Changes in Breeding Bird Populations in
North Dakota: 1967 to 1992-93
Table 1
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| Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) *** | 11 | 4 | 7 | SDM | WETL | NC | -7.55 DD |
| Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus) *** | 2 | 1 | 0 | SDM | WETL | NC | -0.22 |
| Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) *** | 0 | 1 | 1 | SDM | WETL | NC | NA |
| Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) *** | 40 | 48 | 22 | SDM | WETL | NC | -1.28 |
| Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) *** | 0 | 2 | 1 | SDM | WETL | NC | -28.08 DD |
| American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) ** | 0 | 0 | 2 | SDM | WETL | NC | -6.45 D |
| Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) ** | 0 | 1 | 10 | SDM | WETL | NC | -3.51 |
| American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) *** | 9 | 2 | 8 | LDM | WETL | NC | -3.54 DDD |
| Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) ** | 2 | 1 | 3 | SDM | WETL | NC | +1.00 |
| Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) *** | 17 | 5 | 5 | SDM | WETL | NC | -4.76 DD |
| Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) * | 0 | 11 | 28 | SDM | WETL | NC | +9.45 III |
| Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) * | 1 | 2 | 12 | SDM | WETL | NC | +0.80 |
| Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) ** | 45 | 11 | 44 | SDM | WETL | NC | -0.64 |
| Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) * | 212 | 113 | 200 | SDM | WETL | NC | +1.01 |
| Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) * | 171 | 23 | 58 | SDM | WETL | D | -3.68 |
| Cinnamon Teal (Anas cyanoptera) ** | 0 | 1 | 0 | LDM | WETL | NC | NA |
| Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors) ** | 286 | 99 | 145 | LDM | WETL | D | -3.20 DDD |
| Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata) ** | 87 | 25 | 52 | SDM | WETL | D | +0.05 |
| Gadwall (Anas strepera) ** | 96 | 111 | 118 | SDM | WETL | NC | +0.36 |
| American Wigeon (Anas americana) ** | 25 | 22 | 32 | SDM | WETL | NC | -3.75 DD |
| Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) ** | 10 | 4 | 5 | SDM | WETL | NC | -1.58 |
| Redhead (Aythya americana) *** | 27 | 19 | 42 | SDM | WETL | NC | -2.96 |
| Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris) ** | 2 | 0 | 1 | SDM | WETL | NC | -10.88 DDD |
| Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) *** | 3 | 4 | 4 | SDM | WETL | NC | -0.63 |
| Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) *** | 0 | 0 | 1 | SDM | WETL | NC | -4.65 DD |
| Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) * | 0 | 0 | 2 | SDM | WETL | NC | +0.91 III |
| Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) *** | 36 | 56 | 23 | SDM | WETL | NC | -3.20 |
| Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) ** | 2 | 0 | 1 | SDM | OPWO | NC | +4.12 |
| Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus) ** | 15 | 21 | 34 | SDM | GRAS | NC | +1.76 |
| Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus) ** | 0 | 1 | 0 | SDM | WOOD | NC | -1.74 D |
| Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) ** | 3 | 2 | 8 | SDM | WOOD | NC | +3.76 III |
| Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus) ** | 0 | 1 | 1 | LDM | WOOD | NC | NA |
| Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) ** | 7 | 14 | 25 | LDM | OPTR | I | +3.04 III |
| Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) ** | 7 | 11 | 16 | SDM | OPTR | NC | +1.61 |
| Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) ** | 4 | 4 | 8 | SDM | GRAS | NC | +2.51 |
| Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) * | 0 | 2 | 3 | SDM | OTHR | I | +0.80 |
| American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) ** | 5 | 10 | 11 | SDM | OPTR | NC | +3.37 |
| Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) ** | 0 | 3 | 3 | SDM | OTHR | I | +0.34 |
| Gray Partridge (Perdix perdix) * | 17 | 40 | 36 | RES | GRAS | I | +3.97 III |
| Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) * | 3 | 24 | 51 | RES | GRAS | I | +4.24 III |
| Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) * | 18 | 46 | 32 | RES | GRAS | I | +5.30 II |
| Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) * | 0 | 0 | 3 | RES | OPWO | NC | +6.66 III |
| Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) *** | 0 | 1 | 0 | SDM | WETL | NC | +0.93 I |
| Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola) *** | 3 | 5 | 2 | SDM | WETL | NC | -0.37 |
| Sora (Porzana carolina) *** | 32 | 41 | 78 | SDM | WETL | NC | -3.11 DDD |
| American Coot (Fulica americana) ** | 348 | 76 | 124 | SDM | WETL | D | -7.53 DDD |
| Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) ** | 5 | 2 | 1 | SDM | WETL | NC | NA |
| Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) * | 105 | 112 | 142 | SDM | WETL | NC | -1.65 D |
| American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) ** | 14 | 6 | 13 | SDM | WETL | NC | +0.19 |
| Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) ** | 18 | 16 | 27 | LDM | WETL | NC | -0.77 |
| Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia) *** | 12 | 12 | 9 | LDM | WETL | NC | -0.33 |
| Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) ** | 63 | 106 | 89 | LDM | GRAS | I | +4.85 III |
| Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) * | 17 | 8 | 14 | SDM | GRAS | NC | +1.66 |
| Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) ** | 0 | 2 | 7 | SDM | WETL | I | +5.93 |
| Wilson's Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) ** | 73 | 30 | 36 | LDM | WETL | D | -6.43 DDD |
| Franklin's Gull (Larus pipixcan) ** | 22 | 79 | 56 | LDM | WETL | NC | -9.11 D |
| Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) ** | 1 | 49 | 11 | SDM | WETL | I | -5.25 |
| California Gull (Larus californicus) ** | 0 | 0 | 2 | SDM | WETL | NC | -5.80 DDD |
| Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri) ** | 3 | 6 | 4 | SDM | WETL | NC | -0.20 |
| Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) ** | 6 | 6 | 3 | LDM | WETL | NC | -0.00 |
| Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) *** | 118 | 39 | 39 | LDM | WETL | D | -5.69 D |
| Rock Dove (Columba livia) * | 0 | 23 | 12 | RES | RESI | I | +1.60 |
| Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) ** | 292 | 339 | 337 | SDM | OPWO | NC | +3.70 III |
| Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus) *** | 7 | 30 | 10 | LDM | WOOD | NC | +2.08 |
| Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) * | 2 | 4 | 9 | RES | OPWO | NC | +2.88 III |
| Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia) ** | 3 | 3 | 2 | LDM | GRAS | NC | -0.86 |
| Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) ** | 0 | 1 | 1 | SDM | OPWO | NC | NA |
| Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) * | 0 | 1 | 1 | SDM | GRAS | NC | +1.65 |
| Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) *** | 10 | 12 | 16 | LDM | OPWO | NC | +0.58 |
| Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica) *** | 1 | 0 | 3 | LDM | RESI | NC | +5.21 III |
| Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) *** | 0 | 4 | 0 | LDM | OPWO | NC | NA |
| Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) ** | 0 | 1 | 1 | SDM | WETL | NC | -0.46 |
| Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) *** | 2 | 9 | 7 | SDM | OPWO | I | -0.70 |
| Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) ** | 0 | 0 | 2 | SDM | WOOD | NC | +0.76 |
| Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) ** | 0 | 9 | 21 | RES | OPWO | I | +1.88 III |
| Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus) ** | 2 | 12 | 11 | RES | OPWO | I | +0.93 |
| Yellow-shafted Flicker (Colaptes auratus auratus) ** | 40 | 25 | 35 | SDM | OPWO | NC | -3.85 DDD |
| Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes auratus cafer) ** | 12 | 5 | 4 | SDM | OPWO | NC | -0.82 |
| Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) ** | 0 | 0 | 1 | RES | WOOD | NC | +1.12 |
| Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens) *** | 2 | 10 | 7 | LDM | WOOD | NC | -1.46 |
| Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) *** | 0 | 0 | 1 | LDM | SHRU | NC | +3.34 |
| Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) *** | 30 | 17 | 37 | LDM | SHRU | NC | +1.63 |
| Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) *** | 23 | 52 | 81 | LDM | OPWO | I | +1.99 |
| Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) *** | 2 | 2 | 3 | SDM | OPWO | NC | +0.78 |
| Say's Phoebe (Sayornis saya) *** | 6 | 4 | 17 | SDM | RESI | NC | +2.51 I |
| Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) *** | 3 | 8 | 13 | LDM | WOOD | NC | +1.18 |
| Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis) *** | 103 | 194 | 177 | LDM | OPTR | I | +5.99 III |
| Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) *** | 167 | 322 | 245 | LDM | OPTR | I | +6.47 III |
| Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) * | 1253 | 1093 | 1661 | SDM | GRAS | NC | +0.30 |
| Purple Martin (Progne subis) *** | 2 | 1 | 0 | LDM | RESI | NC | -0.01 |
| Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) *** | 3 | 5 | 12 | SDM | WETL | NC | +2.64 |
| No. Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis) *** | 7 | 1 | 3 | LDM | OTHR | NC | +0.81 |
| Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) *** | 77 | 112 | 61 | LDM | OTHR | NC | -0.30 |
| Cliff Swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota) *** | 152 | 343 | 226 | LDM | RESI | NC | +7.23 II |
| Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) *** | 96 | 187 | 194 | LDM | RESI | I | +2.31 III |
| Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) *** | 14 | 27 | 31 | SDM | OPWO | I | +1.66 I |
| Black-billed Magpie (Pica pica) * | 20 | 15 | 15 | RES | OPTR | NC | -8.36 DD |
| American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) * | 28 | 13 | 27 | SDM | OPWO | NC | +0.26 |
| Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) *** | 3 | 28 | 31 | RES | OPWO | I | +1.27 |
| White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) *** | 3 | 7 | 9 | RES | OPWO | NC | -0.61 |
| Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus) *** | 10 | 23 | 27 | SDM | OTHR | I | +8.64 |
| House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) *** | 52 | 219 | 209 | LDM | OPWO | I | +3.55 III |
| Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis) *** | 10 | 20 | 37 | SDM | GRAS | NC | +0.95 |
| Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris) *** | 51 | 113 | 153 | SDM | WETL | NC | +5.02 |
| Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) ** | 0 | 4 | 5 | SDM | OPWO | I | +0.48 |
| Mountain Bluebird (Sialia currucoides) ** | 8 | 15 | 20 | SDM | OPWO | NC | +3.88 |
| Veery (Catharus fuscescens) *** | 11 | 5 | 3 | LDM | WOOD | NC | -2.99 |
| American Robin (Turdus migratorius) ** | 67 | 117 | 123 | SDM | OPWO | I | +3.51 III |
| Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) *** | 48 | 44 | 38 | LDM | SHRU | NC | -1.14 |
| Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) *** | 42 | 85 | 104 | SDM | SHRU | I | +2.19 III |
| Sprague's Pipit (Anthus spragueii) ** | 7 | 13 | 19 | SDM | GRAS | NC | -2.43 DD |
| Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) *** | 23 | 129 | 43 | SDM | OPWO | NC | +3.20 I |
| Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) ** | 8 | 16 | 15 | SDM | SHRU | I | -0.41 |
| European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) * | 12 | 47 | 40 | SDM | RESI | NC | +0.18 |
| Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons) *** | 0 | 0 | 2 | LDM | WOOD | NC | +1.65 |
| Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus) *** | 19 | 23 | 41 | LDM | OPWO | NC | +5.06 III |
| Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus) *** | 13 | 20 | 42 | LDM | WOOD | NC | +0.19 |
| Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia) *** | 3 | 7 | 21 | LDM | OPWO | NC | -1.81 |
| Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) *** | 102 | 90 | 105 | LDM | OPWO | NC | -0.08 |
| Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica) *** | 0 | 0 | 2 | LDM | OPWO | NC | NA |
| American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) *** | 13 | 10 | 20 | LDM | OPWO | NC | +0.48 |
| Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) *** | 6 | 20 | 29 | LDM | WOOD | NC | +0.47 |
| Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis) *** | 2 | 0 | 0 | LDM | WOOD | D | NA |
| Mourning Warbler (Oporornis philadelphia) *** | 0 | 1 | 1 | LDM | OPWO | NC | NA |
| Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) *** | 134 | 91 | 175 | LDM | WETL | NC | -1.50 D |
| Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) *** | 6 | 6 | 11 | LDM | SHRU | NC | +1.76 |
| Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) *** | 2 | 3 | 5 | LDM | OPWO | NC | +0.14 |
| Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus) ** | 5 | 5 | 3 | LDM | OPWO | NC | +1.37 |
| Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca caerulea) *** | 1 | 1 | 0 | LDM | SHRU | NC | NA |
| Lazuli Bunting (Passerina amoena) *** | 8 | 12 | 17 | LDM | SHRU | NC | +6.20 II |
| Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) *** | 2 | 2 | 3 | LDM | OPWO | NC | +3.92 II |
| Dickcissel (Spiza americana) *** | 63 | 34 | 14 | LDM | GRAS | NC | -2.64 |
| Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculatus) *** | 94 | 83 | 118 | SDM | OPWO | NC | +0.43 |
| Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) *** | 22 | 51 | 70 | LDM | OPWO | I | +5.29 III |
| Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida) *** | 364 | 261 | 289 | LDM | SHRU | NC | -3.51 DD |
| Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri) *** | 2 | 1 | 3 | LDM | SHRU | NC | +1.57 |
| Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) *** | 49 | 65 | 74 | SDM | SHRU | NC | +3.58 |
| Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) *** | 195 | 224 | 393 | SDM | GRAS | NC | +2.49 III |
| Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) ** | 40 | 52 | 41 | LDM | OPTR | NC | +0.42 |
| Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) *** | 604 | 679 | 298 | LDM | GRAS | NC | -3.40 D |
| Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) ** | 516 | 134 | 276 | SDM | GRAS | D | -2.78 D |
| Baird's Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii) ** | 170 | 77 | 125 | LDM | GRAS | NC | -2.75 |
| Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) *** | 301 | 402 | 449 | LDM | GRAS | I | -5.24 DDD |
| Le Conte's Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii) *** | 6 | 2 | 14 | SDM | GRAS | NC | -5.02 |
| Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodramus nelsoni) *** | 3 | 3 | 13 | SDM | WETL | NC | +1.15 D |
| Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) ** | 55 | 100 | 130 | SDM | SHRU | I | -1.56 |
| McCown's Longspur (Calcarius mccownii) ** | 22 | 2 | 1 | SDM | GRAS | D | -2.27 |
| Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus) ** | 1129 | 602 | 755 | SDM | GRAS | D | -0.10 |
| Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) *** | 216 | 186 | 172 | LDM | GRAS | NC | -0.55 |
| Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) ** | 945 | 597 | 710 | SDM | WETL | D | -2.46 DDD |
| Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) * | 0 | 0 | 1 | SDM | GRAS | NC | +1.75 |
| Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) * | 926 | 487 | 646 | SDM | GRAS | D | +0.56 |
| Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) ** | 89 | 155 | 175 | LDM | WETL | NC | +0.65 |
| Brewer's Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) ** | 19 | 47 | 83 | SDM | SHRU | I | +6.49 II |
| Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) ** | 140 | 300 | 299 | SDM | OPTR | I | +4.71 III |
| Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) ** | 460 | 643 | 610 | SDM | OPWO | I | +3.09 III |
| Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius) *** | 18 | 33 | 40 | LDM | OPWO | I | +7.99 |
| Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula) *** | 21 | 48 | 38 | LDM | OPWO | I | +2.37 |
| Bullock's Oriole (Icterus bullockii) *** | 0 | 0 | 2 | LDM | OPWO | NC | +4.30 |
| Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus) * | 0 | 0 | 14 | SDM | WOOD | NC | -0.63 |
| American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) *** | 106 | 146 | 132 | SDM | SHRU | NC | +2.13 |
| House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) * | 96 | 181 | 174 | RES | RESI | I | +2.48 |
aAsterisks following species names indicate peak breeding period during which counts were made: * early-nesting species, peak breeding period 24 April to 7 June; ** mid-nesting species, peak breeding period 14 May to 10 July; *** late-nesting species, peak breeding period 22 May to 21 July.
bLDM: Long-distance migrant; SDM: Short-distance migrant; RES: Permanent resident.
cBreeding habitat associations defined as: GRAS: Grassland; WETL: Wetland; WOOD: Woodland; SHRU: Shrubland; OPTR: Open habitat with scattered trees or shrubs; OPWO: Open or semi-open deciduous woodland and edge; RESI: Residential (rural development, urban, human-made structures); OTHR: Other habitats (mostly unvegetated habitats including clay buttes, cliffs, banks).
dPopulation change when the difference between 1967 and 1992 estimates (Appendix B) and the difference between 1967 and 1993 estimates were both significant at P </= 0.10 and only if both differences were in the same direction: D = decreasing, and I = increasing.
eAverage percent annual change on Breeding Bird Survey routes in North Dakota between 1967 and 1993: D = (decreasing) at P < 0.10, DD = at P < 0.05, and DDD = at P < 0.01; I = (increasing) at P < 0.10, II = at P < 0.05, and III = at P < 0.01; NA = not available.
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