2000 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

Lawton, OK MSA

These estimates are calculated with data collected from employers in all industry divisions in the Lawton, OK MSA, a metropolitan statistical area in Oklahoma.

Links to OES estimates for other areas and States

SOC Major Groups in the Lawton, OK MSA:

Click on the SOC code number to view that occupation's definition and national estimates.

Management Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
11-0000 Management Occupations 1,980 $18.96 $20.96 $43,600 2.9 %
  11-1011 Chief Executives 140 $23.99 $28.88 $60,080 12.6 %
  11-1021 General and Operations Managers 640 $16.85 $19.48 $40,510 3.1 %
  11-2021 Marketing Managers 30 $18.46 $19.19 $39,920 5.2 %
  11-2022 Sales Managers 70 $16.58 $18.72 $38,940 7.5 %
  11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 80 $16.19 $18.82 $39,140 7.8 %
  11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 30 $19.69 $21.79 $45,330 5.6 %
  11-3031 Financial Managers 80 $21.49 $22.69 $47,190 6.3 %
  11-3040 Human Resources Managers 30 $18.55 $20.63 $42,900 10.2 %
  11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 30 $22.30 $24.76 $51,510 4.5 %
  11-3061 Purchasing Managers 30 $21.72 $21.16 $44,020 3.7 %
  11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers 30 $20.65 $19.26 $40,070 7.6 %
  11-9021 Construction Managers 40 $22.46 $23.01 $47,860 5.0 %
  11-9031 Education Administrators, Preschool and Child Care Center/Program (4) $10.22 $11.10 $23,080 3.4 %
  11-9051 Food Service Managers 110 $12.21 $12.18 $25,340 2.5 %
  11-9141 Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers 60 $8.42 $12.89 $26,820 23.0 %
  11-9151 Social and Community Service Managers 30 $18.17 $18.04 $37,520 6.5 %
 
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 970 $15.15 $16.61 $34,550 3.7 %
  13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products 40 $17.84 $18.44 $38,350 2.8 %
  13-1071 Employment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists (4) $11.77 $11.73 $24,390 3.1 %
  13-1073 Training and Development Specialists 40 $16.70 $17.40 $36,190 4.0 %
  13-1111 Management Analysts 70 $17.36 $18.21 $37,880 7.0 %
  13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 330 $14.64 $15.62 $32,480 2.5 %
  13-2021 Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate (4) $15.55 $15.32 $31,850 6.0 %
  13-2031 Budget Analysts 40 $20.55 $20.44 $42,510 6.1 %
  13-2072 Loan Officers (4) $12.27 $13.17 $27,400 3.3 %
 
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations 460 $22.05 $22.45 $46,690 3.7 %
  15-1021 Computer Programmers 30 $13.61 $14.10 $29,320 3.5 %
  15-1032 Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software 100 $22.76 $24.40 $50,750 2.3 %
  15-1051 Computer Systems Analysts 90 $25.04 $25.53 $53,100 2.6 %
  15-1071 Network and Computer Systems Administrators 30 $18.28 $20.04 $41,690 2.9 %
  15-1081 Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts 30 $16.53 $19.54 $40,650 2.3 %
 
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 210 $19.73 $21.24 $44,180 4.1 %
  17-3023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians 60 $15.29 $16.14 $33,570 3.4 %
 
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 180 $16.78 $20.03 $41,660 3.2 %
 
Community and Social Services Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
21-0000 Community and Social Services Occupations 930 $8.19 $10.09 $20,990 10.1 %
  21-1012 Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors 100 $17.74 $17.76 $36,940 5.4 %
  21-1015 Rehabilitation Counselors (4) $7.55 $7.49 $15,570 6.1 %
  21-1022 Medical and Public Health Social Workers (4) $7.54 $9.09 $18,910 17.5 %
  21-1093 Social and Human Service Assistants 100 $9.62 $10.25 $21,320 11.3 %
 
Legal Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
23-0000 Legal Occupations 210 $13.61 $20.89 $43,450 12.7 %
  23-1011 Lawyers 80 $37.10 $31.51 $65,550 21.4 %
  23-2011 Paralegals and Legal Assistants 30 $11.77 $13.04 $27,130 18.8 %
  23-2093 Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers 30 $9.06 $9.13 $19,000 2.7 %
 
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
25-0000 Education, Training, and Library Occupations 3,090 $15.65 $15.20 $31,610 2.4 %
  25-2011 Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education 70 $11.64 $10.32 $21,470 17.5 %
  25-2031 Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education 380 (2) (2) $34,130 3.8 %
  25-2032 Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School 30 (2) (2) $33,400 6.2 %
  25-3021 Self-Enrichment Education Teachers 30 $12.39 $13.16 $27,370 4.9 %
  25-4021 Librarians 50 $17.84 $18.40 $38,270 4.7 %
  25-9041 Teacher Assistants 360 (2) (2) $14,570 9.3 %
 
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 240 $10.75 $12.18 $25,330 7.9 %
  27-3041 Editors (4) $11.31 $11.72 $24,380 4.1 %
 
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
29-0000 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 1,910 $12.96 $18.32 $38,110 7.7 %
  29-1051 Pharmacists 60 $28.53 $28.23 $58,710 4.6 %
  29-1062 Family and General Practitioners 60 $55.22 $56.72 $117,980 20.0 %
  29-1067 Surgeons (4) (3) $69.70 $144,970 28.0 %
  29-1111 Registered Nurses 390 $19.73 $20.00 $41,610 2.8 %
  29-2011 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists 60 $16.97 $17.74 $36,890 8.6 %
  29-2012 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians 30 $11.43 $11.08 $23,050 4.0 %
  29-2034 Radiologic Technologists and Technicians 60 $14.66 $14.50 $30,160 3.3 %
  29-2051 Dietetic Technicians (4) $6.58 $6.92 $14,390 7.3 %
  29-2052 Pharmacy Technicians 60 $7.88 $8.25 $17,160 6.9 %
  29-2061 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses 570 $10.11 $9.93 $20,660 3.6 %
  29-2071 Medical Records and Health Information Technicians 30 $10.00 $10.24 $21,300 13.9 %
  29-2081 Opticians, Dispensing 80 $8.58 $9.03 $18,780 2.6 %
 
Healthcare Support Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 950 $7.27 $8.48 $17,640 4.2 %
  31-1012 Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants 640 $6.79 $7.67 $15,950 3.6 %
  31-9091 Dental Assistants 70 $11.62 $11.53 $23,980 2.6 %
  31-9092 Medical Assistants 60 $8.03 $8.23 $17,110 5.4 %
 
Protective Service Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
33-0000 Protective Service Occupations 920 $10.80 $12.04 $25,040 7.2 %
  33-9032 Security Guards 200 $11.42 $11.11 $23,100 5.3 %
 
Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
35-0000 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 3,490 $6.32 $6.68 $13,890 2.5 %
  35-1011 Chefs and Head Cooks 60 $6.68 $6.91 $14,360 5.0 %
  35-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving Workers 280 $8.77 $8.80 $18,310 9.8 %
  35-2012 Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria 240 $8.65 $8.82 $18,350 5.6 %
  35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 180 $6.37 $6.74 $14,020 6.4 %
  35-2015 Cooks, Short Order 230 $7.36 $7.42 $15,430 6.9 %
  35-3021 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food 530 $6.18 $6.07 $12,630 3.4 %
  35-3022 Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop 30 $6.02 $5.97 $12,430 4.7 %
  35-3031 Waiters and Waitresses 900 $6.02 $5.98 $12,440 3.2 %
  35-3041 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant (4) $6.18 $5.97 $12,420 4.2 %
  35-9021 Dishwashers 100 $6.13 $5.97 $12,410 3.7 %
  35-9031 Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop (4) $6.39 $6.46 $13,430 8.4 %
 
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 1,380 $7.17 $7.58 $15,760 2.3 %
  37-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers 40 $10.10 $10.27 $21,360 3.1 %
  37-2011 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 710 $7.56 $7.75 $16,130 1.9 %
  37-2012 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 410 $6.55 $7.04 $14,640 5.9 %
  37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 130 $7.10 $7.62 $15,860 3.8 %
 
Personal Care and Service Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
39-0000 Personal Care and Service Occupations 710 $6.64 $8.10 $16,850 6.3 %
  39-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Personal Service Workers 30 $9.83 $11.05 $22,980 4.1 %
  39-5012 Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists 100 $6.18 $6.49 $13,490 6.3 %
  39-9011 Child Care Workers 200 $6.31 $6.28 $13,060 3.2 %
  39-9031 Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors (4) $6.62 $7.94 $16,500 14.7 %
  39-9032 Recreation Workers 100 $7.25 $8.17 $16,990 6.0 %
 
Sales and Related Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 3,900 $6.71 $8.95 $18,610 5.5 %
  41-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Retail Sales Workers 430 $10.43 $12.39 $25,780 7.4 %
  41-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers 30 $12.76 $15.50 $32,250 8.9 %
  41-2011 Cashiers 1,230 $6.18 $6.34 $13,190 2.3 %
  41-2021 Counter and Rental Clerks 140 $6.69 $8.60 $17,890 8.8 %
  41-2022 Parts Salespersons 70 $7.78 $8.20 $17,070 2.4 %
  41-2031 Retail Salespersons 1,440 $6.65 $7.90 $16,430 3.6 %
  41-3011 Advertising Sales Agents (4) $6.32 $6.85 $14,240 12.7 %
  41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 40 $10.69 $14.74 $30,670 12.6 %
  41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products 120 $14.25 $14.22 $29,570 5.3 %
  41-9041 Telemarketers 30 $8.30 $8.79 $18,290 10.2 %
 
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 5,800 $9.34 $10.35 $21,530 1.7 %
  43-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative Support Workers 340 $13.07 $14.60 $30,370 7.7 %
  43-2011 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service 30 $6.97 $7.58 $15,760 6.8 %
  43-3011 Bill and Account Collectors 60 $7.85 $9.12 $18,970 8.3 %
  43-3021 Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators 140 $18.27 $15.89 $33,050 6.7 %
  43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 300 $9.23 $9.54 $19,850 2.8 %
  43-3051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 70 $12.51 $12.33 $25,640 4.2 %
  43-3061 Procurement Clerks 60 $13.35 $13.17 $27,390 4.9 %
  43-3071 Tellers 200 $7.19 $7.25 $15,090 1.6 %
  43-4031 Court, Municipal, and License Clerks 50 $9.93 $10.22 $21,250 3.1 %
  43-4041 Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks (4) $6.81 $7.65 $15,910 8.9 %
  43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 360 $8.76 $10.59 $22,020 16.2 %
  43-4071 File Clerks 50 $6.91 $7.30 $15,180 5.6 %
  43-4081 Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks 50 $6.42 $6.43 $13,370 2.9 %
  43-4131 Loan Interviewers and Clerks 30 $8.36 $8.88 $18,470 1.8 %
  43-4141 New Accounts Clerks 30 $7.86 $8.24 $17,140 3.1 %
  43-4151 Order Clerks 50 $8.22 $9.06 $18,840 5.9 %
  43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 60 $12.81 $12.59 $26,180 5.2 %
  43-4171 Receptionists and Information Clerks 290 $6.72 $7.23 $15,030 2.8 %
  43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance 50 $9.74 $10.14 $21,090 7.4 %
  43-5041 Meter Readers, Utilities (4) $9.88 $10.77 $22,400 4.0 %
  43-5061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 70 $11.40 $10.62 $22,090 3.5 %
  43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 180 $9.16 $9.24 $19,220 4.9 %
  43-5081 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 480 $7.26 $8.71 $18,110 8.3 %
  43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants 140 $11.80 $12.68 $26,370 3.9 %
  43-6012 Legal Secretaries (4) $8.68 $10.15 $21,110 6.6 %
  43-6013 Medical Secretaries (4) $9.69 $9.65 $20,070 4.1 %
  43-6014 Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 770 $9.44 $10.02 $20,850 4.2 %
  43-9021 Data Entry Keyers (4) $6.29 $6.29 $13,070 4.6 %
  43-9061 Office Clerks, General 830 $8.82 $9.31 $19,360 3.0 %
 
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
45-0000 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations 30 $10.77 $10.02 $20,840 4.3 %
  45-2093 Farmworkers, Farm and Ranch Animals (4) $12.14 $11.95 $24,860 5.9 %
 
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations 1,310 $11.96 $12.38 $25,740 2.2 %
  47-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers 90 $17.86 $18.26 $37,980 1.9 %
  47-2031 Carpenters 160 $14.61 $14.27 $29,680 2.7 %
  47-2051 Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers 50 $10.98 $11.98 $24,920 5.8 %
  47-2061 Construction Laborers 130 $8.68 $8.86 $18,430 2.1 %
  47-2073 Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators 100 $10.63 $11.39 $23,700 4.8 %
  47-2111 Electricians 140 $14.72 $14.31 $29,770 4.8 %
  47-2141 Painters, Construction and Maintenance 90 $11.83 $11.45 $23,810 2.8 %
  47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 120 $14.77 $14.48 $30,120 3.5 %
  47-2181 Roofers 40 $10.42 $10.78 $22,420 2.7 %
  47-2211 Sheet Metal Workers 30 $10.38 $11.76 $24,450 4.7 %
 
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 1,550 $12.97 $13.36 $27,780 2.9 %
  49-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 140 $20.31 $20.09 $41,790 5.0 %
  49-2022 Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers (4) $23.63 $22.26 $46,300 6.7 %
  49-2095 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay 50 $18.80 $18.92 $39,350 3.5 %
  49-2097 Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers (4) $15.50 $15.07 $31,350 7.3 %
  49-3021 Automotive Body and Related Repairers 50 $13.95 $13.70 $28,490 2.4 %
  49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 330 $11.94 $11.89 $24,740 3.1 %
  49-3031 Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists 140 $13.71 $13.31 $27,680 3.8 %
  49-3093 Tire Repairers and Changers 30 $7.24 $7.07 $14,700 3.3 %
  49-9011 Mechanical Door Repairers (4) $13.62 $13.83 $28,760 5.0 %
  49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 70 $15.36 $15.52 $32,280 8.5 %
  49-9042 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 240 $9.82 $10.17 $21,160 4.6 %
  49-9043 Maintenance Workers, Machinery 30 $12.93 $13.12 $27,280 12.4 %
  49-9098 Helpers—Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers 60 $7.91 $8.63 $17,950 4.8 %
 
Production Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
51-0000 Production Occupations 4,250 $19.27 $17.36 $36,120 8.6 %
  51-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers 130 $14.66 $15.64 $32,540 3.7 %
  51-3011 Bakers 30 $6.77 $6.81 $14,170 4.6 %
  51-3021 Butchers and Meat Cutters 30 $11.65 $11.36 $23,630 7.5 %
  51-4041 Machinists 70 $17.95 $16.67 $34,680 5.2 %
  51-6011 Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers 60 $6.17 $6.15 $12,780 3.8 %
  51-6021 Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials 130 $6.12 $6.01 $12,500 3.4 %
  51-8031 Water and Liquid Waste Treatment Plant and System Operators 30 $11.63 $11.75 $24,430 5.5 %
  51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 80 $13.14 $13.10 $27,260 7.4 %
 
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 1,970 $8.53 $10.88 $22,620 8.1 %
  53-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand 30 $12.52 $13.13 $27,300 4.7 %
  53-1031 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators 30 $15.23 $17.03 $35,420 8.0 %
  53-3021 Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity 110 $7.32 $8.84 $18,380 5.6 %
  53-3031 Driver/Sales Workers 40 $13.84 $15.54 $32,320 5.4 %
  53-3032 Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer 400 $11.50 $11.61 $24,160 5.1 %
  53-3033 Truck Drivers, Light Or Delivery Services 270 $8.17 $10.45 $21,740 7.5 %
  53-6031 Service Station Attendants 30 $6.59 $7.01 $14,580 3.4 %
  53-7051 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators 80 $10.65 $10.23 $21,290 5.4 %
  53-7061 Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment 90 $6.48 $6.60 $13,720 3.2 %
  53-7062 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 380 $7.50 $7.96 $16,560 2.3 %
  53-7064 Packers and Packagers, Hand 80 $7.57 $7.32 $15,230 3.0 %

About 2000 National, State, and Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

Estimates for residual, "All Other", occupations are not available.

(1) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

(2) = Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.

(3) = Median hourly wage is equal to or greater than $70.00 per hour.

(4) = Estimates not released due to high relative standard error.

The relative standard error (RSE) is a measure of the reliability of a survey statistic. The smaller the relative standard error, the more precise the estimate.



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State estimates for Oklahoma

Oklahoma's metropolitan area estimates:

2000 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

2000 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

2000 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

2000 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

Technical notes

List of Occupations in SOC Code Number Order

List of Occupations in Alphabetical Order

 

Last Modified Date: November 15, 2001