Cowardin, Lewis M., David S. Gilmer, and Charles W. Shaiffer.  1985.  Mallard 
     recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota.  Wildlife 
     Monographs 92:1-37.

Cowardin, Lewis M., David S. Gilmer, and Charles W. Shaiffer.  1985.  Mallard 
     recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota.  Wildlife 
     Monographs 92:1-37.  Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center 
     Online.  http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/recruit/index.htm
     (Version 02JUN99).

Contents

• Abstract
• Introduction
  • Acknowledgments
• Study Area
• Methods
  • Capture and Radio Marking
  • Determination of Age and Condition of Hens
  • Habitat Conditions and Climate
  • Definitions, Assumptions, and Statistical Tests
• Results and Discussion
  • Nesting
    • Nest Initiation
    • Nesting Habitat
    • Nest Habitat Preference
    • Nest Success
    • Cause of Nest Loss
    • Habitat Characteristics in the Vicinity of the Nest
    • Distance from Trap Site to Nest and Between Nests
    • Clutch Size
  • Relation of Reproductive Effort to Condition of the Hen
  • Hen Success
    • Relation of Hen Success to Habitat Conditions and Weather
  • Survival of Hens During Spring and Summer
    • Causes of Summer Mortality
  • Brood Survival
    • Survival of Broods
    • Distance Moved by Broods
    • Average Brood Size
• Models and Tests of Assumptions
  • Evaluation of Assumptions
    • Radios Did Not Influence Breeding Behavior
    • The Birds Captured Are Representative of the Population
    • Birds in the Population Did Not Breed Elsewhere
    • No Successful Nests Went Undetected
  • Biases in Analysis Techniques
• Implication for Management and Research
  • The Management Problem
  • Research Needs
  • The Future
• Literature Cited

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