Membrane protein 'factory' may lead to new drug treatments
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ARGONNE, Ill. (June 2, 2006) — Biologists at Argonne have engineered
and patented a bacterial factory that enables the study of membrane proteins.
These proteins are challenging to study, but critical to understand because
they represent 60 percent of drug targets. Studies of membrane proteins could
lead to new and improved pharmaceutical treatments for a broad range of illnesses
such as depression, heart disease, addictions and cystic fibrosis.
Membrane proteins perform essential processes in the cell, such as controlling
the flow of information and materials between cells and mediating activities
like nerve impulses and hormone action. These proteins are located in the rugged,
oily two-layered membrane that holds the cell together. One-third of the genome
of any organism encodes membrane proteins.
"When a cell is attacked by a virus or a bacterium, primary entry into
the cell is via an association with proteins in the cell membrane," said
Argonne biophysicist Phil Laible. "In addition, in many disease states,
the essential processes controlled by membrane proteins go awry. That is why
so many membrane proteins are drug targets."
Biologists use three-dimensional images of proteins to better understand how
proteins work. In drug design, for instance, the 3-D images help researchers
develop a drug that specifically blocks binding of a biological attacker that
would cause disease.
Researchers in Argonne's Biosciences Division are world leaders in automating
the many steps it takes to determine 3-D structures of proteins and have cut
time and costs doing it. The structures of thousands of proteins are now known.
"But those are water-soluble proteins," said biochemist Deborah
Hanson, who patented the bacterial factory with colleague Laible. "Membrane
proteins are harder to study at every step.
"The first step in studying most proteins is to dissolve them in water," Hanson
said, "but that does not work with membrane proteins that live in the
oily, lipid bi-layer that surrounds the cell.”
Researchers studying water-soluble proteins often use commercial E. coli -based
systems to express, or produce, copies of the protein. When membrane proteins
are produced in E. coli, they overload the cell's bi-layers and
cause the cells to die. The sources that have yielded the majority of the few
known membrane-protein structures are organisms in which the target membrane
protein is naturally abundant.
Laible and Hanson took advantage of the natural characteristics of the Rhodobacter species
of photosynthetic bacteria they were working with in another project. Under
certain conditions – in response to light or oxygen – Rhodobacter naturally
produces large quantities of internal membranes.
The biologists developed a system that successfully expresses hundreds of
copies of a chosen membrane protein in Rhodobacter while simultaneously
synthesizing the internal membranes they want to live in.
So far the team has cloned about 500 genes into Rhodobacter. "First," Laible
said, "we produced a variety of membrane proteins of different sizes,
functions and physical properties, and we have had a 60 percent success rate
with them. Now we have cloned all of the membrane proteins of E. coli and
are continuing production."
As they continue to manufacture different membrane proteins, the team is tackling
the next step to creating a pathway to protein crystallization for membrane
proteins by developing specialized molecules, or reagents.
"We are working," Laible said, "with a multidisciplinary team
from the University of Wisconsin-Madison,
the University of
Illinois-Chicago and deCODE
biostructures, Inc. of Bainbridge Island, Washington." They will
focus on three types of reagents:
- Designer detergents that remove the membrane protein from the lipid
bi-layer where it resides,
- Antibodies to stabilize the membrane protein, and
- Molecules that mimic the lipid bi-layer, or membrane.
Researchers will test the reagents on the membrane proteins produced in the Rhodobacter ‘factory.'
Funding for this research has been provided by the National Institute of Health's
National Institute of General Medical Sciences, which recently granted the
biologists a $5 million, five-year research grant to continue their pursuit
of a process leading to 3-D structures of membrane proteins. — Evelyn Brown
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