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Safety and Health Topics: |
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| Chloroform |
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General Description
Synonyms: Trichloromethane
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 0670
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 67-66-3
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: FS9100000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 1888 151
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Chloroform: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1000 Z-1 Table -- 50 ppm, 240 mg/m3 Ceiling
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A -- 50 ppm, 240 mg/m3 Ceiling
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards -- 50 ppm, 240 mg/m3 TWA
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 10 ppm, 49 mg/m3 TWA; Appendix A3 - Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 2 ppm, 9.78 mg/m3 STEL (60 Minutes); Appendix A - NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens
Health Factors
National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Group 2, Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Group B2, probable human carcinogen
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 500 ppm
Potential symptoms: Dizziness, mental dullness, irritability, confusion, distorted perceptions; loss of appetite, nausea; headaches; fatigue; anesthesia; hepatomegaly, hepatitis, jaundice; eye irritation (tearing, conjunctivitis, permanent eye damage), skin irritation (drying, cracking, redness, dermatitis, pain); [potential occupational carcinogen] INGES ACUTE: abdominal pain, vomiting.
Health Effects: Cumulative liver and kidney damage (HE3); Known animal and suspected human carcinogen (HE2); Narcosis (HE8)
Affected organs: Liver, kidneys, heart, eyes, skin, CNS
Notes: 1) The odor threshold of chloroform (85 ppm) is greater than its PEL. 2) Metabolized to the toxic reactive metabolite, phosgene, by the CYP2E1 and CYP2A6 isozymes of cytochrome P450, with a higher affinity for CYP2E1, an enzyme induced in the liver by chronic ethanol consumption.
Date Last Revised: 01/05/2004
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Chloroform.
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Chloroform.
- EPA Air Toxics Website: Chloroform. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
- Gemma, S., Vittozzi, L. and Testai, E.: Metabolism of chloroform in the human liver and identification of the competent P450s. Drug Metab. Dispos. 31(3): 266-274, 2003.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Chloroform. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 568-571.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Charcoal Tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
alternative solvent: (99:1) Carbon Disulfide/Dimethylformamide
maximum volume: 10 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.2 L/min (TWA)
maximum volume: 15 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.2 L/min (Ceiling)
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Manual of Analytical Methods (OSHA 5)
method classification: Fully Validated
On-Site Sampling Techniques/Methods:
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: AUER/MSA
model/type: Trichloroethane-5, MSA P/N 487343, AUER P/N 5086-834
sampling information: follow manufacturer's instructions
upper measurement limit: 100 ppm
detection limit: approximately 8 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Dräger
model/type: Chloroform 2/a, order no. 67 28861
sampling information: 10 strokes
upper measurement limit: 10 ppm
detection limit: approximately 1 ppm
overall uncertainty: approximately 33%
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 137L
sampling information: 3 or 5 strokes
upper measurement limit: 27 ppm
detection limit: 0.1 ppm
overall uncertainty: 16% for 0.5 to 2 ppm, 8% for 2 to 10 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Matheson-Kitagawa
model/type: 8014-152S
sampling information: 2 or 4 strokes
upper measurement limit: 500 ppm
detection limit: approximately 20 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
* All Trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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| Revised: 7 June 2004 |
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