U.S.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4278
Prepared
in cooperation with
Virginia Department of Health
Office of Drinking Water
By David L. Nelms,
George E. Harlow, Jr., L. Niel Plummer, and Eurybiades Busenberg
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),
in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Health, sampled water
from 171 wells and springs across the Commonwealth of Virginia between 1998 and
2000 as part of the
Virginia Aquifer Susceptibility study. Most of the sites sampled are public
water supplies that are part of
the comprehensive Source Water Assessment Program for the Commonwealth. The
fundamental premise of
the study was that the identification of young waters (less than 50 years) by
multiple environmental
tracers could be used as a guide for classifying aquifers in terms of
susceptibility to contamination from
near-surface sources. Environmental tracers, including chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6),
tritium (3H), and tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He),
and carbon isotopes (14C and δ13C) were used to determine
the
age of water discharging from wells and springs. Concentrations of CFCs greater
than 5 picograms per
kilogram and 3H concentrations greater than 0.6 tritium unit were
used as thresholds to indicate that parts
of the aquifer sampled have a component of young water and are, therefore,
susceptible to near-surface
contamination.
Concentrations of CFCs
exceeded the susceptibility threshold in 22 percent of the wells and in one
spring
sampled in the Coastal Plain regional aquifer systems. About 74 percent of the
samples from wells with the
top of the first water zone less than 100 feet below land surface exceeded the
threshold values, and water
supplies developed in the upper 100 feet of the Coastal Plain are considered to
be susceptible to contamination
from near-surface sources. The maximum depth to the top of the screened
interval for wells that contained
CFCs was less than 150 feet. Wells completed in the deep confined aquifers in
the Coastal Plain generally
contain water older than 1,000 years, as indicated by carbon-14 dating, and are
not considered to be
susceptible to contamination under natural conditions. All of the water samples
from wells and springs in the
fractured-rock terrains (the Appalachian Plateaus, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge,
and Piedmont regional aquifer
systems) contained concentrations of CFCs and 3H greater than one or
both of the thresholds. Because all of
the water samples
exceeded at least one of the threshold values, young water is present throughout
most of
these regional aquifer systems; therefore, water supplies developed in these
systems are susceptible to
contamination from near-surface sources. No relation between well depth and
presence of CFCs is evident from
samples in the fractured-rock terrains.
More than 95 percent of the samples
for which the dating methods were applicable contained waters with
apparent ages less than 35 years. About 5 percent of these samples, most of
which were from the Blue Ridge
and Piedmont regional aquifer systems, contained young waters with apparent ages
of less than 5 years. Most
of the samples from the Valley and Ridge Carbonate, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont
regional aquifer systems had
young water fractions of more than 50 percent, whereas samples from the Coastal
Plain Shallow and
Appalachian Plateaus regional aquifer systems contained less than 40 percent
young waters.
Concentrations of CFCs in excess of
air-water equilibrium, which can indicate that nonatmospheric sources
(such as sewage effluent) have introduced CFCs into the ground-water system,
were measured in 6 and 48
percent of the water samples from the Coastal Plain and fractured-rock regional
aquifer systems, respectively.
The nitrate (NO3) concentrations greater than the USGS detection
level of 0.05 milligrams per liter generally
increase as the apparent age of the young water fraction decreases, with the
highest NO3 concentrations for
samples in which one or more of the CFCs are above modern atmospheric mixing
ratios (commonly referred to
as "contaminated" for ground-water dating purposes). Most of the
samples in which NO3 was detected were
from the fractured-rock regional aquifer systems, especially the Valley and
Ridge Carbonate regional aquifer
system, where 90 percent of the samples had concentrations greater than the
detection level. Numerous
halogenated volatile organic compounds were detected at low concentrations
(parts per quadrillion) in the
samples from the regional aquifer systems in the fractured-rock terrains and the
Coastal Plain Shallow regional
aquifer system.
The ratio of the percentage and
apparent age of the young fraction in binary mixtures of young and old (greater
than 50 years) waters provides an indication of the relative degree of
susceptibility. Large ratios are associated
with samples in which the fraction of the young water is large (greater than 75
percent) and apparent age is
extremely young (less than 5 years). Samples from the fractured-rock regional
aquifer systems generally have the
largest ratios. Analysis-of-variance tests indicate that the ratios in the
samples from the Blue Ridge regional aquifer
system are significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the other
regional aquifer systems. Results from the multiple
tracer approach indicate that shallow wells (less than 100 feet deep) and
springs in the Coastal Plain and wells and
springs in the fractured-rock terrains contain a component of young ground water
and are, therefore, susceptible to
contamination from near-surface sources.
CONTENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Aquifer susceptibility
Determination of susceptibility of regional
aquifer systems
Relation between aquifer susceptibility and apparent ground-water age
Relation between aquifer susceptibility and selected chemical constituents
Statewide assessment of aquifer susceptibility
Summary
and conclusions
References Cited
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