1926.752(a)(2) and 1926.755(b)(1)].
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Site layout
The controlling contractor must ensure that the following is provided and
maintained [1926.752(c)]:
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adequate access roads into and through the site for the safe delivery and movement of:
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derricks,
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cranes,
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trucks,
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other necessary equipment, and
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material to be erected [1926.752(c)(1)].
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means and methods for pedestrian and vehicular control [1926.752(c)(1)].
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Exception: This requirement does not apply to roads outside of the construction site.
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adequate space for the safe storage of materials and the safe operation of the erector's equipment. This space must be:
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firm,
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properly graded,
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drained,
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readily accessible to the work [1926.752(c)(2)].
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Column anchorage
Before the erection of a column, the controlling contractor must provide written notification to the steel erector if there has been any repair, replacement, or modification of the anchor rods (anchor bolts) of that
column
[1926.755(b)(2)].
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(Non-hoist) Falling object protection
The controlling contractor must bar other construction processes below steel erection unless overhead protection for the employees below is
provided
[1926.759(b)].
For additional information, see reference to suspended
loads.
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Fall Protection
Fall protection provided by the steel erector shall remain in the area where steel erection activity has been completed, to be used by other trades, only if the controlling contractor or its authorized
representative
[1926.760(e)]:
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has directed the steel erector to leave the fall protection in place
[1926.760(e)(1)],
and
-
has inspected and accepted control and responsibility of the fall protection before authorizing persons other than steel erectors to work in the
area
[1926.760(e)(2)].
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Site-specific erection plan
Employers may elect, because of conditions specific to the worksite, to develop alternate means of providing for employee protection. If a site-specific erection plan is used, it must:
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be developed by a qualified person, and
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be available at the worksite [1926.752(e)].
A site-specific erection plan may be developed during one or more pre-construction conferences and site inspections involving the erector, the controlling contractor, and others, such as the project engineer and the fabricator. If a site-specific erection plan is developed, the following elements are to be considered
[Non-mandatory
Appendix A]:
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The sequence of erection activity, developed in coordination with the controlling contractor, including the following:
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material deliveries,
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material staging and storage, and
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coordination with other trades and construction activities;
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A description of the crane and derrick selection and placement procedures, including the following:
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site preparation,
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path for overhead loads, and
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critical lifts, including rigging supplies and equipment;
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A description of steel erection activities and procedures, including the following:
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stability considerations requiring temporary bracing and guying,
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erection bridging terminus point,
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notifications regarding repair, replacement and modifications of anchor rods (anchor bolts),
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columns and beams (including joists and purlins);,
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connections,
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decking, and
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ornamental and miscellaneous iron;
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A description of the fall protection procedures that will be used;
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A description of the procedures that will be used to prevent falling object hazards;
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A description of the special procedures required for hazardous non-routine tasks;
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A certification for each employee who has received training for performing steel erection operations as required;
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A list of the qualified and competent persons; and
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A description of the procedures that will be used in the event of rescue or emergency response.
In addition, the plan should include identification of the site and project and be signed and dated by the qualified person(s) responsible for its preparation and modification.
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Crane operators must be responsible for operations under their direct control. Whenever there is any doubt as to safety, the operator must have the authority
to [1926.753(c)(1)(iv)]:
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stop all hoisting activities, and
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refuse to handle loads until safety has been assured.
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Safety latches on hooks must not be deactivated or made inoperable,
except [1926.753(c)(5)]:
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when a qualified rigger has determined that the hoisting and placing of purlins and single joists can be performed more safely by doing
so [1926.753(c)(5)(i)];
or
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when equivalent protection is provided in a site-specific erection
plan [1926.753(c)(5)(ii)].
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Prior to each shift, cranes being used in steel erection activities must be visually inspected by a competent person. The inspection must include observation for deficiencies during operation, including, at a
minimum [1926.753(c)(1)(i)]:
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all control mechanisms for maladjustments [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(A)];
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control and drive mechanism for excessive wear of components and contamination
by [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(B)]:
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lubricants,
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water, or
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other foreign matter;
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safety devices, including, but not limited to:
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boom-angle indicators,
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boom stops,
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boom kick-out devices,
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anti-two block devices, and
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load moment indicators where required [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(C)];
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air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines, especially those that flex during operation, for:
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hooks and latches for:
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wire-rope reeving for compliance with hoisting equipment manufacturer's
specifications [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(F)];
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electrical apparatus for:
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malfunctioning,
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signs of excessive deterioration,
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dirt, or
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moisture accumulation [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(G)];
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hydraulic system for proper fluid level [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(H)];
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tires for proper inflation and condition [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(I)];
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ground conditions around the hoisting equipment for:
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proper support, including ground settling under and around outriggers,
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ground water accumulation, or
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similar conditions [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(J)]; and
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the hoisting equipment for level position, including after each move and setup
[1926.753(c)(1)(i)(K)]
and [1926.753(c)(1)(i)(L)].
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If any deficiency is identified, an immediate determination must be made by the competent person as to whether the deficiency constitutes a hazard
[1926.753(c)(1)(ii)].
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If the deficiency is determined to constitute a hazard, the hoisting equipment must be removed from service until the deficiency has been
corrected [1926.753(c)(1)(iii)].
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A qualified rigger (a rigger who is also a qualified person) must inspect the rigging before each shift
[1926.753(c)(2)].
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All hoisting operations in steel erection must be pre-planned to ensure that where employees must work under the load, the materials being hoisted are rigged by a qualified rigger
[1926.753(d)(2)(iii)].
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When employees work under suspended loads,
all loads must be rigged by a qualified rigger [1926.753(d)(2)(iii)].
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Multiple-lift rigging assembly capacity must be certified by the manufacturer or a qualified
rigger [1926.753(e)(2)].
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Purlins and girts are prohibited from being used as an anchorage point for a fall arrest system, unless written approval is obtained from a qualified
person [1926.758(g)].
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Walking/Working Surfaces
Workers will not be permitted to walk the top surface of any structural steel member installed after July 18, 2006 that has been coated with paint or similar material,
unless all of the following are met [1926.754(c)(3)]:
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The coating has achieved a minimum average slip resistance of .50 in laboratory
tests.
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The tests were based on the appropriate ASTM standard test method and conducted by a qualified
laboratory.
-
Documentation of the test results is available at the site and to the steel
erector.
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Plumbing up
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Plumbing-up equipment must be installed during the steel erection process, when deemed necessary by a competent person to ensure the stability of the
structure [1926.754(d)(1)].
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When plumbing-up equipment is used, it must be in place and properly installed before the structure is loaded with construction material such as loads of joists, bundles of decking or bundles of
bridging [1926.754(d)(2)].
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Plumbing-up equipment may be removed only with the approval of a competent
person [1926.754(d)(3)].
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Columns
All columns must be evaluated by a competent person to determine whether guying or bracing is needed; if needed, it must be
installed [1926.755(a)(4)].
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Anchor Rods (Anchor Bolts)
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Approval by the project structural engineer of record is required before
anchor rods (anchor bolts) can be [1926.755(b)(1)]:
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repaired,
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replaced, or
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field-modified.
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Before the erection of a column, the controlling contractor must provide written notification to the steel erector if there has been
any [1926.755(b)(2)]:
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repair,
-
replacement, or
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modification of the anchor rods (anchor bolts) of that column.
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Beams and Columns
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During the final placing of solid web structural members, the load must not be released from the hoisting line
until [1926.756(a)(1)]:
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the members are secured with at least two bolts per connection, of the same size and strength as shown in the erection drawings;
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these bolts are drawn up wrench-tight; or
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the equivalent, as specified by the project structural engineer of record.
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A competent person must determine if more than two bolts are necessary to ensure the stability of cantilevered members; if additional bolts are needed, they must be
installed [1926.756(a)(2)].
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Diagonal Bracing
Solid web structural members used as diagonal bracing must be secured by
[1926.756(b)]:
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at least one bolt per connection drawn up wrench-tight; or
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the equivalent, as specified by the project structural engineer of record.
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Where
constructability does not allow a steel joist to be installed at the column:
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an alternate means of stabilizing joists must be installed on both sides near the column and it
must [1926.757(a)(2)(i)]:
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Where steel joists at or near columns span more than 60 feet:
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the joists need to be set in tandem with all bridging installed [1926.757(a)(4)], or
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an alternative method of erection may be used, provided it [1926.757(a)(4)]:
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provides equivalent stability to the steel joist,
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is designed by a qualified person, and
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is included in the site-specific erection plan.
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Any modification that affects the strength of a steel joist or steel-joist girder must be made with the approval of the project structural engineer of
record [1926.757(a)(7)].
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Steel joists and steel-joist girders must not be used as anchorage points for a fall-arrest system unless written approval to do so is obtained from a qualified
person [1926.757(a)(9)].
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When bolted diagonal erection bridging is required, the following will apply:
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the bridging must be indicated on the erection drawing [1926.757(d)(6)(i)];
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the erection drawing must be the exclusive indicator of the proper placement of this
bridging [1926.757(d)(6)(ii)].
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During the construction period, the employer placing a load on steel joists must ensure that the load is distributed so as not to exceed the carrying capacity of any steel
joist [1926.757(e)(1)]. No bundle of decking may be placed on steel joists
until [1926.757(e)(4)]:
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all bridging has been installed and anchored, and
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all joist bearing ends are attached, unless
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all of the following conditions are met:
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the employer has first determined that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the load. This determination must be:
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made by a qualified person, and
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documented in a site-specific erection plan [1926.757(e)(4)(i)];
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the bundle of decking is placed on a minimum of three steel joists [1926.757(e)(4)(ii)];
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the joists supporting the bundle of decking are attached at both ends [1926.757(e)(4)(iii)];
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at least one row of bridging is installed and anchored [1926.757(e)(4)(iv)];
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the total weight of the bundle of decking does not exceed 4,000 pounds [1926.757(e)(4)(v)]; and
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placement of the bundle of decking is within 1 foot of the bearing surface of the joist
end [1926.757(e)(4)(vi)].
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Fall Hazards
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Employee training must be provided by a qualified person [1926.761(a)].
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All employees exposed to fall hazards must be trained and instructed in the following
areas [1926.761(b)]:
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the recognition and identification of fall hazards in the work area [1926.761(b)(1)];
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the use and operation of protective systems such as guardrail systems, personal fall-arrest systems, positioning- device systems, fall-restraint systems, safety net systems, and other protection to be
used [1926.761(b)(2)];
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the correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection systems to be
used [1926.761(b)(3)];
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procedures for protection from falls to lower levels and into holes and openings in walking/working surfaces and
walls [1926.761(b)(4)]; and
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all the fall protection requirements of this subpart [1926.761(b)(5)].
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Special Training
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The employer must also provide special training to employees involved in the following activities:
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multiple-lift rigging operations, including [1926.753(e)(1)(iv)]:
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multiple lift hazards, and
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proper procedures and equipment required by 1926.753(e) to perform multiple
lifts;
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connecting, including [1926.761(c)(2)]:
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connecting hazards, and
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the establishment, access, proper connecting techniques, and required work
practices; and
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work in Controlled Decking Zones, including [1926.760(c)(4)]:
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hazards of working in a Controlled Decking Zone, and
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the establishment, access, proper installation techniques, and required work
practices.
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