Glossary
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A
alluvial fan - an outspread, gently sloping mass of alluvium deposited by a stream, especially in an arid or semiarid region where a stream issues from a narrow canyon onto a plain or valley floor. Viewed from above, it has the shape of an open fan, the apex being at the valley mouth. AGI
B
bedding suface/plane - in sedimentary or stratified rocks, the division planes which separate each successive layer or bed from the one above or below. It commonly marks a visible change in lithology or color. AGI
bedrock - the solid rock underlying gravel, sand, slay, etc.; any solid rock exposed at the surface of the earth or overlain by unconsolidated material. AGI
bore hole - a circular hole drilled into the earth, often to a great depth, as a prospective oil well, or for exploratory purposes. AGI
C
catch basin - see debris basin
check dams - small sediment storage dams built in the channels of steep gullies to stabilize the channel bed. A common use is to control channelized debris flow frequency and volume. Check dams are expensive to construct and are therefore usually only built where important installations, such as a camp or unique spawning area, lie downslope. Chatwin, et. al
colluvium - a general term applied to loose and incoherent deposits, usually at the foot of a slope or cliff and brought there chiefly by gravity. Chatwin et. al
D
debris basin - sometimes called catch basin - a large excavated basin into which a debris flow runs or is directed, and where it quickly dissipates its energy and deposits its load. Abandoned gravel pits or rock quarries can often be incorporated.
delta-front landsliding - underwater landsliding along coastal and delta regions due to rapid sedimentation of loosely consolidated clay, which is low in strength and high in pore-water pressures.
digital elevation model (DEM) - a digital elevation model is a digital file consisting of terrain elevations for ground positions at regularly-spaced horizontal intervals.
digital terrain model (DTM) - a Three-dimensional model of digital elevation data (DEM - see previous definition) for cartographic representation. Terrain models are often displayed as grids, superimposed over topography maps to illustrate peaks and valleys.
drawdown - lowering of water levels in rivers, lakes, or underground aquifers due to pumping or artesian flow. Drawdown may leave unsupported banks or poorly packed earth that can cause landslides.
E
electronic distance meter (EDM) - a device that emits ultrasonic waves that bounce off solid objects and return to the meter. The meter's microprocessor then converts the elapsed time into a distance measurement. Sound waves spread 1 foot wide for every 10 feet measured. There are various types available.
epicenter - the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
expansive soils - types of soil that shrink or swell as the moisture content decreases or increases. Structures built on these soils may experience shifting, cracking, and breaking damage as soils shrink and subside or expand.
F
fracture - breaks in rocks due to intense folding or faulting; can be caused by breaking oil-, gas-, or water-bearing strata by injecting a fluid under such pressure as to cause partings in the rock.
G
geodesic/geodetic measurements - the investigation of any scientific questions connected with the shape and dimensions of the earth. AGI
Geographic Information System (GIS) - automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data. (Clarke, 1990)
geologic hazard - a geologic condition, either natural or man-made, that poses a potential danger to life and property. Examples: earthquake, landslides, flooding, faulting, beach erosion, land subsidence, pollution, waste disposal, and foundation and footing failures. AGI
geologic map - a map on which is recorded the distribution, nature, and age relationships of rock units and the occurrence of structural features. AGI
geomorphology - the science that treats the general configuration of the earth's surface; specifically, the study of the classification, description, nature, origin, and development of landforms and their relationships to underlying structures, and the history of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features. AGI
geophysical studies - the science of the earth, by quantitative physical methods, with respect to its structure, composition, and development. It includes the sciences of dynamical geology and physical geography, and makes use of geodesy, geology, seismology, meteorology, oceanography, magnetism, and other earth sciences in collecting and interpreting earth data. AGI
H
hydraulic - of or pertaining to fluids in motion; conveying, or acting, by water; operated or moved by means of water, as hydraulic mining. AGI
hydrology - the science that relates to the water of the earth. AGI
L
landslide dam - an earthen dam created when a landslide completely blocks a stream or river.
lahar - landslide or mudflow of pyroclastic material on the flank of a volcano; deposit produced by such a landslide. Lahars are described as wet if they are mixed with water derived from heavy rains, escaping from a crater lake or produced by melting snow. Dry lahars may result from tremors of a cone or by accumulating material becoming unstable on a steep slope. If the material retains much heat, they are termed hot lahars. AGI
landslide hazard map - hazard maps show the areal extent of threatening processes: where landslide processes have occurred in the past, where they occur now, and the likelihood in various areas that a landslide will occur in the future. CO Survey, 1988
landslide inventory maps - inventories identify areas that appear to have failed by landslide processes, including debris flows and cut-and-fill failures. CO Survey, 1988
landslide susceptibility map - these maps go beyond an inventory map and depict areas that have the potential for landsliding. These areas are determined by correlating some of the principal factors that contribute to landsliding, such as steep slopes, weak geologic units that lose strength when saturated, and poorly drained rock or soil, with the past distribution of landslides. CO Survey, 1988.
landslide risk map - the description of rocks, esp. in hand specimen and in outcrop, on the basis of such characteristics as color, mineralogic composition, and grain size show landslide hazards and the probability that they will occur, expressed in statistical recurrence rates; risk maps may show cost/benefit relationships, loss potential and other potential socio-economic impacts on an area and/or community.
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging, also known as Airborne Laser Swath Mapping or ALSM) - a technology that employs an airborne scanning laser rangefinder to produce detailed and accurate topographic surveys. LIDAR can be used to accurately measure the topography of the ground, even where overlying vegetation is quite dense. (see Puget Sound LIDAR Consortium)
liquefaction - the transformation of saturated, loosely packed, course-grained soils from a solid to a liquid state. The soil grains temporarily lose contact with each other and the particle weight is transferred to the pore water. CO Survey, 1988.
lithology - the physical character of a rock, generally as determined at the microscopic level, or with the aid of a low-power magnifier; the microscopic study and description of rocks. AGI
loess - a homogenous, nonstratified, deposit consisting predominantly of silt, with subordinate amounts of very fine sand and/or clay. AGI
M
mitigation - activities that reduce or eliminate the probability of occurrence of a disaster and/or activities that dissipate or lessen the effects of emergencies or disasters when they actually occur. CO Survey, 1988.
mudflow - a general term for a mass-movement landform and process characterized by a flowing mass of fine-grained earth material with a high degree of fluidity. The water content may range up to 60%; also spelled mudflow. AGI
mudslide - an imprecise but popular term coined in California, USA, frequently used by laymen and the news media to describe a wide scope of events, ranging from debris-laden floods to landslides. Not technically correct. Please see mudflow, previous glossary entry. CO Survey, 1988.
P
perched ground water - unconfined ground water separated from the underlying main body of ground water by unsaturated rock. AGI
pore water pressure - a measure of the pressure produced by the head of water in a saturated soil and transferred to the base of the soil through the pore water. This is quantifiable in the field by the measurement of free water surface level in the soil. Pore water pressure is a key factor in failure of a steep slope soil, and operates primarily by reducing the weight component of soil shear strength. Chatwin and others, 1994.
pore water, or interstitial water - subsurface water in an interstice, or pore. AGI
R
reconnaissance gology/mapping - a general, exploratory examination or survey of the main features of a region, usually preliminary to a more detailed survey. It may be made in the field or office, depending on the extent of information available. Chatwin and others, 1994.
relief - the difference in elevation between the high and low points of a land surface. AGI
risk - the probability of occurrence or expected degree of loss, as a result of exposure to a hazard. CO Survey, 1988
rock mechanics - the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behavior of rocks, representing a "branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock to the force fields of its physical environment."
S
sag pond - a small body of water occupying an enclosed depression or sag formed where active or recent fault movement has impounded drainage. AGI
sea cliff retreat - a cliff formed by wave action, causing the coastal cliff to erode and recede towards land. AGI
seepage - and concentrated subsurface drainage are indicated by springs, sag ponds, or moist areas on open slopes, and seepage sites along road cuts. The locations of these areas of concentrated subsurface flow should be noted on maps and profiles as potential sites of active, unstable ground. Chatwin and others, 1994.
shear - a deformation resulting from stresses that cause contiguous parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. AGI
slurry - a highly fluid mixture of water and finely divided material; for example, pulverized coal and water for movement by pipeline, or of cement and water for use in grouting. AGI
soil mechanics - the application of the principles of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with the behavior and nature of soils, sediments, and other unconsolidated accumulations; the study of the physical properties and utilization of soils, especially in relation to highway and foundation engineering. AGI
stress - in a solid, the force per unit area, acting on any surface within it, and variously expressed as pounds or tons per square inch, or dynes or kilograms per square centimeter; also, by extension, the external pressure which creates the internal force. AGI
sturzstroms - German for "fall stream". A huge mass of rapidly moving rock debris and dust, derived from the collapse of a cliff or mountainside, flowing down steep slopes and across low ground, often for several kilometers at speeds of more than 100 km/hr. Sturzstroms are the most catastrophic of all forms of mass movement.
submarine and subaqueous landslide - deposits that occur from landslide processes under water. Submarine landslides can be for example, block slides, flow slides, mud slides. Large underwater landslides can displace water, sometimes rapidly, and cause tsunamis. Garrison and Sangrey, USGS, 1990.
subsidence - sinking or downward settling of the earth's surface, not restricted in rate, magnitude, or area involved. Subsidence may be caused by natural geologic processes, such as solution, compaction, or withdrawal of fluid lava from beneath a solid crust; man's activity such as subsurface mining or the pumping of oil or ground water may also cause subsidence. AGI
surficial geology - geology of surficial deposits, including soils; the term is sometimes applied to the study of bedrock at or near the earth's surface. AGI
swelling soils - soils or soft bedrock which increase in volume as they get wet and shrink as they dry out. They are also commonly known as bentonite, expansive, or montmorillinitic soils.
T
tensile stress - a normal stress that tends to pull apart the material on the opposite sides of the plane on which it acts. AGI
V
vulnerability assessment - the susceptibility or exposure to injury or loss from a hazard.
W
weathering - the destructive process by which earth and rock materials exposed to the atmosphere undergo physical disintegration and chemical decomposition resulting in changes in color, texture, composition, or form. Processes may be physical, chemical, or biological.
Differential Weathering - when weathering across a rock face or exposure occurs at different rates; mainly due to variations in the composition and resistance of the rock. This results in an uneven surface with the more resistant material protruding.
Mechanical Weathering - the physical processes by which rocks exposed to the weather change in character, decay, and crumble into soil. Processes include temperature change (expansion and shrinkage), freeze-thaw cycle, and the burrowing activity of animals. CO Landslide Mitigation Plan
Z
zonation - a term used generally, even vaguely, for a region of latitudinal character more or less set off from surrounding regions by some distinctive characteristic; for example, the earth's torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones. For hazards, zones are geographic regions or designations that are differentiated through a variety of different criteria; for example, residential zones, zones of low hazard, zones of high hazard. AGI
References
- Bates, Robert L., and Julia A. Jackson, Eds., 1984, Dictionary of Geological Terms, 3rd Edition, prepared by the American Geological Institute, Doubleday.
- Shelton, David C., and Dick Prouty, 1979, Nature's Building Codes,Geology and Construction in Colorado, Colorado Geological Survey Special Publication 12.
- Creath, W.B, 1996, Homebuyers' Guide to Geologic Hazards: An AIPG Issues and Answers Publication, Colorado Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Publication
- Chatwin, S.C., Howes, D.E., Schwab, J.W., and D.N. Swanston, 1994, A Guide for management of landslide-prone terrain in the pacific northwest, 2nd edition, Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Crown Publications, Victoria, B.C.
- Jochim, Candice L., Rogers William P., Truby, John O., Wold, Robert L. Jr., Weber, George, and Sally P. Brown, 1988, Colorado Landslide Hazard Mitigation Plan, Colorado Geological Survey, Bulletin 48
