The Population Estimates Program produces monthly national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin for the United States. These estimates cover four different populations: resident population, resident population plus Armed Forces overseas, civilian population, and civilian noninstitutional population. All reference dates in the monthly national estimates refer to the first of the month.
NOTE: All population figures for the year 2000 shown here (including April 1, 2000) are based on the 1990 Census; they do not reflect Census 2000 counts.
Summary files |
Total Monthly Population Estimates, 1980 to 2000 |
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Annual Population Estimates by Age Group and Sex, Selected Years from 1990 to 2000 | |
Annual Population Estimates by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin, Selected Years from 1990 to 2000 | |
Population by nativity |
National Population Estimates by Nativity from 1990 to 1999 |
Additional detail files |
Monthly Population Estimates, 1990 to 2000 |
Quarterly
Population Estimates, 1980 to 1990
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Historical National Population Estimates, 1900 to 1999 (8k) | |
Methodology |
1990 Census Base Corrections, Adjustments, and Modifications. (7k) |
National Population Estimates. (26k) |
The Population Estimates Program produces for states each year: total population estimates, estimates by age and sex, and estimates by race and Hispanic origin. The release of total population estimates at the end of the calendar year also includes demographic components of change. In the spring, the Program releases population by age and sex, presenting tables for different age groupings as well as single year of age. A third release in the summer presents estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. All estimates are for the resident population unless noted otherwise. The reference date for state estimates is July 1.
NOTE: All population figures are based on the 1990 Census; they do not reflect Census 2000 counts.
Total State Estimates & Demographic Components Of Change |
State Population Estimates and Components of Population Change: 1998 to 1999 (15k) |
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State Population Estimates and Demographic Components of Population Change: 1990 to 1999 (15k) | |
1990 to 1999 State Population Estimates: Annual Time Series (20k) | |
State Rankings of Population Change and Demographic Components of Population Change: 1998 to 1999 (13k) | |
State Rankings of Population Change and Demographic Components of Population Change: 1990 to 1999 (12k) | |
1998 to 1999 Demographic Components of Change: Rates and Rankings (12k) | |
1990 to 1999 Demographic Components of change: Annual Time Series (80k) | |
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Maps |
Percent Change in Population: 1998 to 1999 (19k) |
Percent Change in Population: 1990 to 1999 (19k) | |
1990 to 1999 Annual Time Series of State Population
Estimates by Age and Sex |
5-Year Age Groups by Sex Uncompressed (531k) | Compressed (167k) |
Selected Age Groups by Sex Uncompressed (272k) | Compressed (93k) |
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These files are compressed. They must be uncompressed before use. For information on using WINZIP and PKZIP/PKUNZIP see our PKZIP information page. | |
Single Year of Age by Sex | |
Median Ages: 1990 and 1999 (8k) | |
Median age of the population: April 1, 1990 (gif) | |
Median age of the population: July 1, 1999 (gif) | |
1990 to 1999 Annual Time Series of State Population
Estimates by Race and Hispanic Origin |
Race and Hispanic Origin |
Age by Sex by Race by Hispanic Origin | |
1999 State Population Estimates Ranked by Race or
Hispanic Origin Population |
White |
Black | |
American Indian and Alaska Native | |
Asian and Pacific Islander | |
Hispanic | |
Historical Annual Time Series of State Population
Estimates and Demographic Components of Change |
Note: The April 1, 1990 Census figures in the tables below are shown as originally tabulated and do not reflect any post-Census corrections or updates which may have occurred. |
1980 to 1990, by Single Year of Age and Sex | |
1980 to 1990, by 5-Year Age Groups and Sex (362k) | |
1980 to 1989, by Selected Age Groups (43k) | |
1980 to 1990 Demographic Components of Population Change (38k) | |
1981 to 1989, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin | |
1970 to 1980, by Selected Age Groups (123k) | |
1900 to 1990 Total Population Estimates | |
Methodology |
Estimates of State and County All-ages Population (26k) |
State Age-Sex Estimates(4k) | |
Estimates of States by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin (23k) |
The Population Estimates Program produces for counties each year: total population estimates and county estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. The release of total population estimates in the winter also includes demographic components of change. In the summer, the Program releases the estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. The reference date for county population estimates is July 1.
NOTE: All population figures are based on the 1990 Census; they do not reflect Census 2000 counts.
1999 County Population Estimates and Demographic
Components of Change |
County Population Estimates for July 1, 1999 and Population Change: July 1, 1998 to July 1, 1999 |
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County Population Estimates for July 1, 1999 and Population Change: April 1, 1990 to July 1, 1999 | |
Demographic Components of Population Change: July 1, 1998 to July 1, 1999 | |
Demographic Components of Population Change: April 1, 1990 to July 1, 1999 | |
Within-State and National Rankings for County Population Change: July 1, 1998 to July 1, 1999 | |
Within-State and National Rankings for County Population Change: April 1, 1990 to July 1, 1999 | |
Demographic Components of Change for Counties: Rates for July 1, 1998 to July 1, 1999 and April 1, 1990 to July 1, 1999 | |
Annual Time Series of Population Estimates and Demographic Components of Change: April 1, 1990 to July 1, 1999 | |
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Maps |
Percent Change in Population: 1998 to 1999 |
Percent Change in Population: 1990 to 1999 | |
1990 to 1999 Annual Time Series of County Population
Estimates by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin |
Age by Sex |
Race by Hispanic Origin | |
Race and Hispanic Origin | |
Age by Sex by Race by Hispanic Origin | |
Selected Age Groups | |
1999 County Population Estimates Ranked by Race or
Hispanic Origin Population |
White |
Black | |
American Indian and Alaska Native | |
Asian and Pacific Islander | |
Hispanic | |
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Historical County Estimates Files |
Note: The April 1, 1990 Census figures in the tables below are shown as originally tabulated and do not reflect any post-Census corrections or updates which may have occurred. |
1980 to 1990 Demographic Components of Change file of the U.S.,
States, and Counties Dataset only (240k compressed, 881k uncompressed) Documentation and Record Layout (6k) |
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1980 to 1989 Population Estimates of the U.S., States, and Counties Plain text (478k) | Compressed File (149k) | Excel (1.4M) |
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These files are compressed. They must be uncompressed before use. For information on using WINZIP and PKZIP/PKUNZIP see our PKZIP information page. | |
Methodology |
Estimates of State and County All-ages Population (26k) |
Estimates of Counties by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin (28k) |
The Population Estimates Program (PEP) annually releases total population estimates for places and, in selected states, county subdivisions (minor civil divisions). The most recent release was in 2000, covering the years 1991 to 1999. The reference date for place and county subdivision population estimates is July 1. For the 1999 estimates time series, the 1990 base populations for all areas were updated for the first time since the 1990 Census. The new time series reflects boundary and other geographic changes. See "Geographic changes" below for additional information.
PEP produces estimates for all incorporated places; these places include cities, as well as towns, boroughs, and villages, depending on the state. PEP also produces estimates for governmentally functioning minor civil divisions, which are legally defined county subdivisions (see Population Estimates: Concepts). The population estimates shown in these tables do not reflect any subsequent modifications brought about through the formal challenge process.
NOTE: All population figures are based on the 1990 Census; they do not reflect Census 2000 counts.
1990 and 1999 Population of Cities with Populations
of 100,000 or greater |
Sorted by 1999 population (28k) |
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Sorted by 1990 to 1999 Percent Growth (28k) | |
1990 and 1999 Population of Cities with Populations
of 10,000 or greater |
Sorted (within state) by 1999 Population [ Uncompressed (295k) | Compressed (89k) ] |
Sorted (within state) by 1990 to 1999 Percent Growth [ Uncompressed (295k) | Compressed (89k) ] |
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1990 and 1999 Populations, With Numeric and Percent
Population Change |
Places [ Uncompressed (2.1M) | Compressed (525k) ] |
These files are compressed. They must be uncompressed before use. For information on using WINZIP and PKZIP/PKUNZIP see our PKZIP information page. | |
County Subdivisions (Minor Civil Divisions) | |
Maps |
Cities Over 10,000 Population, Growth or Decline 1990-1999 [PDF 282k] |
[PDF] or denotes a file in Adobe’s Portable Document Format. To view the file, you will need the Adobe® Acrobat® Reader available free from Adobe. | |
Annual Time Series of Population Estimates, 1991 to
1999, and 1990 Census Population |
Incorporated Places (Sorted Within State) |
Incorporated Places (Sorted Within County) | |
County Subdivisions (Minor Civil Divisions) | |
Places and County Subdivisions (Minor Civil Divisions) | |
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Methodology |
Subcounty Population Estimates (12k) |
The Population Estimates Program releases metropolitan area total population estimates in odd-numbered years, using current metropolitan areas as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. The most recent release was in 2000, covering the years 1991 to 1999. The reference date for metropolitan area population estimates is July 1.
NOTE: All population figures are based on the 1990 Census; they do not reflect Census 2000 counts.
Metropolitan Area Population Estimates |
Metropolitan Area Population Estimates: 1990 to 1999 (43k) |
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Metropolitan Area Population Estimates: 1998 to 1999 (43k) | |
Population Estimates for Metropolitan Areas and Components: 1990
to 1999 Printable File (422k) | Downloadable File (408k) |
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Metropolitan Area Rankings by Population Size and Percent Change: 1998 to 1999 (33k) | |
Metropolitan Area and Central City Population Estimates: 1999 (137k) | |
Population Estimates for Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas by State: 1990 to 1999 (36k) | |
New England County Metropolitan Area (NECMA) Population Estimates and Population Change: 1990 to 1999 (2k) | |
New England County Metropolitan Area (NECMA) Population Estimates and Population Change: 1998 to 1999 (2k) | |
Population Estimates for New England Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs) and Components: 1990 to 1999 Print File (11k) | Download File (11k) | |
New England County Metropolitan Area (NECMA) and Central City Population Estimates: 1990 to 1999 (10k) | |
Metropolitan Area Population Estimates for Puerto Rico: 1990 to 1999 (6k) | |
Maps |
Percent Change in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Populations, by Region and Division: 1990 to 1999 (9k) |
Percent Change in Metropolitan Population Inside and Outside Central Cities, by Region and Division: 1990 to 1999 (19k) |
The Population Estimates Program releases Puerto Rico municipio total population estimates and demographic components of change each year. The reference date for these estimates is July 1.
A municipio is the governmental unit that is the primary legal subdivision of Puerto Rico; the Census Bureau treats the municipio as the statistical equivalent of a county.
Population Estimates |
1999 Population Estimates and 1990 to 1999 Demographic Components of Change (11k) |
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Methodology |
Puerto Rico Population Estimates (11k) |
The Population Estimates Program each year produces estimates of households, housing units, distribution of households by age of householder, and persons per household, by state. The reference date for these estimates is July 1.
Housing Units, Households, Households by Age of
Householder, and Persons per Household for States |
1998 Estimates (13k) |
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1990 Census (13k) | |
1990 to 1998 Percent Change (13k) | |
1990 to 1998 Numeric and Percent Change (11k) | |
1998 Percent Distribution of Households by Age of Householder (12k) | |
1990 to 1998 Annual Time Series Uncompressed (159k) | Compressed (46k) | |
These files are compressed. They must be uncompressed before use. For information on using WINZIP and PKZIP/PKUNZIP see our PKZIP information page. | |
Historical Annual Time Series for States |
1980 to 1990 Household Estimates (8k) |
1980 to 1990 Housing Unit Estimates (8k) | |
Methodology |
State Housing Unit/Household Estimates. (15k) |
The Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Program (PEP) produces July 1 estimates for years after the last published decennial census (1990), as well as for past decades. Existing data series such as births, deaths, Federal tax returns, medicare enrollment, and immigration, are used to update the decennial census base counts. PEP estimates are used in Federal funding allocations, in setting the levels of national surveys, and in monitoring recent demographic changes. A methodology reference accompanies most of our population estimates offerings.
There is not a distinct dichotomy between population estimates and population projections, but there are some differences in time reference and derivation. Estimates usually are for the past, while projections typically are for future dates. Estimates generally use existing symptomatic data, for example, (births, deaths, migration), collected from various sources. Projections must assume future trends for fertility, mortality, and other demographic processes. At the Census Bureau, the population projections use the latest available estimates as starting points. In our current product offerings the user may see both an estimate and a projection available for the same reference date, which may not agree because they were produced at different times. In such cases, estimates are the preferred data.
With each new issue of July 1 estimates, PEP revises estimates for years back to the last census. Previously released estimates become superseded. Revisions to estimates are usually due to input data updates, changes in methodology, or legal boundary changes. The frequency of estimates and availability of demographic detail vary by geographic level.
The legal requirement for the Census Bureau to produce subnational population estimates is given in Title 13 of the U.S. Code. Title 13 states that: "During the intervals between each census of population required under section 141 of this title, the Secretary, to the extent feasible, shall annually produce and publish for each State, county, and local unit of general purpose government of fifty thousand or more, current data on total population and population characteristics and, to the extent feasible, shall biennially produce and publish for units of general purpose government current data on total population." The reason for producing estimates is given in Section 183 of Title 13: "Except as provided in subsection (b), for the purpose of administering any law of the United States in which population or other population characteristics are used to determine the amount of benefit received by State, county, or local units of general purpose government, the Secretary shall transmit to the President for use by the appropriate departments and agencies of the executive branch the data most recently produced and published under this title."
In other words, the Census Bureau produces subnational estimates for use in the allocation of funds to state, county and local governments. For this reason, the Census Bureau produces population estimates for general-purpose functioning governments. These governments have elected officials who can provide services and raise revenue. In addition to states and counties, incorporated places and minor civil divisions also serve as general-purpose functioning governmental units.