Description | Synonyms | Applicability | Limitations | Site Information | Points of Contact | |
Data Needs | Performance | Cost | References | Vendor Info. | Health & Safety |
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Description: Figure 4-24: Typical Pyrolysis Process Pyrolysis is formally defined as chemical decomposition induced in organic materials by heat in the absence of oxygen. In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere; actual pyrolytic systems are operated with less than stoichiometric quantities of oxygen. Because some oxygen will be present in any pyrolytic system, nominal oxidation will occur. If volatile or semivolatile materials are present in the waste, thermal desorption will also occur.Pyrolysis transforms hazardous organic materials into gaseous components, small quantities of liquid, and a solid residue (coke) containing fixed carbon and ash. Pyrolysis of organic materials produces combustible gases, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane, and other hydrocarbons. If the off-gases are cooled, liquids condense producing an oil/tar residue and contaminated water. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F). The pyrolysis gases require further treatment. The off-gases may be treated in a secondary combustion chamber, flared, and partially condensed. Particulate removal equipment such as fabric filters or wet scrubbers are also required. Conventional thermal treatment methods, such as rotary kiln, rotary hearth furnace, or fluidized bed furnace, are used for waste pyrolysis. Kilns or furnaces used for pyrolysis would be physically similar to the equipment described in Section 4.23 "Incineration", but would operate at lower temperature and with less air supply than would be required for combustion. Molten salt process may also be used for waste pyrolysis. These processes are described in the following sections: Rotary Kiln The rotary kiln is a refractory-lined, slightly-inclined, rotating cylinder that serves as a heating chamber. Fluidized Bed Furnace The circulating fluidized bed uses high-velocity air to circulate and suspend the waste particles in a heating loop and operates at temperatures up to 430 °C (800 °F). Molten Salt Destruction Molten-salt destruction is another type of pyrolysis. In molten-salt destruction, a molten salt incinerator uses a molten, turbulent bed of salt, such as sodium carbonate, as a heat transfer and reaction/scrubbing meduim to destroy hazardous materials. Shredded solid waste is injected with air under the surface of the molten salt. Hot gases composed primarily of carbon dioxide, stream, and unreacted air components rise through the molten salt bath, pass throught a secondary reaction zone, and through an off gas cleanup system before discharging to the atmosphere. Other pyrolysis by-products react with the alkaline molten salt to form inorganic products that are retained in the melt. Spent molten salt containing ash is tapped from the reactor, cooled and placed in a landfill. Pyrolysis is an emerging technology. Although the basic concepts of the process have been validated, the performance data for an emerging technology have not been evaluated according to methods approved by EPA and adhering to EPA quality assurance/quality control standards. Performance data are currently available only for vendors. Also, existing data are limited in scope and quantity/quality and are frequently of a proprietary nature. |
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Synonyms: Molten solid processing; Plasma pyrolysis. |
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Applicability: The target contaminant groups for pyrolysis are SVOCs and pesticides. The process is applicable for the separation of organics from refinery wastes, coal tar wastes, wood-treating wastes, creosote-contaminated soils, hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, mixed (radioactive and hazardous) wastes, synthetic rubber processing wastes, and paint waste.Pyrolysis systems may be applicable to a number or organic materials that "crack" or undergo a chemical decomposition in the presence of heat. Pyrolysis has shown promise in treating organic contaminants in soils and oily sludges. Chemical contaminants for which treatment data exist include PCBs, dioxins, PAHs, and many other organics. Pyrolysis is not effective in either destroying or physically separating inorganics from the contaminated medium. Volatile metals may be removed as a result of the higher temperatures associated with the process but are similarly not destroyed. |
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Limitations: Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process include:
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Data Needs: A detailed discussion of these data elements is provided in Subsection 2.2.1 (Data Requirements for Soil, Sediment, and Sludge). In addition to identifying soil contaminants and their concentrations, information necessary for engineering thermal systems to specific applications includes soil moisture content and classification (no sieve analysis is necessary), and the soil fusion temperature. |
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Performance Data: Limited performance data are available for pyrolytic systems treating hazardous wastes containing PCBs, dioxins, and other organics. The quality of this information has not been determined. These data are included as a general indication of the performance of pyrolysis equipment and may not be directly transferrable to a specific Superfund site. Site characterization and treatability studies are essential in further refining and screening the pyrolysis technology. |
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Cost: The overall cost for remediating approximately 18,200 metric tons (20,000 tons) of contaminated media is expected to be approximately $330 per metric ton ($300 per ton). |
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References: Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field Scale Demonstration Project in North America, 2nd Edition Abstracts
of Remediation Case Studies, Volume 4, June, 2000, EPA
542-R-00-006 Energy and Environment Research Center, 1994. Thermal Recycling of Plastics. Energy and Environment Research Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND. EPA, 1992. AOSTRA-SoilTech Anaerobic Thermal Processor: Wide Beach Development Site, Demonstration Bulletin, EPA, ORD, Washington, DC, EPA/540/MR-92/008. EPA, 1992. Pyrolysis Treatment, Engineering Bulletin, EPA, OERR, Washington, DC, EPA/540/S-92/010. EPA, 1992. SoilTech Anaerobic Thermal Processor: Outboard Marine Corporation Site, Demonstration Bulletin, EPA, ORD, Washington, DC, EPA/540/MR-92/078. Shah, J.K., T.J. Schultz, and V.R. Daiga, 1989. "Pyrolysis Processes." Section 8.7 in Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, ed. H.M. Freeman. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. |
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Site Information:
Points of Contact:
Technology Specific Web Sites:
Vendor Information:
A list of vendors offering En Situ Thermal Soil Treatment is available from EPA REACH IT which combines information from three established EPA databases, the Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment Technologies (VISITT), the Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization Technologies System (Vendor FACTS), and the Innovative Treatment Technologies (ITT), to give users access to comprehensive information about treatment and characterization technologies and their applications. Health and Safety:
To be added |
Notice | |
Foreword | |
Report Documentation Page | |
Acknowledgement | |
Objectives | |
Background | |
How to use this document | |
Natural Resources | |
Cautionary Notes | |
Online Survey |
Presumptive Remedies | |
Data Requirements | |
Nonhalogenated VOCs | |
Halogenated VOCs | |
Nonhalogenated SVOCs | |
Halogenated SVOCs | |
Fuels | |
Inorganics | |
Radionuclides | |
Explosives |
Soil,Sed.,Bedrock & Sludge | |
In Situ Biological | |
In Situ Phys/Chem | |
In Situ Thermal | |
Ex Situ Biological | |
Ex Situ Phys/Chem | |
Ex Situ Thermal | |
Containment | |
Other Treatment | |
Ground,Surf. H2O,Leachate | |
In Situ Biological | |
In Situ Phys/Chem | |
Ex Situ Biological | |
Ex Situ Phys/Chem | |
Containment | |
Off Gas & Air Emissions | |
Biofiltration | |
High Energy Destruction | |
Membrane Separation | |
Oxidation | |
Scrubbers | |
Carbon Adsorption |
Document Sources | |
Listing by Author | |
Listing of Websites |
A. Vendors | |
B. Site Projects | |
C. Federal Databases | |
D. Factors Affecting Treat. | |
E. Source Documents | |
F. Synonyms |
Site Map | |
Screening Matrix | |
Synonym List | |
Search | |
Contact Us |
Soil,Sed.,Bedrock & Sludge | |
Gr. & Surf. H2O, Leachate | |
Air Emissions/Off-Gases |
Properties & Behavior | |
Techs for Soil | |
Techs for H2O | |
Techs for Air Emissions | |
Treatment Train |
Properties & Behavior | |
Techs for Soil | |
Techs for H2O | |
Techs for Air Emissions | |
Treatment Train |
Properties & Behavior | |
Techs for Soil | |
Techs for H2O | |
Techs for Air Emissions | |
Treatment Train |
Properties & Behavior | |
Techs for Soil | |
Techs for H2O | |
Treatment Train |
Properties & Behavior | |
Techs for Soil | |
Techs for H2O | |
Treatment Train |
Properties & Behavior | |
Techs for Soil | |
Techs for H2O | |
Treatment Train |
Properties & Behavior | |
Techs for Soil | |
Techs for H2O | |
Treatment Train |
Properties & Behavior | |
Techs for Soil | |
Biological Techs | |
Thermal Techs | |
Other Techs | |
Common Techs | |
Treatment Train |
Bioventing | |
Enhanced Bioremediation | |
Phytoremediation |
Chemical Oxidation | |
Electrokinetic Sep. | |
Fracturing | |
Soil Flushing | |
Soil Vapor Extraction | |
Solidification/Stabilization |
Thermal Treatment |
Biopiles | |
Composting | |
Landfarming | |
Slurry Phase |
Chemical Extraction | |
Chemical RedOx | |
Dehalogenation | |
Separation | |
Soil Washing | |
Solidification/Stabilization |
Hot Gas Decon. | |
Incineration | |
OB/OD | |
Pyrolysis | |
Thermal Desorption |
Landfill Cap | |
Landfill Cap Enhancements |
Off-Site Disposal |
Enhanced Biodegradation | |
Natural Attenuation | |
Phytoremediation |
Air Sparging | |
Bioslurping | |
Chemical Oxidation | |
Directional Wells | |
Dual Phase Extraction | |
Thermal Treatment | |
Hydrofracturing | |
Air Stripping | |
Treatment Walls |
Bioreactors | |
Constructed Wetlands |
Adsorption/Absorption | |
Adv. Oxidation Processes | |
Air Stripping | |
GAC | |
Ground Water Pumping | |
Ion Exchange | |
Prec./Coag./Flocc. | |
Separation | |
Sprinkler Irrigation |
Physical Barriers | |
Deep Well Injection |