Author,
year |
Type of
paper |
Unit of
observation |
Sample
size |
Data
source |
Time frame |
Years |
Inputs |
Outputs |
PR |
AC |
PT |
CM |
PM |
Method |
Data on
reliability,
sensitivity
analysis,
validity
reported? |
Kessler DP et al., 20021 |
Research |
Hospital |
1,661,674 Patients |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1985-1996 |
Total costs Financial |
Episode of care Health services |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
Other regression-based approach |
No /Yes/No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Episode of care Physical |
Health outcome Health outcomes |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
Other regression-based approach |
No /Yes/No |
Carey K, 20032 |
Research |
Hospital |
1,209 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1998 |
Other labor costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Total costs(f) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge(s), Health outcome(o), Hosp days(s) Health services Health outcomes |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /No /No |
Nunamaker TR, 19833 |
Research |
Hospital |
17 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1978-1979 |
Total costs Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios, DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Maindiratta A, 19904 |
Research |
Hospital |
55 Hospitals |
Not specified |
Cross-sectional |
Yrs N/R |
Nurse labor costs, Administrative staff labor costs, Ancillary cost Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Alexander JA et al., 19945 |
Research |
Hospital |
333 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1981 |
Other labor costs Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
X |
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /Yes/No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating cost Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
X |
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /Yes/No |
Chirikos TN et al., 19946 |
Research |
Hospital |
189 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1989 |
Other labor costs, Operating cost Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Bradford WD et al., 19967 |
Research |
Hospital |
379 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1986 |
Other labor costs, Other capital costs Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
X |
|
|
|
Other regression-based approach |
No /No /No |
Rosko MD et al., 19998 |
Research |
Hospital |
195 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1989 |
Other labor costs, Other capital costs, Total costs Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /Yes/No |
Morey RC et al., 20009 |
Descriptive |
Hospital |
27 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1987-1988 |
Total costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Chirikos TN et al., 200010 |
Research |
Hospital |
186 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1982-1993 |
Administrative staff labor costs, Other labor costs, Equipment capital costs, Other capital costs, Other costs Financial |
Outpatient procedure, Hosp discharge, Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
X |
|
DEA, SFA |
No /Yes/No |
Rosko MD, 200111 |
Research |
Hospital |
1,631 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1990-1996 |
Other labor costs, Other capital costs, Total expenses minus physician expenses Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /Yes/No |
Cleverley WO, 200212 |
Descriptive, Develop methodology |
Hospital |
1 Hospital |
Not specified |
N/A |
Yrs N/A |
Total costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
X |
|
X |
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total costs Financial |
Outpatient procedure Health services |
|
|
|
X |
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total costs Financial |
Outpatient procedure, Hosp discharge Health services |
|
X |
|
X |
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
O'Neal PV et al., 200213 |
Research |
Hospital |
69 Hospitals, 7,961 Patients |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1997 |
Drug capital costs, Other capital costs Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drug capital costs, Other capital costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Sari N, 200314 |
Research |
Hospital |
125 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1990-1992-1994-1997 |
Other labor costs, Total costs Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
SFA, Other regression-based approach |
No /Yes/No |
Rosko MD, 200415 |
Research |
Hospital |
616 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1990-1999 |
Total costs Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /Yes/No |
Rosko MD et al., 200516 |
Research |
Hospital |
1,368 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1998 |
Other labor costs, Other capital costs, Total costs Financial |
Outpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Emergency visit Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /Yes/No |
Grosskopf S et al., 198717 |
Research |
Hospital |
82 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1982 |
Number of physicians, Number of other personnel, Total assets, Discharges Physical |
Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Byrnes P et al., 198918 |
Research |
Hospital |
123 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1983 |
Number of physicians, Nurse time, Administrative staff time, Technical staff time, Beds (counts) Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Ashby JL et al., 199219 |
Descriptive, Develop methodology |
Hospital |
NR |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1980-1989 |
Number of other personnel Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
|
|
X |
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of other personnel Physical |
Inpatient procedure Health services |
X |
|
|
X |
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
Valdmanis V, 199220 |
Research |
Hospital |
41 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1982 |
Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts), Discharges Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts) Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Total assets, Discharges Physical |
Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of physicians, Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets Physical |
Inpatient procedure, Hosp days, ICU days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of physicians, Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets Physical |
Inpatient procedure, Hosp days, ICU days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets Physical |
Inpatient procedure, Hosp days, ICU days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of other personnel, Nurse time, Discharges, Total assets Physical |
Inpatient procedure, Hosp days, ICU days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets Physical |
Inpatient procedure(s), Hosp days(s), ICU days(s), House staff(other) Health services Other |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets Physical |
Inpatient procedure(s), Hosp days(s), ICU days(s), House staff(other) Health services Other |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Grosskopf S et al., 199321 |
Research |
Hospital |
108 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1982 |
Number of physicians, Number of other personnel, Total assets Physical |
Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Ferrier GD et al., 199622 |
Research |
Hospital |
360 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1989 |
Number of other personnel, Beds (counts), Wage rate/wages, Total assets Physical |
Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Phillips JF, 199923 |
Descriptive |
Hospital |
39 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1992-1996 |
Beds (counts) Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hosp days Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
Grosskopf S et al., 200124 |
Research |
Hospital |
792 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1994 |
Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts) Physical |
Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Emergency visit Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Mobley LR et al., 200225 |
Research |
Hospital |
348 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1998 |
Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of administrative staff, Number of technical staff, Beds (counts) Physical |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days, Ancillary care Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Saint S et al., 200326 |
Descriptive |
Hospital |
1 Hospital |
Primary data |
Cross-sectional |
1993-1996 |
Hosp days Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
X |
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RVU Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
X |
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
Sherman HD, 198427 |
Research |
Hospital |
7 Hospitals |
Primary data |
Cross-sectional |
1976 |
Number of other personnel(p), Supply capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p) Physical Financial |
Hosp days(s), Training(other) Health services Other |
|
|
X |
|
|
DEA |
No /Yes/Yes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total costs Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /Yes |
Banker RD et al., 198628 |
Research |
Hospital |
114 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1978 |
Nurse labor costs(f), Administrative staff labor costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Ancillary cost(f) Physical Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
|
|
X |
|
|
DEA, Other regression-based approach |
No /Yes/No |
Bitran GR et al., 198729 |
Research |
Hospital |
160 Hospitals |
Primary data |
Cross-sectional |
1983 |
Number of other personnel(p), Physician labor costs(f), Other costs(f) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA, Other regression-based approach |
No /Yes/No |
Borden JP, 198830 |
Research |
Hospital |
52 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1979-1984 |
Number of nurses(p), Number of other personnel(p), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
X |
|
Other regression-based approach |
No /No /No |
Valdmanis VG, 199031 |
Research |
Hospital |
41 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1982 |
Number of physicians(p), Number of other personnel(p), Other capital costs(f) Physical Financial |
Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days, ICU days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Sear AM, 199132 |
Descriptive |
Hospital |
142 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1982-1988 |
Number of other personnel Physical |
Beds Other |
X |
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of other personnel Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other labor costs Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
DesHarnais S et al., 199133 |
Research |
Hospital |
245 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1983-1984 |
Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Number of technical staff(p), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p) Physical Financial |
Outpatient procedure(s), Physician visit(s), Hosp discharge(s), Emergency visit(s), Sub-acute/long-term patients(s), Trainees (FTEs)(other) Health services Other |
|
|
X |
X |
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Dittman DA et al., 199134 |
Research |
Hospital |
105 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1981 |
Nurse time(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other costs(f), Hosp days(p) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge, Charges Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nurse time(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other costs(f), Number of outpatient surgical centers(p), Wage rate/wages(p) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge, Charges Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nurse time(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other costs(f) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge, Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Ozcan YA, 199235 |
Research |
Hospital |
40 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1989 |
Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Operating cost(f), Total assets(p) Physical Financial |
Physician visit(s), Hosp discharge(s), Hosp days(s), Trainees (FTEs)(other) Health services Other |
|
|
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Bradbury RC et al., 199336 |
Research |
Hospital |
10 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1988-1989 |
Total costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
X |
X |
|
Other regression-based approach |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
X |
X |
|
Other regression-based approach |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hosp days Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
X |
X |
|
Other regression-based approach |
No /No /No |
McCue MJ et al., 199337 |
Descriptive |
Hospital |
84 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1986-1990 |
Beds (counts) Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hosp days Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beds (counts) Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of other personnel Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total costs Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Routine expenses Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Routine expenses Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other labor costs Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other labor costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
|
X |
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
Hogan AJ et al., 199338 |
Research |
Hospital |
300 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1983-1984 |
Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Number of other personnel(p), Supply capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p) Physical Financial |
Outpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Emergency visit, Hosp days, Training Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /Yes/No |
Ozcan YA et al., 199439 |
Research |
Hospital |
124 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1988-1990 |
Hosp days Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of other personnel(p), Supply capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p) Physical Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beds (counts) Physical |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beds (counts) Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of other personnel Physical |
Physician visit Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
Byrnes,Patrici a et al., 199440 |
Research |
Hospital |
123 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1983 |
Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Number of technical staff(p), Number of other personnel(p), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Zuckerman S et al., 199441 |
Research |
Hospital |
4,149 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1986-1987 |
Other capital costs(f), Total costs(f), Wage rate/wages(p) Physical Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days Health services |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
SFA |
No /No /No |
Vitaliano DF et al., 199642 |
Research |
Hospital |
219 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1991 |
Nurse labor costs(f), Technical staff labor costs(f), Other counts(p), Total costs(f) Physical Financial |
Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /No /Yes |
White KR et al., 199643 |
Research |
Hospital |
170 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1992 |
Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Service volume(p), Operating cost(f) Physical Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
|
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Morey RC et al., 199644 |
Research |
Hospital |
105 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1978 |
Nurse labor costs(f), Administrative staff labor costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Total costs(f), Total assets(p), Ancillary cost(f) Physical Financial |
Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Koop G et al., 199745 |
Research |
Hospital |
382 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1987-1991 |
Other labor costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Operating cost(f), Total assets(p) Physical Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /Yes/No |
Chirikos TN, 199846 |
Research |
Hospital |
186 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1982-1993 |
Other labor costs(f), Equipment capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Total costs(f) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge, Hosp days Health services |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /Yes/No |
O'Neill L, 199847 |
Research |
Hospital |
27 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1992 |
Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p), Operating cost(f) Physical Financial |
Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Training Health services |
|
|
|
X |
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Chirikos TN, 199848 |
Research |
Hospital |
186 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Longitudinal |
1982-1993 |
Equipment capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Total costs(f), Wage rate/wages(p) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge, Hosp days Health services |
X |
|
|
X |
|
SFA |
No /No /No |
Ozcan YA et al., 199849 |
Research |
Hospital |
214 Hospitals |
Secondary data |
Cross-sectional |
1989 |
Hosp days(p), Total charges(f), Other costs(f) Physical Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
X |
|
|
|
|
DEA |
No /No /No |
Picker Institute, 199950 |
Descriptive |
Hospital |
NR |
Data source N/A |
Longitudinal |
Yrs N/R |
Total costs Financial |
Hosp discharge Health services |
|
|
|
X |
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of other personnel Physical |
Hosp days Health services |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios |
No /No /No |