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Publications and Products
2007 National Diabetes Fact Sheet
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- Treating diabetes
- Prediabetes: Impaired glucose tolerance
and impaired fasting glucose
- Prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in people younger than 20 years of age, United States
- Prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in people aged 20 years or older, United States, 2007
- Prevention or delay of diabetes
- Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in the United States, all ages, 2007
- Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes among people aged 20 years or older, United States, 2007
- Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in people younger than 20 years of age, United States, 2007
- Race and ethnic differences in prevalence of diagnosed diabetes
- Incidence of diagnosed diabetes among people aged 20 years or older, United States, 2007
- Incidence of diagnosed diabetes in people younger than 20 years of age, United States, 2002–2003
- Deaths among people with diabetes, United States, 2006
- Complications of diabetes in the United States
- Preventing diabetes complications
- Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2007
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Contents
Data Sources, References, and Methods for Estimates of Diabetes
Treating diabetes
2004–2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), National Center for
Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available
at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.
Methods: The percent distribution of the type of treatment among
civilian, noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years or older with diagnosed
diabetes was calculated using treatment questions from the 2004–2006 NHIS.
Prediabetes: Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes
Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification
of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197, 1997.
Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S. The relationship between
glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of
published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4
years. Diabetes Care 22:233–240, 1999.
Meigs JB, Nathan DM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW; Framingham Offspring
Study. Fasting and postchallenge glycemia and cardiovascular disease risk:
the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes Care 10:1845–1850, 2002.
Smith NL, Barzilay JI, Shaffer D, Savage PJ, Heckbert SR, Kuller LH,
Kronmal RA, Resnick HE, Psaty BM. Fasting and 2-hour postchallenge serum
glucose measures and risk of incident cardiovascular events in the elderly:
the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 162:209–216, 2002.
Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, Eberhardt MS, Goldstein DE, Little RR,
Wiedmeyer HM, Byrd-Holt DD. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting
glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Diabetes Care
21(4):518–524, 1998.
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
1988–1994, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
Methods:
The prevalences of IGT, IFG, and prediabetes in the
civilian noninstitutionalized population were estimated using 1988–1994
NHANES data (i.e., NHANES III). Persons previously diagnosed with diabetes
and those with undiagnosed diabetes (i.e., without a history of diabetes but
with a fasting plasma glucose of 126 or more) were excluded from the
prevalence counts of IGT, IFG, and prediabetes. Persons were classified as
having IGT if they had 2-hour plasma glucose values of 140 to 199 mg/dL
after an oral glucose tolerance test. They were classified as having IFG if
they had fasting plasma glucose values of 100 to 125 mg/dL (regardless of
their 2-hour plasma glucose values). Those with IGT or IFG or both were
classified as having prediabetes.
Prevalence
of impaired fasting glucose in people younger than 20 years of age, United
States
Williams DE, Cadwell BL, Cheng YJ, Cowie CC, Gregg EW, Geiss LS, Engelgau
MM, Venkat Narayan KM, Imperatore G. Prevalence of impaired fasting glucose
and its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors in US
adolescents, 1999–2000. Pediatrics 116;1122–1126, 2005.
Prevalence
of impaired fasting glucose in people aged 20 years or older, United States,
2007
Cowie CC, Rust KF, Byrd-Holt DD, Eberhardt MS, Flegal KM, Engelgau MM,
Saydah SH, Williams DE, Geiss LS, Gregg EW.
Prevalence of diabetes and
impaired fasting glucose in adults in the U.S. population: National Health
And Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002.* Diabetes Care 29(6):1263–1268,
2006.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006, National
Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
U.S. Census Bureau, resident population estimates for 11/1/2007.
Available at
http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/2006_nat_res.html.
Methods:
The prevalence of IFG in the civilian noninstitutionalized population was
estimated using 2003–2006 NHANES data. Persons were classified as having IFG
if they had fasting plasma glucose values of 100 to 125 mg/dL. Persons
previously diagnosed with diabetes and those with undiagnosed diabetes
(i.e., without a history of diabetes but with a fasting plasma glucose of
126 or more) were excluded from the case counts of IFG. The 2007 estimated
number of those aged 20 years or older with IFG is the sum of the numbers
derived by applying the age-race-sex–specific estimates of IFG prevalence
from the 2003–2006 NHANES to the corresponding age-race-sex–specific
estimates of the 2007 resident population. IGT prevalence was not estimated
because NHANES did not include glucose tolerance test measurements in
2003–2004. IFG prevalence by race are age and sex adjusted by the direct
method based on 2000 U.S. standard population.
Prevention
or delay of diabetes
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA,
Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the
incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N
Engl J Med 346(6):393–403, 2002.
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Costs associated with the
primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Diabetes Prevention
Program. Diabetes Care 26:36–47, 2003.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Within-trial
cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for the primary
prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26(9):2518–2523, 2003.
Herman WH, Hoerger TJ, Brandle M, Hicks K, Sorensen S, Zhang P, Hamman RF,
Ackermann RT, Engelgau MM, Ratner RE; Diabetes Prevention Program Research
Group. The cost-effectiveness of lifestyle modification or metformin in
preventing type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance. Ann
Intern Med 142:323–332, 2005.
Prevalence
of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in the United States, all ages, 2007
Cowie CC, Rust KF, Byrd-Holt DD, Eberhardt MS, Flegal KM, Engelgau MM,
Saydah SH, Williams DE, Geiss LS, Gregg EW. Prevalence of diabetes and
impaired fasting glucose in adults in the U.S. population: National Health
And Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetes Care 29(6):1263–1268,
2006. 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES),
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
2004–2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), National Center for
Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.
U.S. Census Bureau, resident population estimates for 11/1/2007.
Available at
http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/2006_nat_res.html.
Methods: The total number of people with diabetes is the sum of the
estimated number of those aged 20 years or older with diagnosed and
undiagnosed diabetes in 2007 (see next section for calculation methods) and
the estimated number of those younger than 20 years with diagnosed diabetes
in 2007 (see section after next section on diagnosed diabetes among people
younger than 20 years of age for calculation methods). The percentage of the
population with diabetes is the estimated total number with diabetes in 2007
divided by the estimated 2007 U.S. resident population.
The total number of persons with diagnosed diabetes in 2007 is the sum of
the estimated numbers of those younger than 20 years and those aged 20 years
or older with diagnosed diabetes.
Information about how NHANES data can be used to estimate diagnosed,
undiagnosed, and total prevalence of diabetes is available in the Cowie et
al reference listed above.
Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes among people aged 20 years
or older, United States, 2007
Cowie CC, Rust KF, Byrd-Holt DD, Eberhardt MS, Flegal KM, Engelgau MM,
Saydah SH, Williams DE, Geiss LS, Gregg EW. Prevalence of diabetes and
impaired fasting glucose in adults in the U.S. population: National Health
And Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetes Care 29(6):1263–1268,
2006.
2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES),
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
U.S. Census Bureau, resident population estimates for 11/1/2007.
Available at
http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/2006_nat_res.html.
Methods:
Age 20 years or older
The 2007 estimated number of those aged 20 years or older with diagnosed
and undiagnosed diabetes is the sum of the numbers derived by applying the
age-race-sex–specific estimates of total diabetes prevalence (both diagnosed
and undiagnosed) from the 2003–2006 NHANES to 2007 resident population
estimates. The percentage of the population with diabetes aged 20 years or
older is this estimated number divided by the estimated 2007 U.S. resident
population aged 20 years or older. Information on the use of NHANES data to
measure diabetes prevalence (including diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes)
is available from the Cowie et al. reference listed above.
Age 60 years or older
The 2007 estimated number of those aged 60 years or older with diabetes
was derived by applying race-sex–specific estimates of total diabetes
prevalence (both diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes) in this age group from
the 2003–2006 NHANES to 2007 resident population estimates. The percentage
of the population with diabetes aged 60 years or older is this estimated
number divided by the estimated 2007 U.S. resident population aged 60 years
or older.
Men and women
The 2007 estimated number of men and women aged 20 years or older with
diabetes is the sum of the sex-specific numbers derived by applying
age-race-sex–specific estimates of total diabetes prevalence (both diagnosed
and undiagnosed diabetes) from the 2003–2006 NHANES to 2007 resident
population estimates. The percentage of men and women with diabetes are
these estimated numbers divided by the sex-specific estimated 2007 U.S.
resident population aged 20 years or older.
Non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks
The 2007 estimated numbers of non-Hispanic whites and the number of
non-Hispanic blacks aged 20 years or older with diabetes are the sums of the
non-Hispanic race-specific numbers derived by applying non-Hispanic
age-race-sex–specific estimates of total diabetes prevalence (both diagnosed
and undiagnosed diabetes) from the 2003–2006 NHANES to 2007 resident
population estimates. The percentages of non-Hispanic whites and
non-Hispanic blacks with diabetes are these estimated numbers divided by the
non-Hispanic race-specific estimates of the 2007 U.S. resident population
aged 20 years or older.
Graph of prevalence by age group
The age-specific prevalences of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in people
aged 20 years or older were obtained by applying age-race-sex–specific
estimates of total diabetes prevalence (both diagnosed and undiagnosed
diabetes) from the 2003–2006 NHANES to 2007 resident population estimates.
The derived age-specific counts were then divided by the estimated 2007 U.S.
resident population to obtain the 2007 age-specific percentages.
Prevalence
of diagnosed diabetes in people younger than 20 years of age, United States,
2007
2004–2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), National Center for
Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.
U.S. Census Bureau, resident population estimates for 11/1/2007.
Available at
http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/2006_nat_res.html.
Methods: The number of persons younger than 20 years of age with diagnosed
diabetes in 2007 was estimated by applying the 2004–2006 NHIS prevalence
estimate of diagnosed diabetes in the civilian, noninstitutionalized
population younger than 20 years to the 2007 resident population estimate of
this age group. The percentage of persons younger than 20 years of age with
diagnosed diabetes in 2007 was assumed to be the same as the 2004–2006 NHIS
estimate. Estimates of undiagnosed diabetes for persons younger than 20
years are not available.
Race
and ethnic differences in prevalence of diagnosed diabetes
Acton KJ, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Thompson T. Diabetes prevalence among
American Indians and Alaska Natives and the overall population—United
States, 1994–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52(30);702–704, 2003.
Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Engelgau MM, Acton KJ. Prevalence of diabetes among
Native Americans and Alaska Natives, 1990–1997: an increasing burden.
Diabetes Care 23(12):1786–1790, 2000.
2004–2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), National Center for
Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
Indian Health Service (IHS), 2005 user population database.
Methods: All estimates presented are for persons aged 20 years or older.
Rates were age-adjusted by the direct method based on the 2000 U.S. standard
population. With the exception of the prevalence among American Indians and
Alaska Natives (AIANs), race/ethnicity-specific prevalences of diagnosed
diabetes were calculated using the 2004–2006 NHIS (available at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm). The estimated diagnosed diabetes
prevalence for the Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander population was
not included because the NHIS estimate for this group is considered
unreliable due to a small sample size.
The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among AIANs was derived from the
2005 user population database of the Indian Health Service (IHS). IHS
operates a health-services system delivered directly through IHS facilities,
purchased by IHS through contractual agreements with private providers, or
delivered through tribally operated programs and urban Indian health
programs. Approximately 60% of the nearly 3 million AIANs residing in the
United States live in IHS health-care delivery areas, are eligible to
receive IHS services, and use IHS medical facilities. Diabetes cases among
AIANs aged 20 years or older were identified by using the International
Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)
diagnostic codes 250.0–250.9 from the IHS patient care computerized system
for 2005. The patient care database includes unduplicated case reports for
persons who attended an IHS service unit one or more times during 2005.
Prevalence was calculated by using the AIAN population that received
health-care services at IHS, tribal, or urban facilities at least once
during the preceding 3 years.
Sufficient data are not available to derive estimates of the total
prevalence of diabetes (both diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes) for many
U.S. minority populations. However, national estimates of diagnosed diabetes
are available for some but not all minority groups to allow racial and
ethnic comparisons. Resources to obtain data for minority groups at the
state or local level include the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/stateinfo.htm and the California Health Interview
Survey www.chis.ucla.edu.*
See the Census glossary for the definition of U.S. racial/ethnic minority
groups
http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_a.html.
Incidence
of diagnosed diabetes among people aged 20 years or older, United States,
2007
2004–2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), National Center for
Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.
U.S. Census Bureau, resident population estimates for 11/1/2007.
Available at
http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/2006_nat_res.html.
Methods: Age-specific estimates of the incidence of diagnosed diabetes in
the civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 20 years or older from
the 2004–2006 NHIS were applied to 2007 estimates of the U.S. resident
population without diabetes diagnosed in the past year to calculate the
number of new cases of diabetes. Incidence was calculated from data on
respondents' age at diagnosis and age at interview. Adults who reported
being diagnosed with diabetes were asked at what age they were diagnosed. We
calculated the number of years each person had been diagnosed with diabetes
by subtracting the age at which they were diagnosed from their current age.
Adults who had a value of zero were identified as having been diagnosed with
diabetes within the last year. In addition, we assumed that half of the
adults who had a value of one were classified as having been diagnosed with
diabetes within the last year.
Incidence
of diagnosed diabetes in people younger than 20 years of age, United States,
2002–2003
SEARCH Study Group. SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth: a multicenter study of
the prevalence, incidence and classification of diabetes mellitus in youth.
Control Clin Trials 25(5):458–471, 2004.
Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group, Dabelea D,
Bell RA, D'Agostino RB Jr, Imperatore G, Johansen JM, Linder B, Liu LL,
Loots B, Marcovina S, Mayer-Davis EJ, Pettitt DJ, Waitzfelder B. Incidence
of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA 297(24):2716–2724, 2007.
Available at http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/297/24/2716.*
Methods: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth is a multicenter observational
study to examine diabetes among children and adolescents in the United
States. The youth population being studied in 8 locations throughout the
United States—more than 5 million, or 6 percent, of all American children
younger than 20 years—is not nationally representative. However, the SEARCH
sites were selected for their ability to reach minority populations, making
this study group the largest and most racially and geographically diverse
group ever involved in a youth diabetes study. It entails conducting
population-based ascertainment of cases of physician-diagnosed diabetes in people
younger than 20 years of age (see
http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheets/search.htm).
New diabetes cases occurring in 2002 and 2003 were identified: a) in
geographically defined populations in Ohio, Washington, South Carolina and
Colorado; b) among health plan enrollees in Hawaii (Hawaii Medical Service
Association, Med-Quest, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii) and California (Kaiser
Permanente Southern California excluding San Diego); and c) among American
Indian populations in Arizona and New Mexico. The population observed included non-institutionalized, civilian youth younger than 20
years of age in the years 2002 and 2003. The population denominator included
10,031,888 persons. Race/ethnicity-specific estimates were pooled across
sites using five categories: non-Hispanic white (NHW), Hispanic (H), African
American (AA), Asian-Pacific Islander (API), and American Indian (AI). The
annual total number of new cases of diabetes in persons younger than 20 years of
age was estimated by applying the age-, sex-, and racial/ethnic
group-specific incidence estimates from SEARCH to the age-, sex-, and
racial/ethnic group-specific U.S. population using bridged-race postcensal
population estimates of the July 1, U.S. resident population. Data used in
the bullets and the figure were derived from the JAMA publication listed
above.
Age 0 – 9 Years |
|
Type 1 |
Type 2 |
Other/Unknown |
All Types |
Group |
Denominator |
Rate |
95% CI |
Rate |
95% CI |
Rate |
95% CI |
Rate |
95% CI |
NHW |
2,821,150 |
23.4 |
(21.7– 25.3) |
0.1 |
(0.0–0.3) |
0.4 |
(0.3–0.8) |
24.0 |
(22.2–25.9) |
AA |
691,390 |
13.0 |
(10.6–16.0) |
0.8 |
(0.4–1.9) |
0.3 |
(0.1–1.1) |
14.1 |
(11.6–17.2) |
H |
829,310 |
12.4 |
(10.2–15.0) |
0.6 |
(0.3–1.5) |
0.4 |
(0.1–1.1) |
13.4 |
(11.1–16.1) |
API |
376,650 |
7.1 |
(4.9–10.3) |
1.1 |
(0.5–2.8) |
0.0 |
(0.0–1.1) |
8.3 |
(5.8–11.7) |
AI |
133,598 |
4.9 |
(2.3–10.3) |
0.0 |
(0.0–2.9) |
0.2 |
(0.0–3.2) |
5.1 |
(2.4–10.6) |
All Groups |
4,852,098 |
18.3 |
(17.1–19.5) |
0.4 |
(0.3–0.6) |
0.4 |
(0.2–0.6) |
19.0 |
(17.8–20.3) |
Age
10 – 19 Years |
|
Type 1 |
Type 2 |
Other/Unknown |
All Types |
Group |
Denominator |
Rate |
95% CI |
Rate |
95% CI |
Rate |
95% CI |
Rate |
95% CI |
NHW |
3,107,250 |
24.1 |
(22.4–25.9) |
4.3 |
(3.6–5.1) |
1.7 |
(1.3–2.2) |
30.1 |
(28.2–32.1) |
AA |
743,360 |
15.3 |
(12.8–18.4) |
20.9 |
(17.9–24.5) |
3.8 |
(2.6–5.5) |
40.0 |
(35.7–44.8) |
H |
774,192 |
15.1 |
(12.6–18.1) |
12.7 |
(10.4–15.5) |
2.7 |
(1.8–4.1) |
30.5 |
(26.8–34.6) |
API |
403,460 |
7.6 |
(5.3–10.8) |
17.1 |
(13.5–21.6) |
1.3 |
(0.6–3.0) |
26.0 |
(21.5–31.5) |
AI |
151,528 |
6.0 |
(3.2–11.4) |
36.7 |
(28.3–47.7) |
0.2 |
(0.0–2.9) |
42.9 |
(33.7–54.7) |
All Groups |
5,179,790 |
19.7 |
(18.5–20.9) |
9.9 |
(9.1–10.8) |
2.1 |
(1.7–2.5) |
31.6 |
(30.1–33.2) |
Deaths
among people with diabetes, United States, 2006
Heron MP, Hoyert DL, Xu J, Scott C, Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Preliminary
data for 2006. National vital statistics reports; vol 56 no 16. Hyattsville,
MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2008.
McEwen LN, Kim C, Haan M, Ghosh D, Lantz PM, Mangione CM, Safford MM,
Marrero D, Thompson TJ, Herman WH; TRIAD Study Group. Diabetes reporting as
a cause of death: results from the Translating Research Into Action for
Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care 29(2):247–253, 2006.
Saydah SH, Geiss LS, Tierney E, Benjamin SM, Engelgau M, Brancati F.
Review of the performance of methods to identify diabetes cases among vital
statistics, administrative, and survey data. Ann Epidemiol 14(7):507–516,
2004.
Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes
in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971–1993. Diabetes Care
21:1138–1145, 1998.
Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Solomon CG, Liu S, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Nathan DM,
Manson JE. The impact of diabetes mellitus on mortality from all causes and
coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up. Arch Intern Med
161:1717–1723, 2001.
Methods: The number of deaths with diabetes as any listed cause of
death among U.S. residents was obtained from the multiple cause-of-death
dataset, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Complications
of diabetes in the United States
Heart disease and stroke
Gorina Y, Lentzer H. Multiple causes of death in old age. Aging Trends,
No.9. Hyattsville, MD. National Center for Health Statistics, 2008.
Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/agingtrends/09causes.pdf
(PDF—617KB) - Learn more about
PDFs .
Methods: Tables 1–2 in the above reference provide the data for the
bullets on heart disease and stroke. A total of 174,130 death certificates
in 2004 mentioned diabetes as a cause of death among people aged 65 years or
older (Table 1). Among these 174,130 deaths, 117,810 (68%) also mentioned
heart disease as a cause of death and 27,874 (16%) mentioned stroke (Table
2).
High blood pressure
Ong KL, Cheung B, Wong L, Wat N, Tan K, Lam K. Prevalence, treatment, and
control of diagnosed diabetes in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey 1999–2004. Ann Epidemiol 18:222–229, 2008.
Blindness
Klein R, Klein BEK. Vision disorders in diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data
Group, editors, Diabetes in America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. NIH Publication No.
95-1468:293–336, 1995.
Will JC, Geiss LS, Wetterhall SF. Diabetic retinopathy [letter]. N Engl J
Med 323:613, 1990.
Kidney disease
United States Renal Data System, Standard Analysis Files, 2007 [data query
online]. Available at http://www.usrds.org/odr/xrender_home.asp.* Accessed
October 2007.
Nervous system disease
Eastman RC. Neuropathy in diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data Group,
editors. Diabetes in America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. NIH Publication No.
95-1468:339–348, 1995.
Gregg EW, Sorlie P, Paulose-Ram R, Gu Q, Eberhardt MS, Wolz M, Burt V,
Curtin L, Engelgau M, Geiss L; 1999–2000 national health and nutrition
examination survey. Prevalence of lower-extremity disease in the US adult
population ≥40 years of age with and without diabetes: 1999– 2000 National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 27:1591–1597, 2004.
Amputations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Surveillance
System. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/index.htm.
Dental disease
Tsai C, Hayes C, Taylor GW. Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes and severe
periodontal disease in the US adult population. Community Dent Oral
Epidemiol 30(3):182–192, 2002.
Personal communication from R. H. Selwitz, DDS, National Institute of
Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, concerning unpublished data
from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994.
Complications of pregnancy
Personal communication from Thomas A. Buchanan, MD, Professor, Medicine,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Physiology and Biophysics, USC Keck School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
Other complications
Fishbein H, Palumbo PJ. Acute metabolic complications in diabetes. In:
National Diabetes Data Group, editors. Diabetes in America, 2nd ed.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National
Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases. NIH Publication No. 95-1468:283–291, 1995.
Valdez R, Narayan KM, Geiss LS, Engelgau MM. Impact of diabetes mellitus
on mortality associated with pneumonia and influenza among non-Hispanic
black and white US adults. Am J Public Health 89:1715–1721, 1999.
Gregg EW, Beckles GL, Williamson DF, Leveille SG, Langlois JA, Engelgau
MM, Narayan KM. Diabetes and physical disability among older U.S. adults.
Diabetes Care 23(9):1272–1277, 2000.
Sinclair AJ, Conroy SP, Bayer AJ. Impact of diabetes on physical function
in older people. Diabetes Care 31(2):233–235, 2008.
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and permanent disability and of premature death) attributable to diabetes.
This study used a specific cost-of-disease methodology to estimate the
health care costs due to diabetes.
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Page last reviewed: June 18, 2008
Page last modified: June 18, 2008
Content Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Division of Diabetes Translation
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